Freud and other western psychoanalysts believe that there is an "id" and a "superego" in the depths of human mind. "Id" is the foundation of Laozi's philosophy. It gets rid of the alienation and distortion of cultural symbols, such as the true face of a baby's natural and harmonious life, and it is close to the true state of life marked by western existentialism philosophy. "superego" is the self shaped by social culture, which exists in social reality, acts as various specific social roles and acts according to group norms and requirements. "Id" and "superego" are a pair of contradictions, which are harmoniously unified in the depths of human soul. At one time, "id" prevailed, and at another time, "superego" was obvious. The interlaced presentation of "superego" and "id" shows people's different behaviors in different periods and even their lifelong pursuit. Looking at the feudal era, many literati are compromising secularism and expanding their lives to serve the world; While trying to pursue superego, in fact, deep down, I have always shown my disgust at the sinister officialdom and speculative society, and tried my best to return to the "ID" and reflect the real state of life, such as the Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest, Xie Lingyun, Tao Yuanming, Li Bai, Wang Wei and Su Shi, but among them, I have gone the farthest in pursuing the "ID". Dow not only dare to think, but also dare to do; Not only did it, but it was done so thoroughly. His life mentality is reflected in many of his poems, especially the series of Drinking. This paper will briefly explain how to build a human settlement environment.
The poem "Building a house in the realm of man" is the peak of Tao Yuanming's poetic image. In this poem, "ID" gets rid of the entanglement of "superego" and clearly exists in poetic images. "Building a house should be people-oriented, without horses and chariots. What can you do? The mind is far away from itself, and this realm of "distance" and "tranquility" can only appear after the "ID" defeats the "superego". " The heart is far away "is not only because of" regional deviation ",but probably the most important thing is that Tao really forgot the world in his mind." If the mind is a matter of service, and the root of the dust has not gone, even if he is in a geographical deviation of "no chariots and horses", he will still be fettered by all customs and live in seclusion in Weibei, southern Rainbow in the Tang Dynasty, but his mind is still focused on the shortcut to promotion and wealth. In Wang Wei's body, "ID" is only a means to pursue "superego". Tao Yuanming is completely different. His "superego" has been excluded from the mind, and the "ID", the true nature of life, has shown a fully developed state. At this time, whether in the country or in the downtown area, "my heart is far away from myself", this clear and free mind makes everything show a quiet and distant charm.
"Picking chrysanthemums under the hedge, leisurely see Nanshan. The mountains are getting better and better, and the birds are back. " At this point, the poet and the "ID" are integrated. Tao Yuanming, under the hedge of picking chrysanthemums, has got rid of all kinds of worldly troubles and presented Tao Yuanming's real life state. His carefree and empty mind is projected in the images of chrysanthemum and Nanshan. His whole body and mind have been integrated into the atmosphere of Shan Ye and the beautiful sunset, as if he had become a bird soaring in the embrace of nature. So calm and unfocused, blend in with nature and taste the infinite charm of nature itself. In this observation, things are in the primitive state, the heart is quiet, the heart and things meet in the heart, and in the sense of harmony, they seriously enter a state of "no self" where things and I are together.
In the first four sentences, the poet got rid of the "superego" and returned to nature from the secular; In the middle four sentences, the poet truly reflects the real state of life with a detached mentality; In the last two sentences, the poet seems to have entered a trance and illusory realm. "There is truth in this. I forgot what I said when I tried to defend myself." The so-called "true meaning" is my thoughts and feelings about returning to life. I want to say this kind of thought and feeling, but I can't say it. The ancients said well, "If you are proud, you will forget your words." Dow, who has got the "true meaning", reasonably "forgot the words", not pretending to be profound, but this feeling can only be understood but not expressed.
