Sima Qian's Historical Records is the greatest historical work and the most brilliant prose work in China in the Middle Ages. Biography of Xiang Yu is an outstanding and typical chapter in Historical Records. Hongmen Banquet is an important and wonderful passage in Biography of Xiang Yu. It not only marked the beginning of the tragic fate of Xiang Yu, one of the most important figures in the peasant uprising at the end of Qin Dynasty; It also recorded a key scene of the historical turning point in the late Qin Dynasty. Throughout the ages, the story of the Hongmen Banquet, with its vivid and amazing plot characteristics and the active appearance of many characters in the middle of the contradiction peak, has always attracted people's hearts and attracted people. Give people a profound and rich ideological education and enrich the lofty artistic enjoyment.
In order to find out the distant cause of the tension and conflict at the Hongmen Banquet, it is necessary for us to review the development of Liu Bang and Xiang Yu. In the era of the so-called "Qin lost its politics" and "the rise of heroes", both Liu Bang and Xiang Yu were stimulated by the wave of peasant uprisings and set foot in the southeast one after another, participating in and leading the peasant uprisings. At first, they were all subordinates of Chen She and moved to Kanto, where they made great achievements. In the third year of Qin Ershi (207 BC), he was knighted by Chu Huaiwang. One led the troops to the north to save Zhao, and the other led the troops to the west to enter Qin. After cutting off the obstacles in the westward movement, Liu Bang finally got the idea that "all the ministers reached the summit first" and was surrendered by "Zi Ying, the king of Qin, was a white horse, tied his neck to the crowd and sealed the emperor" by the roadside. And refused to lock himself up, intending to be the king of Guanzhong. Xiang Yu, on the other hand, after killing Qing Zi champion Song Yi, crossed the rubicon, and with extraordinary courage and courage, broke through Qin Jun and solved the siege of Julu, making "governors all afraid". When summoning governors and generals, "when you enter Yuanmen, you will kneel and dare not look up." Xiang Yu started as a vassal general, and all the vassals became his vassals. Soon, he surrendered to Zhang Han, killed more than 20 million soldiers of the State of Qin, and moved the land of the State of Qin slightly westward. It's really prestigious and the world is shocked. Just then, he saw that there were soldiers in Hangu Pass, and Wen Peigong had broken Xianyang. He can't hold back his anger! So, when we break through the customs and enter the garrison of Hong Men, we must break through Liu Bang and get even with him!
The above is the development trend of Liu and Xiang before the Hongmen banquet. In all fairness, Liu Bang should be said to be far inferior to Xiang Yu in terms of the meritorious military service of destroying Qin. Although he took the lead in Xianyang Raiders.
The article "The Hongmen Banquet" should belong to the fifth paragraph of Biography of Xiang Yu. But because its essence is complete and relatively independent from beginning to end, it can be analyzed as an independent chapter. According to the development of the festival, the full text of The Hongmen Banquet is divided into fifteen sections (according to the first module of the senior high school textbook), which can be divided into three sections. Namely:
(1) Pre-banquet class (that is, the brewing beginning and rising stage of contradictory struggle);
(2) the stage of "tense" banquet (that is, the stage of contradiction climax);
(3) the final stage of "embarrassment and anxiety" (that is, the stage of contradiction leveling).
Now let's briefly analyze its basic contents and characters.
The first paragraph contains six parts. Namely:
(1) Liu Bang and Xiang Yu, who have always explained the situation of both sides, received a tip-off from Cao and were determined to defeat Liu Bang;
(2) Fan Zeng said that Xiang Yu beat Liu Bang to avoid future trouble;
(3) Xiang Bo personally see Sean;
(4) Sean sued Liu Bang in Xiang Bo language and secretly discussed countermeasures;
(5) Liu Banghou asked Xiang Bo to intercede for Xiang Yu;
