Man is the product of the long-term development of nature, which is produced in the process of the evolution of natural materials. He always belongs to and is a part of nature. Man is the product of labor, and productive labor promotes man from other animals in species, thus dividing the unified material world into subject and object, and man as a dynamic subject understands and transforms the objective world. Without labor to produce material means of subsistence, there would be no people, and there would be no human society. From the beginning, labor can never be carried out by individuals in isolation. People * * * can only be produced by sharing and exchanging activities in a certain way, so only within the scope of social communication and social relations between people can there be a relationship between man and nature. So there are no isolated individuals in the world, and society is not a collection of isolated individuals. It is a theoretical mistake to assume that there is an abstract and isolated human individual. "Abstract-isolated-human individual" is imagined by some thinkers and has never existed in real life. "The essence of man is not an abstract thing inherent in a single person. In reality, it is the sum of all social relations. " In history and reality, there are only people who engage in social practice, are related to nature and are in a certain social relationship, and a society composed of such people.
Therefore, we can see that people in "people-oriented" are by no means isolated and abstract "people", but realistic and concrete people, who form certain social relations and engage in specific practical activities.
As a form of thinking that reflects the unique attributes of things, concept has both certainty and uncertainty, which is the unity of the two. As a language form to express concepts, words often have polysemy. "People" is a polysemous word, which can refer to different objects on different occasions. As far as the problems we are discussing are concerned, they are mainly: people, people and individuals. From this, we can literally make several different interpretations of "people-oriented": people-oriented, people-oriented and individual-oriented.
As the core of Scientific Outlook on Development's "people-oriented" concept, what does "people" mean? Is it a person (that is, everyone or everyone), a person or an individual? Understanding this problem is the key to correctly understand the scientific connotation and spiritual essence of "people-oriented". "People-oriented", like other basic concepts, is also the reflection of the essential relationship in some things and the expression of the basic principles for dealing with the essential relationship of things, so it can only be understood in this relationship and cannot be separated from it. People always have two kinds of relationships in social life: one is the relationship between man and nature, and the other is the social relationship between people. Therefore, we can study the connotation of "people-oriented" within the scope of these two relations, and then combine the two aspects to study. Second, for the survival and development of mankind, we must correctly handle the relationship with nature. In the sense of the relationship between man and nature, "man" in "people-oriented" refers to man, including all individuals. The "non-human" as opposed to the "human" in this sense is a narrow sense of nature (including animals) other than human beings, which can also be called "things".
One of the meanings of "people-oriented" in Scientific Outlook on Development is that dealing with the relationship between man and nature or between man and things should be people-oriented, not things-oriented or nature-oriented.
The "foundation" in "people-oriented" is the standard and foundation as the starting point and foothold in people's practical activities and value pursuit, so it is also the subject in the relationship between subject and object in practice and values; It is not the primitive and ontology in the relationship between primitive and derivative in the sense of ontology and ontology.
The world is a unified material world, material is original and consciousness is derived, which is the fundamental view of materialism. In Marxist philosophy, this view is not expressed by "material-oriented". "People-oriented" answers not the question of "what is the origin and what is the derivative" in the sense of basic philosophical questions, but the question of what is the standard, root and subject. Some people think that putting forward "people-oriented" is a denial of the view that matter is the source or noumenon of the world, and this interpretation of "people-oriented" idealism is completely a misunderstanding or misinterpretation. The concept of "people-oriented" is based on the dialectical materialist world outlook. On the premise of adhering to the fundamental viewpoint that matter determines consciousness, it answers the questions of the relationship between man and nature and the social relationship between man and man in the material world.
As far as the relationship between man and nature is concerned, "the subject is man and the object is nature". This is because man is the subject who can actively understand and transform nature, and nature can only be the object of understanding and transforming, not the subject. "The world will not be satisfactory, and people are determined to change the world with their own actions." As the subject of practice and understanding, man changes the world with his own actions, with the aim of making the world meet people's needs, that is, gaining value or creating value. Therefore, there is a value relationship between man and nature. Man is the subject of value and the object of satisfying demand, and naturally he is the object of value and the satisfier of demand.
Adhering to the people-oriented principle in the relationship between man and nature means to deeply understand and deal with the subject-object relationship between man and nature and between man and things, with man or man as the subject and nature or things as the object, and this relationship cannot be ignored, blurred or confused.
1. Handle the relationship between man and nature, man and things, value subject and value object.
Although in the ontological sense, human beings are only a tiny part of the infinite material world, and nature is the mother of human beings, since their birth, human beings have been taking themselves as the center to deal with the relationship with nature, taking people as the purpose and serving people by means of things. Human beings understand and transform the world in order to serve human beings and are people-centered.