There is no wine in this poem, but the poet classifies it as 20 drinking poems, which is the highest among them, because its image capture and composition have the characteristics of intuitive and unconscious Dionysian spirit. As the ancients said: "This poetic image constitutes a kind of middle scene and a kind of feeling, which are all accidental. The phrase "picking chrysanthemums" is also interesting occasionally. There are chrysanthemums in Dongli, occasionally picked ... and the scenery in Nanshan is occasionally fun. Shanhe accidentally saw that the chrysanthemum was deliberately picked, ... birds in the mountains, day and night, ... but its return, just when I saw Nanshan, ... was also an occasional interest. ..... One of its' true meaning' is the secret that a thousand saints never pass on, that is, there are thousands of Taoist books and thousands of Buddhist scriptures, but it is still impossible to cover everything. Therefore, the words' I want to argue and forget to say' are used to drink between' true meaning'. Although I have already said that, didn't you say' picking chrysanthemums under the east fence'? " "Accidental interest" means the intuitive unconscious state of aesthetics. Only the poetic image degenerated from this state can obtain the endless meaning of "being in the atlas, drifting away from home". This accidental and unintentional encounter between emotion and scene is an unconscious projection of the poet's real state when his life is bright. Here, the returning birds are happy, they have no hesitation, no confusion, and no sadness. They project the poet's great sense of belonging and dependence after getting rid of the loneliness and confusion of "superego", thus showing a free, quiet and happy state of mind.
A sincere understanding of the true state of life is the true meaning of this poem, and it is also the ultimate goal of drinking and Tao Yuanming's poems.
On Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems
introduce
Metaphysical poetry is very popular in Jin literary world, and the literary content is seriously divorced from reality. In such an era, Tao Yuanming sprang up suddenly and made unique creations in poetry, prose and ci-fu. With his outstanding creative achievements, he brought a fresh breath to the dull literary world, especially his pastoral poems reflecting rural scenery and rural life, which had a far-reaching impact on later literature.
Er Tao Yuan-ming's Life Times and the Development of His Thought
Tao Yuanming (365-427), also known as Qian, was born in Xunyang Chaisang (now Jinglin Street, Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province). He was the most outstanding poet in the Eastern Jin Dynasty in China. Tao Yuanming lived in a turbulent era at the turn of Jin and Song Dynasties. At that time, the strict hierarchy was highly developed, and the official career of the scholar basically determined his origin. The gentry monopolized senior positions, and the poverty of civilians was deeply suppressed. This harsh reality has had a profound impact on Tao Yuanming's life and thought.
Tao Yuanming was born in a declining bureaucratic landlord family, and his great-grandfather Tao Kan was the founding father of the Eastern Jin Dynasty with outstanding military achievements. He was the governor of Bazhou and the duke of Changsha. Grandfather Tao Mao was a satrap of Wuchang, his father was a local official in pottery, and his grandfather Meng Jia was a general in the Western Expedition. But by the time Tao Yuanming arrived, his family had declined and his livelihood was extremely difficult. Influenced by his family and Confucianism, Tao Yuanming had illusions about the ruling class in his youth and had the ambition of "helping the poor". However, his family background and the times he lived in were very unfavorable to him. At this time, the reactionary gate system reached its peak, and the gentry monopolized the high position, while those from the common people were unreasonably suppressed. Tao Kan, Tao Yuanming's great grandfather, was a distinguished official in the Jin Dynasty, but he was not a noble family. He had long been ridiculed as a "villain" and a "villain". By the time Tao Yuanming arrived, even such a family background had declined, and he naturally could not get social attention. At this time, the politics of the Eastern Jin Dynasty was extremely corrupt, and the contradictions within the ruling class were very sharp. As far as the main period of Tao Yuanming's life is concerned, he experienced the autocratic power of Sima Daozi and Yuan Zhen, the chaotic politics, the rise of Wang Gong and Yin Zhong Kan, the seizure of power by Huan Xuan, and the rise of Emperor Wu of Song, who finally seized the Jin regime. The gentry and warlords who control the political situation are keen on fighting for power and profit. They don't want to rectify politics, and they have no intention of regaining lost ground. In such a political situation, it is impossible to realize the progressive political ideal. This objective reality has a profound influence on Tao Yuanming's life path and ideological changes.