6. Xiang Bo persuaded Xiang Yu not to attack Liu Bang.
At the beginning of the article, it said: "Pei Gong's army is dominant and has not met Xiang Yu." In fact, after Liu Bang invaded Xianyang and entered Qin Gong, he planned to "stop the palace and let the house go" after seeing that "there are women in the palace who value horses and dogs absolutely". Only because of the admonition of Fan Kuai and Sean did he "seal the treasure of Qin and return to the army". It can be seen that from the very beginning, Liu Bang, a military group, made thoughtful and step-by-step planning on how to swallow the fruits of the victory of the peasant uprising. Liu Bang accepted Kun Sheng's advice, kept the customs and refused entry. This is because he believes that he holds Wang Huai's promise and thinks his name is reasonable. But for Xiang Yu, a powerful opponent, he was still afraid of three points, thinking about how to pretend to stand by with the snake and not dare to compete with it. After describing Cao Mi's ambition to Liu Bang and Xiang Yu's great anger, the article briefly points out the strength of both sides. Xiang Yu's 400,000 soldiers are millions; Liu Bangbing's hundred thousand is called two hundred thousand. The quantity varies greatly, and the quality is also Liu Yuanxun's item. The distance between them is very narrow, only 40 miles. This is really imminent!
Generally speaking, the internal relations of Liu Bang Group are relatively tight. "Sashima" official is not small. But when Cao heard that Xiang Yu was furious with Liu Bang, he dared to send a tip-off and made an appointment to raise him. Here we should not only explain Cao's character, but also explain the disparity between Chu and Han. On Cao, I think my reward means that I can look forward to it; In Xiang Yu's place, it was also the grandiloquence that "I joined the army to break the army of Pei Gong", and I couldn't help but blurt it out. Xiang Yu's great anger here is entirely based on objective facts. Not because of simple rudeness and arrogance. Liu Bangxian sent his troops and refused to pass, which was enough to annoy him. Here, the intelligence content of "Pei Gong wants Wang Guanzhong, and makes Zi Ying as a relative, so as to make the best of the treasures" is inconsistent with his hegemonic ambition, revenge desire and greed. Liu bang's strength is well known in Xiang Yu's heart, and you don't care. From his short and decisive words, we seem to have witnessed his heroic spirit at that time.
In the second quarter, Fan Zeng used Liu Bang's behavior change and feudal superstition to further persuade Xiang Yu to "strike hard" and push the contradiction to a higher level. Liu Bang, who was born in the street, has always been greedy for money and lustful, but after entering the customs, he became uncharacteristic and became "nothing to take from property, and women have nothing to be lucky about". This is clearly a way for Liu Bang to temporarily restrain himself in order to win more political gambling books (more political power, more wealth and beauty), and naturally he can't escape the resourceful Fan Zeng. The theory of "looking forward to the dragon and tiger" and "gathering five talents" seems worthless and illusory today, but in the troubled times of the late Qin Dynasty, the society where the five elements of divination prevailed was of course deeply shocked, not to mention the listeners and Xiang Yu, who had ambitions to dominate the world.
At this point in the article, the situation is really dangerous! However, in the third season, because Xiang Bo "met Sean privately, he had something to say". This makes this very dangerous situation inadvertently get a chance to change. Leading to ambivalence and low happiness. This "Zuo Yin", who occupies a high position in the official position of Chu, belongs to Xiang Bo, the "father of the season" of Chu. Faced with such an important moment, he carried his master around the clock; Such a confidential and serious military situation was completely leaked to Sean, the enemy's adviser, because of his "good" personal relationship. He was deeply worried about "wanting to go with him" so as not to die at the hands of Liu. However, in Sean's reply, "I sent Pei Gong as the king of Korea, and Pei Gong is in a hurry now, so he must die unjustly and cannot be silent", which was in contrast with his own behavior at that time, and did not cause his sense of self-blame and shame. On the contrary, he remained loyal to his "noble" friendship and insisted on ending personal grievances. He can still stand outside the tent and wait for Sean to discuss with his master for a long time until they come back, and accept Sean's invitation to "meet Pei Gong immediately". Judging from the relationship with Liu Bang Group at that time, they are not only inseparable from Xiang, but also have very different personal relationships. However, Sean's behavior and Xiang Bo's behavior do constitute an extremely sharp contrast.