Man can't be intoxicated with the victory over nature as a conqueror. The waste of resources, environmental pollution and ecological destruction have made mankind pay a heavy price and face a profound crisis and great pressure. It is an urgent task for us to solve the contradictions and problems caused by environmental pollution and ecological destruction, build a resource-saving and environment-friendly society and promote the harmonious development between man and nature. Paying attention to protecting the environment is not to oppose people's use and transformation of nature for their own interests and needs, nor to deny people's position as the subject of value in the relationship with nature, but to follow the objective laws of nature and its relationship with human beings and handle the relationship between man and nature well for the overall and long-term interests of human beings. In the final analysis, it is for people, and it is "people-oriented" rather than nature-oriented. The starting point and destination of dealing with the relationship between man and nature is man, and the standard of selection and measurement is man's interests. Protecting biodiversity is for people, and eliminating smallpox and SARS virus is also for people. For people's own needs, human beings not only cultivate and breed certain animals, but also consume them as resources. Whether to protect, breed, restrict or even destroy a certain creature ultimately depends on their interest in human beings, and they are all people-oriented or people-oriented What is important is that people here cannot be attributed to a certain person or a certain part of people, but to all people; Not only today's people, but all mankind including future generations. It is against the people-oriented concept to waste resources, pollute the environment and harm the overall and long-term interests of mankind for immediate or local interests. Forgetting that the purpose of production is to meet people's needs, unilaterally pursuing the increase of material products and economic growth, and even taking some "numbers" as the purpose itself, it also deviates from the people-oriented requirements.
2. Deal with the relationship between subject and object of practical understanding-the relationship between man and nature, man and things.
Man is the soul of the universe. The labor of making and using tools distinguishes people from animals, and becomes the only highly intelligent creature in the universe that we know so far, and the only active subject who consciously understands and transforms the world. Practice and understanding are unique activities of human beings. Social life is essentially practical. People-oriented concept requires us to deeply understand and comprehensively handle the relationship between knowledge and nature, the good man himself as the subject of practice.
Since human beings appeared on the earth, human practice has become a unique new form of material movement. Because people can use natural forces (energy) to change nature, which has gone beyond the limitations of their own material forces and greatly changed the face of the surrounding world. Its scale and speed are unmatched by spontaneous movement in nature. In particular, the development of modern science and technology has made mankind's power to change the world unprecedented. Human practice is both conscious and blind; There are both those that conform to the objective laws and those that violate them. So it has both advantages and disadvantages for human beings. Human practice can not only benefit human beings, but also destroy their living environment and endanger themselves. People-oriented means that the relationship between man and nature can only be handled by man himself. In the material world, only talents are the main body. Nature will neither satisfy people automatically, nor consciously correct human mistakes and protect itself. In primitive society, the harmonious relationship between primitive man and nature was formed under the condition of extremely low productivity, which was gradually formed through countless human hardships in a long course. Its process is not a romantic poem, and its result is not a beautiful paradise for mankind. People's passive inaction in the face of nature, resignation, or contempt for nature and reckless behavior are all contrary to the people-oriented concept. People can't wait for the gift of nature, and their development can only rely on their own efforts; Humans must learn to protect nature and be responsible for their actions in front of nature. Adhering to the people-oriented concept requires us, as the main body of practical understanding, to fully understand and give full play to the great power of human beings, deeply understand and assume the responsibility of protecting the environment, scientifically understand the long-term consequences of human behavior, establish the concept of ecological civilization, and strive to unify people's subjective initiative and objective regularity, the regularity and purpose of behavior, and the development of human society and the construction of ecological civilization in practice. Three, adhere to the people-oriented, establish a comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development concept. To establish and implement Scientific Outlook on Development, we must first comprehensively and accurately grasp the profound connotation and basic requirements of Scientific Outlook on Development. Adhering to the people-oriented principle means that we should aim at the all-round development of people, seek and promote development from the fundamental interests of the people, constantly meet the people's growing material and cultural needs, effectively protect the people's economic, political and cultural rights and interests, and let the fruits of development benefit all the people. This is the first time that the CPC Central Committee has clearly put forward the profound connotation and basic requirements of "people-oriented". This definition is undoubtedly based on the word "people" to explain "people-oriented". Since then, it was not until the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China that the people-oriented ruling concept was discussed and applied in the important documents of the party and the country according to this definition. From June 5438 to October 2007 10, the report of the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China further made a complete statement on the scientific connotation and spiritual essence of "people-oriented": "Serving the people wholeheartedly is the fundamental purpose of the Party, and all the struggles and work of the Party are for the benefit of the people. We must always take the realization, maintenance and development of the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people as the starting point and the end result of all the work of the party and the state, respect the people's dominant position, give play to the people's initiative, safeguard people's rights and interests, take the road of common prosperity, promote people's all-round development, and ensure that development is for the people, development depends on the people, and development results are shared by the people. " It can be seen that the explanation and application of "people-oriented" in the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China has always revolved around "people". "People-oriented" cannot be interpreted as individual-oriented. Man is not an abstract and independent existence without concrete individuals, but is composed of countless realistic concrete individuals. Therefore, people-oriented includes affirming, respecting and safeguarding the status, role and interests of each individual among the people. However, the people as a whole cannot be attributed to one or some individuals, and the relationship between people and individuals is both antagonistic and unified. The overall interests of the people are fundamentally consistent with the interests of each individual, so people-oriented inherently includes the affirmation of individual interests. There is a contradiction between individual interests and the overall interests of the people. If there is any contradiction, it must be based on the interests of the people and the whole, and at the same time take care of personal interests. If we take the people as the foundation, we can only take the people and the whole as the "purpose" and put the individual above the people. This is putting the cart before the horse and negating the people-oriented principle. Being individual-centered means being individual-centered and self-centered. This self-centered and individual-centered concept runs counter to the Party's basic theory and socialist core value system in terms of world outlook, historical outlook, values and practice, thus fundamentally deviating from the people-oriented spirit put forward by the CPC Central Committee.