In order to realize his ideal and get rid of poverty, Tao Yuanming became an official five times in his life. In the eighteenth year of Taiyuan (393), Emperor Xiaowu of the Eastern Jin Dynasty went out to offer wine in Jiangzhou. However, he soon resigned and went home to "plough his own money". When I was thirty-five or six years old, I became an official for the second time. Heng Xuan is an ambitious warlord. He is overbearing. Born in Geng Jie, Tao Yuanming hates and worries about him. In the winter of 40 1 a.d., he resigned and went home on the grounds of his mother's funeral, and began his pastoral life again. At the age of 40, it was three years after Tao Yuanming retired. Liu Yu, the first general of the Zhen army, joined the army. The fourth official was a general transferred from Emperor Wu of Song to Liu Jingyi's army. The fifth time was in August of the first year of Yixi (405), when Tao Yuanming asked for Peng Yiling. In that year 1 1 month, the poet, who had been a county magistrate for 80 days, finally resigned and returned to his hometown because of "how can Wudoumi be a child in the village", completely completing the road of seclusion for more than 20 years. After experiencing the filth and bondage of officialdom, Tao Yuanming finally lost his way, planted a stick, buried it, and wrote poems in vain, thus releasing his sense of political loss from the deep heart and finding his home in life.
Tao Yuanming's retirement stems not only from his worries about troubled times and sinister official career, but also from the contradiction between his ideal and reality in order to avoid disasters. Under the door and system, it is difficult for a poor man to make a difference, and his ambition of "helping the poor" is doomed to be shattered; Faced with the intrigue of officialdom, Tao Yuanming is powerless to change and unwilling to go with the flow. Finally, he chose a path of honest life. Because he buried his ambition in his heart, he never forgot the reality, and often showed dissatisfaction with the decadent reality and anxiety and indignation that his ambition could not be displayed. In terms of personality, Tao Yuanming is frank and straightforward, not suitable for officialdom, busy and tired, and not suitable for his free and quiet habits. On the other hand, he was deeply influenced by Laozi and Zhuangzi's thoughts, and "using the heart for things" was his greatest spiritual weakness. He wants to get rid of his physical and material slavery and gain spiritual freedom. Tao Yuanming's thoughts of Confucianism and Taoism were in fierce conflict all his life, which was manifested in his repeated seclusion. In a word, Tao Yuanming was influenced by the fashion of the times, and at the same time absorbed and inherited many ideas according to his own life experience, thus merging into Tao Yuanming's unique character.
Classification of Tao Yuanming's Three Pastoral Poems
Tao Yuanming's creation is mainly poetry, and he is good at words and prose. There are more than 120 poems, especially pastoral poems reflecting rural scenery and rural life, which have the largest number and the greatest achievements, and have a far-reaching impact on future generations.
The so-called pastoral poetry refers to poems describing rural pastoral life and rural scenery. Tao Yuanming is the first great writer of pastoral poems in the history of ancient China literature. In the history of poetry development, poems with agricultural labor as their content can be traced back to ancient ballads. A large number of agricultural poems reflecting agricultural production appeared in The Book of Songs. These agricultural poems reflect the peasants' working life and their feelings, but only when they arrived in Tao Yuanming's place did the rural life and rural scenery really get the attention of literati. They developed into pastoral poems, skillfully combining emotion, scenery and reason to describe rural scenery and rural life, with fresh and natural poetic style, delicate description, strong artistic charm and unique artistic style, forming a far-reaching poetic genre. Therefore, Tao Yuanming was called an "idyllic poet" by later generations.
Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems can be divided into four categories according to their contents:
The first kind describes the beautiful and quiet rural scenery and expresses the poet's leisurely and complacent mood. These poems depict the beauty of nature and express the poet's free state of mind. For example, one of them wrote:
Few people do as the Romans do. Their nature is to love nature. I sneaked into the official career network and have been away from the game for more than ten years. Birds love the ancient forest, and the fish in the pond miss the ancient continent. I want to open up wasteland in Minamino and keep my humility to the fields. The house is surrounded by about ten acres of land, thatched cottages. Willow trees cover the eaves, and peach trees cover Li Lieman in front of the hospital. The neighboring village of the neighboring village is faintly visible, and there is smoke in the village. Several dogs barked in the alley, and the mulberry tree was barked by a rooster. There is no dust and sundries in the yard, and the quiet room is comfortable and leisurely. Trapped in a cage without freedom for a long time, I finally returned to the forest today.
The poet dismissed the upper class of the ruling class as a "dust net", regarded those who devoted themselves to it as "caged birds" and "fish in the pond", and described retiring from the countryside as rushing out of the cage. The joy of returning to nature is like a bird breaking through a cage, so relaxed and happy, which shows his contempt for the ugly world. Therefore, the whole poem not only reveals a kind of spiritual liberation, but also is filled with the joy of getting rid of officialdom and returning home safely, so the poet took pains to describe his pastoral areas one by one: fields, thatched houses, elm willows, peaches and plums, distant linings and barking dogs, all of which are so kind and wonderful that people can settle down. These extremely ordinary landscapes, through the poet's brush strokes, resemble a group of quiet and peaceful rural landscape paintings. Between the lines reveals the author's heartfelt love. Here, the simple and quiet rural life is in sharp contrast with the hypocrisy, fraud and mutual struggle of the upper class, which has a particularly attractive force. Tao Yuanming looks at the countryside and nature with an aesthetic eye, transcending the contradictions and pains of reality and reaching a harmonious and peaceful state.
When the poet has not left his official career, there is always a feeling of "being held for a while", and his mood cannot be calmed down. He is "afraid of the clouds and ashamed to swim in the water." But when he left the dirty reality and returned to the countryside, he felt that he had a home. The fifth song of drinking:
Building a house is human, and there are no horses and chariots. What can you do? The heart is far from being self-centered. Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, leisurely see Nanshan; The mountain gate is beautiful at dusk, and the birds return. That makes sense. I forgot what I wanted to say.
The poet avoided the noise of powerful horses and chariots, and gained a free and quiet mind in his leisurely life.
The second kind praises agricultural labor and the deep friendship with farmers in labor.
In Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems, what attracts people's attention are the works describing his farming; Because of livelihood, farm work is of course the first priority for the poet after returning to the field. As early as two years before Peng Ze took credit, he had already started farming at home. He wrote in two poems, "I have heard of nanmu in the past, but I didn't practice it in those years;" Repeatedly empty, there are people, there is no self-exemption "(first)," Come to enjoy things, solve things, and persuade farmers; Peace is far from the wind, and good wood is full of new ideas; Although I have not measured my working years, I am happy with many things. It was all the experience and fun of doing farm work in the fields at that time. In the first few days of Penzer's return, the description of this kind of farm labor was also full of romantic sentiment and joy. Although he is only in front of a poor family with only a few huts and acres of wasteland, his wife and children are separated. But he imagined the future life to be very beautiful. "The Return of the Native" mentioned that "please your loved ones, play music and write books to eliminate your worries; His family will have something to do with the west, which is the main content of his seclusion in the future. " Pastoral Poetry consists of five poems written by Tao Yuanming in the second year of Yi Xi in Jin 'an (406). The third one said:
Beans are planted in Nanshan, and the grass is full of bean seedlings; Get up early in the morning to get rid of weeds, and come back with hoes in the moonlight at night. The road is narrow and the vegetation is long, and the evening dew is stained with clothes; It's not a pity to get wet, but I hope it won't be against my will.