In the fourth section, in Zhang's "Sue Liu Bang for Conspiring with Him to Conquer the Enemy", Sima Qian described the true face of the rogue emperor with extremely hidden carving strokes. As soon as Liu Bang heard Sean's words, he became the soon-to-be-enthroned "King of Guanzhong". He was surprised and at a loss. Show the tone of "how to do"; This is not the main issue discussed with Sean. When Sean asked, "Who is the king?" He made a true confession to Sean. Here is the tip-off letter from Cao before the certificate, which is indeed true; This also shows that the plan was carried out in Liu Bang Group, and only some people knew about it, even Sean was not among them. Compared with the biographies of Emperor Gaozu, when Liu Bang heard that "OR" people offered Wang Guanzhong a plan, he "moved with it". But here, he showed his true colors as a scoundrel, calling people who put forward original suggestions mediocre and cheap ("Yun Sheng"). When Sean asked him if his foot soldiers could resist Xiang Yu, he was silent for a long time and said, "As solid as gold, what can we do?" Once again, he was exposed to the anxiety of such a grim reality. At this time, he not only dared not fight with Xiang Yu, but also made peace with Xiang Yu. At this critical moment, Sean put forward an idea for him: "Please call Xiang Bo, Yan Peigong dare not back the king." Tell him to take the road of false surrender first. And give him Xiang Bo, the man who proposed to get through this fake surrender road. Although he doesn't object to this method, he needs to have a thorough understanding of this juggler in order to give play to his own means of netting people. He learned from his mouth that Zhang had saved Xiang Bo's life and was an old friend of the Qin Dynasty. In order to show the despicable ingratiating trick, he also asked in detail whether Xiang Bo was "longer" than Sean or "shorter" than Sean. Commenting on this passage, Guo Songtao, a person in the late Qing Dynasty, said: "These cases should be omitted by later historians, who tend to entrust details. It is precisely because the meeting of the Hong Men is extremely dangerous. In this case, Tamenosuke is also proud of describing the twists and turns of things. " ("Historical Records and Biography of Huo Zhi") Although this statement is from an artistic point of view; But it also reveals that Sima Qian's attitude towards writing historical records is essentially different from that of ordinary historians in later generations.
The fifth section is a vivid scene of Liu Bang asking Xiang Bo for help. Liu Bang's cunning, insidious and vulgar soul must be further described and exposed. Not only did he bow and scrape to Xiang Bo again and again, but he also made an appointment with Xiang Bo to be his in-laws. In an era when feudal society attaches great importance to the relationship between in-laws and blood relatives, making friends with convenience is the supreme way, because "no matter how thick it is, it can be thicker than children's in-laws"! After he gradually entered Xiangbo, he officially launched a set of hypocritical rhetoric about this topic. What do you mean? "When I entered the customs, Qiu did not dare to approach. I will be an official, seal the treasury and wait for the general. " What do you mean? "So, those who guard the pass will be ready for him to steal in and steal out. Looking at the general day and night, how dare you violate it? I hope that the minister's words will not be repeated. " Too pious and obedient, even tactful! In order to express his feelings of "respect", he did not hesitate to change from "I" to "minister" in his own initiative; On the name, he called Xiang Bo "Bo". In front of a feudal aristocrat who regarded personal relations as more important than state affairs and used to play the role of an unconscious traitor, his tricks really won the market. He was completely confused by Xiang Bo. He got Xiang Bo's "promise" to Xiang Yu and Xiang Bo's further arrangement and cordial exhortation: "Don't thank Xiang Wang on your own." Here, we can expect people who have won national honor; We can also know from Xiang Bo's tone that he has the ability and confidence to persuade Xiang Yu.