"People-oriented" in the sense of social relations cannot be understood as "people-oriented" in general, nor can it be understood as "the interests of all mankind are above everything else".
As mentioned above, in the relationship between man and nature, "people-oriented" can be understood as people-oriented or people-oriented. This is because, in the face of nature, on the one hand, human beings as a whole have the same interests, on the other hand, everyone's activities, as a part of human practical activities, will affect nature and its relationship with human beings, so the "people" here includes all people. The earth is the home of mankind, and there is only one earth for mankind. With the deepening of economic globalization, a series of global problems such as environment, resources and population have emerged. We should not only proceed from the overall interests of mankind, coordinate the activities of all mankind, but also consider future generations and properly handle them. Therefore, we advocate that people of all countries help each other, make joint efforts to promote environmental protection and care for the earth's homeland on which human beings depend. We oppose that some countries and some people destroy the environment and resources for their own selfish interests, pass on the crisis and harm the interests of mankind. This can be called people-oriented or people-oriented. However, even if we deal with the relationship between man and nature, we cannot but be intertwined with the social relationship between people. Once we enter the field of social relations, we can't help but see that there is actually more than one world in the world, and there are contradictions and conflicts of various natures, some of which are fundamentally opposite. Therefore, human beings are not a whole with consistent actions. There is no unified "human" representative to plan the interests of all mankind and direct the actions of all mankind, nor does there exist a representative with consistent interests of all mankind. It seems reasonable to put the interests of all mankind above the interests of the country, the nation and the class in an abstract way, but as long as it comes into contact with practical problems, it can be seen that it is either fantasy, empty talk divorced from reality, deception or trap.
Since entering the civilized era, human society has been advancing and developing in class opposition. Today's world is dominated by capitalist mode of production and social system. The opposition between capital and wage labor divides the internal society of capitalist countries into two opposing classes, and at the same time divides the world into different worlds. Marx and Engels pointed out 160 years ago: "It makes the uncivilized and semi-civilized country subordinate to the civilized country, the peasant nation subordinate to the bourgeois nation, and the East subordinate to the West." In today's world, the two major problems of peace and development have not been solved. The global economic imbalance has intensified, the gap between North and South has widened, developed countries have become richer and poorer, and developing countries have become poorer and poorer. Mankind experienced two world wars and the post-war cold war in the 20th century, and the world is still restless. The decisive factor in international relations is national interests, and the class nature of a country determines that the national interests sought by a country are the interests of its ruling class first, and the exploiting class country cannot represent the common interests of all mankind. Only a country where the people are the masters of the country under the leadership of the working class can take the unity of the fundamental interests of its own people and the people all over the world as the starting point.
In the face of the divided world during the Cold War, Gorbachev shouted "the interests of all mankind are above everything else", advocated "the value of all mankind is above everything else", "the interests of all mankind are above class interests", "humanization and humanization of international relations", and promoted humane and democratic socialism, all of which were the fundamental reasons that led to the disintegration of the Soviet Union and brought great disasters to the country and people. The mistake of "the interests of all mankind are above everything else" is that it ignores or intentionally covers up the profound contradictions that human society cannot avoid, especially the class contradictions. Its social function is to disarm the people's minds and open their eyes to hostile forces, hegemonism and power politics in the West. Only by scientifically understanding and handling the contradictions in human society, including international relations, can we truly safeguard the interests of the people and represent the interests of the future development of all mankind. In the international community, China firmly defends national interests, especially those of sovereignty, security and development, and at the same time combines the interests of the China people with those of other countries to safeguard world peace and promote common development. We hold high the banner of peace, development and cooperation, advocate that people of all countries make joint efforts to build a harmonious world of lasting peace and prosperity, commit themselves to peaceful settlement of international disputes and hot issues, promote international and regional security cooperation, and push the international order towards a more just and rational direction. This is people-oriented, or people-oriented, which is quite different from the deceptive talk that "the interests of all mankind are above everything else".
Therefore, people-oriented in the field of social relations can only be people-oriented.