We can clearly see a lotus hoe returning from the grass path covered by moonlight. The poet described the image of a feudal scholar-bureaucrat who tilled the fields himself with extremely economical language and sketching techniques, which was full of interest and the scenery was written with his heart. We don't have enough clothes to borrow, but it's against our will. It is in hard work that the poet understands and understands that "life is based on the right path, and food and clothing can stabilize its turmoil" ("Westfield Early Rice in Gengxu Years"). Therefore, although the poet "I am diligent in the morning, Japanese people will blame him", he still "I hope so, I won't sigh" (ibid.). Poets describe landscapes, so they are often intertwined with farm work. As compensation for fatigue, they feel a feeling of "heart-to-heart". With the growth of the poet's age, years of hard struggle and increasingly poor life, at the age of 52, he wrote "Bing Chen was born in a field house in August", and his ideological understanding was further improved. Poetry cloud:
The poor people live by the grain draft, and they are also very hard in Lindong, not to say that they are chilly in spring, and they are often afraid of pregnancy. It's autumn in Tian Chun, so send out the sound of harmony between you and me.
Hungry people are full when they are happy, and they are tied with chickens. Ji Yang, the calmer the lake is, the more it can flow back to the valley. In a gloomy heart, the ape sounds idle and sad.
Hengtai likes quiet nights, and Lin Wu is willing to open his heart. I made this trip; Three or four sparks are falling. It's time to die, but it's not a good thing
Thank you for your kindness from afar.
Here, the sigh of the poet at the beginning of his retirement has given way to concerns about the quality of the harvest. "Don't say that spring is bitter" does not mean that it is not bitter, but that it has no time to complain. The only worry is that the harvest is not good, and the autumn harvest is expected to be the fastest. Because the harvest is related to the food and clothing of life, "the hungry are full at the beginning" is the true feeling of a full meal after a long period of hunger, which is by no means something that feudal noble literati who are hungry all day long can understand!
Living in seclusion for more than 20 years, the hardships of farming and the embarrassment of life are only one aspect, while studying; The spiritual pleasure and harvest brought by the colorful life of making friends in spring outing are enough to make up for the lack of material life when he lived in seclusion. All these are fully expressed in his poems.
Reading may be a poet's eternal pleasure in seclusion. Whether in his spare time, in seclusion, making friends in his neighborhood or even when he is hungry, reading can make him enjoy it to the maximum extent. In Migration (1), he wrote "Take your time with neighboring songs, caress the past, appreciate anecdotes and dispel doubts", in Answer to Pang Joining the Army, he wrote "Laugh and talk without vulgar tune, please saints", and in Reading Shan Hai Jing, there are both cultivation and planting. There are poems and books under the seat, saying "I don't want to study" and so on. It's all about his reading life. It is from reading that poets look for outstanding examples of sages as spiritual support to resist external pressure in seclusion.
In addition to farming and studying, the pleasure of making friends with friends and neighbors is also a main content of Tao Yuanming's seclusion. For example, You Xie Chuan is about a spring outing, and Migration is a poem dedicated to the happiness of making friends with neighbors after moving to Nancun. A cloud says, "There are many beautiful days in the spring and autumn, and new poems are written on the mountain. Passing the door is similar; Consider with wine; Farming goes back to hometown, and leisure needs acacia. Acacia needs to dress and talk and laugh. This truth is invincible, and inaction will arrive at this place at once! Tao Yuanming even thinks that the fun of making friends can make him forget all the troubles in the world, and he hopes to never leave here.
Long-term farming in the countryside, the deterioration of life, so that the poet gradually approached the peasants in the process of labor, and established feelings with the peasants. In the second part of "Returning to the Country", I wrote: "In the music of reviving the market, the grass is full. There are no miscellaneous words when we meet, and Sang Ma has a long way to go. " In the interaction with farmers, the poet further realized the simple, natural and simple temperament of farmers. Poets and peasants talk about Sang Ma, and they share the same feelings with the joys and sorrows of their lives. Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems not only show the idea of relying on labor and life, but also form a sharp contrast with the parasitic view of the exploiting class. But also shows a tenacious attitude of not being afraid of difficulties and persisting in cultivation. These are beyond the ideology of ordinary literati, which makes his pastoral poems shine with progressive ideas.