In the sixth part, Xiang Bo, who once claimed to be a "peacemaker", further developed his unconscious spy role. Zuo Yin, a Chu native who knows a little about himself, flies around at night. When I arrived in the army, I felt that it was not enough to "repeat the words and play the king" because it was not enough, and it was not enough to "win people's trust"! So he took advantage of the situation and further persuaded Xiang Yu: "Pei Gong didn't break through Guanzhong first, how dare he enter?" Today's people have made great achievements, and it is unjust to hit them. It is better to meet because of goodness than because of goodness. "Implementing the abstract" righteousness "that feudal lords valued most to impress Xiang Yu. Sure enough, I got the "promise" from Xiang Yu. Xiang Yu gave up his plan to attack Liu Bang because of his arrogance and subjectively believed Liu Bang's psychological nonsense and Xiang Bo's rhetoric, which was not without effect. It may be unrealistic to say that he comes from a famous family and doesn't want to kill people at the party. His previous killing will be defended by the champion of Qing Zi, so it is not on the hall. Because of Xiang Bo's activities, the dark clouds of the Guanzhong war that originally existed between the two military groups in Liu Xiang seemed to disappear on the surface. The contradiction between them also tends to be flat. However, these two people do not coexist, and their fundamental contradiction-they both want to seize the fruits of the uprising-still exists.
In the middle of the second paragraph, this contradiction reached a new climax. The plot of the story was formally spread out on the table of the Hongmen banquet.
As many articles have pointed out, when it comes to the banquet at the Hongmen Gate, people don't think of a polite and harmonious situation. Instead, it reminds people of a tense, intrigue and murderous serious scene. Guo Songtao said, "Hongmen writes wonderfully at one moment, and steeply at the other, making people dizzy." Exactly. This paragraph is the core part of the full text, but also the most exciting part. It has many people and different postures. The relationship between characters is also extremely complicated and the contradictions are extremely sharp. This paragraph contains the following five sections:
(1) Liu Bang attacked the Hongmen to thank Xiang Yu;
(2) Xiang Yu left a banquet for Liu Bang, and Fan Zengli advised Xiang Yu to kill Liu Bang, but Xiang Yu did not listen;
(3) Fan Zeng danced with Xiang Zhuang to show his resistance to Liu Bang and Xiang Bo;
(4) Zhang Fan Kuai's reminder; (5) Fan Kuai said xiang yu, excuse for liu bang.
In the first quarter, Liu Bang came to Hong Men to meet Xiang Yu carefully and without pomp. Its whole activity performance can really be said to be extremely humble and humble, in order to seek the trust of Xiang Yu. In terms of address, Xiang Yu is a "general"; I am my own "minister". He first impressed Xiang Yu with his old relationship with Jiangdong Uprising. Then he complimented Xiang Yu on his outstanding achievements and expressed his hard work. He said insincerely: "Being able to enter the customs first and break the Qin Dynasty" is a "conscious" thing. The phrase "I'm going to see the general here again" really seems that he has been worried about Xiang Yu, which is sweet and tactful. He described the informant to Xiang Yu as a "villain" and blamed Xiang Yu's troubles on this so-called "villain" and asked him to bear it to melt the frozen air. "Today's people have the words of villains, so that generals and ministers can learn a lesson" is also a confession. The relationship between them was still good. With the misunderstanding of the diaphragm, it is now. Liu bang's words are so euphemistic and charming; Xiang Yu, a careless and arrogant aristocratic descendant, almost completely neglected to guard against it, but in the face of Liu Bang's words, he quickly and thoroughly disarmed his mind and became a prisoner of Liu Bang. And Cao Wushang, who gave him such a big news, easily leaked it to Liu Bang; Not only ruined Cao himself, but also ruined Liu Bang's internal military route. The following self-destructive behaviors, such as not listening to Fan Zeng, letting Xiang Bo go and rewarding Fan Kuai, are all related!
