For small papers, the abstract usually needs to be written in the top case, that is, after the word abstract, the content is written directly without spaces. However, for large papers, if you need to list the abstract on a separate page, you should write the title of the abstract in the middle.
In addition, the abstract and key words of formal papers are written differently. Chinese abstracts and key words "abstract" are generally in bold type, centered, and two spaces are added between "abstract" and "important", the content is Song Ti Xiao Si. The three words "keywords" are written in small four-character bold, usually 3-5.
Therefore, when writing a paper, the writing method of abstract should be determined according to the specific paper type and format requirements to ensure the correctness and standardization of the paper format.