The third category reflects the poverty in rural areas and villagers' lives.
Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems mainly reflect the peace and mood of his work and life after retirement and describe the pastoral time; However, as an upright poet, some of his poems also reflect the bleak scene of the countryside and the pain of people's lives. The poet's hometown is located in Jiangzhou, where Huan Xuan once attacked. The war between warlords for political power and the war to suppress Lu Xun's peasant uprising have been staged repeatedly here. Agricultural production and farmers' lives have been seriously damaged. "Liu Jin Yichuan Book" said: "Jiangzhou has been defeated since Hengxuan, until the men did not lift, and the women lost. If you escape, you will not avoid the abyss. If you are not tired, you will not be tired. " Although Tao Yuanming did not give a positive description of these wars, he did come into contact with the ruin of rural areas and the destruction of production stages. (Back to the rural residence) The fourth theory:
Long-term tourism mountain ze, wild forest entertainment. Try to take your son and nephew and put them in the wild market. Wandering between hills and sadness, I don't want to live in the past.
There's something left in the kitchen. Mulberry bamboo is rotten. Ask the wage earners: "How does everyone know this?" The wage earners said to me, "Not dead."
I have lived in different cities all my life, which is true! Life seems illusory, and eventually it will be empty.
The village became a wasteland, the countryside became a mound, all the residents died, and everything was desolate and dilapidated. Although the poet did not explain the reason, from the social background at that time, it was undoubtedly the war that caused this tragic scene. In "Returning to the Old Residence", the poet wrote about the ruins of his former residence. "Buildings are not old enough, and urban houses are out of date. Resume around the former residence, neighbors are bound to be scarce. What's so special about finding traces step by step? " The description of this dilapidated scene shows that the poet has a clear understanding of rural life. He also described serious natural disasters and the difficulties of his own life. The poem says: "The heat of burning people seems to burn again and again, and moths are in the middle of the field." Wind and rain come and go, and the convergence is not full. Hungry in summer, sleepless in cold nights. Do a cock crow at night and wish the birds move in the morning. " It's about disaster, poor harvest, hunger and cold. In the preface of the poem "Do something for you", he added: "The old valley has gone, and the new customs have not been published. It is quite an old farmer, but it is worth the disaster every year. The sun and the moon are still lingering, and the disaster is endless. You can't expect people your age to succeed. You can get the money sooner or later, and the fireworks will pass. From the tenth day, you are hungry. " In the poem, there is "lack of home in weak years and hunger in old age;" I envy wheat, I am familiar with it ... I have always been good at porridge, and I deeply care about it. I am so stingy that I have no time to stay. "It says that his family's livelihood is on the verge of despair and he has to accept charity from others. Hunger sometimes forces poets to go out in search of food. His poem "Begging" tells the story of his begging experience to escape from hunger. Poets describe all kinds of poverty, not without purpose, but because "I won't talk about it today, what will happen to future generations" ("You Wei Xu"), so that future generations can know the hardships of life and how difficult it is to maintain a stable poverty festival.
The fourth category shows the poet's beautiful social ideal.
Because of his dissatisfaction with the dark reality, Tao Yuanming pursued the ideal society very early, but failed to achieve it several times. At that time, he could only seek the pattern of ideal society from the legendary ancient times, and lamented in his poems that "yellow can't be caught", so his social ideal became hazy and abstract, with a strong tendency of retro. Finally, he turned to the countryside and lived in seclusion. The result of Tao Yuanming's lifelong dedication is so sad that he probably didn't expect it when he retired. But for him, this is benevolence, no regrets! His ambition of not being an official remains firm. He once set an example, "whoever is poor and crazy is better than the last one." "The rich often fight, and the Tao wins without shame." "The sublimity of morality is unattainable, and the absurdity is solid and poor." This shows his lofty morality and bright morality. It was through the long-term pastoral life that the poet felt the pain, poverty and death brought to the people by the war and exploitation of the ruling class, saw the reality that the working people "escaped from the depths" at that time, realized the people's wishes and ideals, promoted the birth of the ideal society of "Peach Blossom Spring" and created the famous poem "Peach Blossom Spring".
Peach Blossom Garden Poetry is the work of Tao Yuanming in his later years. If Farewell to Hometown is Tao Yuanming's denial of officialdom and his pursuit of pastoral, then Peach Blossom Garden is Tao Yuanming's denial of the whole real world and his pursuit of fantasy ideal. Here, Tao Yuanming created a society without princes and ministers, which reminds us of the "paradise" in the fantasy of working people in The Book of Songs, Feng Wei, Dodging Rats. There:
It is said that people are worried about agriculture. If the mulberry leaves hang down, the millet will shine at any time. Spring silkworms gather silk, autumn ripe king said.
A deserted road warms the traffic, and chickens and dogs bark at each other. Five grains and beans are still ancient, and clothes are new. Children and grandchildren sing, and they are happy in vain.
Grass glory knows peace, and wood decay knows strength. Although there is no Ji Lizhi; I was four years old. Enjoy it; Why use wisdom?
This kind of society can only exist in the poet's fantasy, but it is also a criticism and denial of the dark society at that time, and represents the good wishes of the broad masses of workers who are difficult to survive under cruel political oppression and economic exploitation. Taohuayuan society is not only the visualization of the ideals of ancient philosophers (such as Lao Zi, Ruan Ji's On Adults and Bao Jingyan's On No Gentleman), but also the ideal blueprint drawn by poets to solve social problems based on social real life.
"Peach Blossom Garden Poetry" is a new stage in the development of Tao Yuanming's pastoral poetry. It is not limited to exposing the darkness of the real society, but focuses on proposing solutions to real social problems, which shows the poet's highly humanitarian spirit of saving people from suffering. This is the condensation and generalization of the ideal factors in the poet's pastoral life, a protest on behalf of private small producers against the feudal society that caused war and poverty, and a reflection of the strong desire of farmers to create a peaceful and happy life with their own labor. Although it is still an impossible fantasy, it inspires people to know the darkness of feudal society and to fight against unreasonable reality.
Artistic Features of Tao Yuanming's Four Pastoral Poems
Tao Yuanming is the first poet in the history of China's poetry to create a large number of pastoral poems, and he initiated the school of pastoral poems. His pastoral poems have a strong flavor of pastoral life; It is full of the fragrance of five grains and Sang Ma, full of joy and hardship of labor, and shows the hardships of farmers' life. These simple pastoral poems were later combined with Xie Lingyun's, forming an endless school of pastoral poems. The innovative role of Tao Yuanming's pastoral poetry in the history of poetry lies in its impact on the metaphysical poetry that pervades the poetic world, breaking the situation that metaphysical poetry has unified the poetic world since Wei and Jin Dynasties, and bringing a leisurely atmosphere to the poetic world. Like the spring breeze, the suffocating world of poetry is full of vitality. This spring breeze combines Xie Lingyun's landscape poems, finally washes away the "tasteless" metaphysical poems, completely liberates the poetry world, and restores that poetry should not win by reason, but should radiate new artistic light with lyrical tradition. 000
The artistic features of Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems are most praised by later generations for their simple and natural style, "respecting pottery in ancient and modern times, returning to simplicity" (Preface to Tao Poetry). Meanwhile. Tao Yuanming's prose poems are different. His plain nature is not only Tao Yuanming's personality cultivation, but also his aesthetic pursuit. Therefore, most of the things that appear in Tao's poems are believed to be seen, without peculiar images and carved sentences. The poet really experienced the leisure from vulgarity to elegance and from ordinary to magical. This is why Tao's poems are meaningful.
The author thinks that the artistic features of "nature" in his pastoral poems can be discussed from three aspects.
First, the language is natural, concise and vivid. "Tao poetry was the natural state of social culture at that time. What kind of Tao Yuanming is, what kind of Tao poetry is,' language is the home of existence', and Tao poetry is Tao Yuanming's home. " This metaphor can be described as an image. Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems are not only decorative sounds, but also use simple and natural language and sparse brushstrokes to concisely outline vivid images and convey profound meanings, thus achieving the artistic effect of freehand brushwork and vividness. In fact, however, the language of Tao Yuanming's poems is not untempered, but plain and natural after being highly refined and refined. From this point of view, Tao Yuanming's refining and application of characters can be said to have achieved great attainments. As Yuan Haowen said: "A word is natural and eternal, and it is extravagant." (On Poetry)
Second, the artistic style is natural and mellow. Fang, a poet in A Qing, once said: "Reading Tao Gong's poems, taking true stories, true scenery and truth, is really self-satisfied." The word "truth" shows that Tao's poems are realistic and full of "nature". Generally speaking, the themes and contents of his pastoral poems are mostly taken from his life after retirement. He regards labor as a natural way of life, and thinks that the life of self-cultivation is bitter and tiring, but it is the closest natural life to the countryside. The objects described in his poems are also familiar things, such as cottages, chickens and dogs, Sang Ma, bean sprouts, farming, wind and rain, etc. , are written directly, do not pay attention to the gorgeous words, a few strokes outline the charm of the scenery, more similar in shape. This sketching skill reveals rich associations in the plain, and breeds the "light and eternal" artistic conception of poetry in the association. It can be described as "a very ordinary scene, each with its own taste" and "a language without any modification is infinitely wonderful."
Third, the artistic realm is lofty, vulgar and natural. Mainly embodied in the pursuit of the integration of emotion, scenery, things and reason. Tao Yuanming once said in "Biography of Mr. May 6th": "I often amuse myself by writing articles, which shows my ambition. Regardless of gains and losses, all ends well. " It can be seen that the characteristics of his pastoral poems are "meaning" as poetry and "writing the sky straight" (Yuan Haowen). In fact, poetry also comes directly from nature-touching the scenery and feeling, so "poetry is beautiful because of feeling." The charm of Tao poetry lies in creating the artistic realm of diluted beauty that language naturally flows out of its temperament; That is, poetry is full of emotional power, but at the same time it is soothing, peaceful and rarely agitated, and it is rigorously combined with calm philosophical thinking to create a lofty artistic conception; It is to extract profound meaning and philosophy from ordinary life materials, so as to realize the realm of the blending of things and me and the symbiosis of scenes in pastoral poetry. Generally speaking, the artistic conception of Tao poetry is relatively complete, and its advantage lies in infecting readers as a whole, rather than attracting people with a sentence or a fragment.
Creating a profound and complete artistic conception is also an important feature of Tao Yuanming's pastoral poetry. Tao's poems are good at sketching and painting. Do not advocate material state, mainly freehand brushwork. Solitary pine, autumn chrysanthemum, white clouds and returning birds, which often appear in poetry, are symbolic, showing the poet's own character and full of the poet's feelings. Tao's poems often express some philosophy of life in simple language in lyrical scenery writing, and integrate emotion, scenery and reason to create a profound and far-reaching poetic artistic conception.
Shi Tao's poems are unique and completely unaffected by the writing style of the couple at that time. Most of his poems are close to spoken language and approachable. Like "building a house is human, but there are no horses and chariots"; Sentences such as "It's sunny today, blowing cicadas" and "Life returns to the Tao, food and clothing are abundant" are clear at a glance. Simple and true language also embodies an unnatural style.
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Searching online, summarizing and refining can extract several aspects.