In the second quarter, in the looming seat, the scene of "There are several kings in Fan Zeng, and three kings show it with tracts, but Wang Moran should not" shows that before the future, Xiang Yu and Fan Zeng are not completely undecided, but because Xiang Yu's arrogant ideological fortress was hit by Liu Bang's sugar-coated shells, thinking that Liu Bang had already surrendered and there was no need to kill him. From the seating arrangement, we can see Xiang Yu's arrogance and insensitive psychology of not looking up to Liu Bang.
In the third quarter, Fan Zeng failed in his plan and called Xiangzhuang to dance the sword. "I sat down because I bumped into Pei Gong." The formulation of these two plans naturally eradicated the confidant of the item. It's a pity that on such an important issue, not only the internal pace of the project group is not uniform, but someone openly comes out to destroy it! "Xiang Bo also drew his sword and danced, often protecting Pei Gong with his wings." Give full play to the "moral" responsibility of the future "in-laws", so "Zhuang can't be beaten", and Fan Zeng's plan failed again!
In the fourth quarter, in another Liu Bang Group, the situation is very different, but it is organized and prepared, and the pace is extremely unified. And can cooperate with each other to fight together. When Sean saw the urgency, he rushed out to meet Fan Kuai. As can be seen from the conversation between Zhang and Fan, they are not always on high alert. Fan Kuai asked, "What happened today?" Sean replied, "It's very urgent! Today, Xiang Zhuang has drawn his sword, which means that he is always Pei Gong. " Fan Kuai said, "This matter is urgent! I invite you to come in and share my life. " Then he entered the military gate with a sword and shield. Fan Kuai followed Liu Bang for the longest time and had the closest relationship. To be brave and straightforward, Liu Bang Group is prepared for him to fight this robbery. Nature is the best!
The last section of this paragraph is about the scene of Fan Kuai; It is also a scene of Xiang Yu. The clown born as a dog butcher and his brave and insightful explanation of Liu Bang in his school show that he is not only straightforward, but also meticulous. Although this story is exactly the same as Liu Bang's, it is agreed in advance, but in Fan Kuai's case, it is a unique set of rhetoric. He was rewarded by Xiang Yu not only because of his generous style of "being able to drink" and "being healthy", but also because he was congenial to Xiang Yu. More importantly, his "softness in rigidity" and "eloquence is not as good as people" contained respectful words, which played a final role. In this passage, in addition to vividly writing Fan Kuai, a generous and knowledgeable hero (the so-called "ovary is like a dragon, Fan Kuai is like a tiger"), Xiang Yu's personality style of "heroes cherish heroes" is also described in the middle of the dialogue. In such a scene activity, the danger around Liu Bang was alleviated, and he was able to get out and escape from the alley!
The following is the third and last paragraph of the article. Generally speaking, it belongs to the closing stage of the hongmen banquet. Although the current climax of contradictions has come to an end, in essence, sharp contradictions still exist. However, the form of expression has changed further. So the ending of this banquet scene is awkward, uneasy and uncoordinated.
This paragraph is divided into the following four sections:
(1) discussed with Zhang and Fan about Liu Bangqi's departure;
② Liu Bang fled home;
(3) When Sean entered Xie Xiangyu, Hunan became increasingly divided;
(4) Liu Bang killed Cao to eradicate internal hidden dangers.
In the first quarter, Liu Bang took advantage of the situation and fled with the intention of fleeing back to his hometown. But he said hypocritically, "What can I do if I don't quit?" It was not until Fan Kuai said that "big banks don't care about details, but they don't hesitate to give him small gifts" that he "walked on". He left his gifts in Sean to further paralyze Xiang Yu. He knew that Xiang Yu was not the only one who could kill him, but his main rival was still in Fan Zeng. When Sean asked him, "What are you doing here?" He said: "I have a pair of white jade, I want to give it to Xiang Wang;" Jade hits a pair and wants to be with her father. Will be angry and dare not offer. The public dedicated it to me. " "Qi" that "will make him angry" naturally refers to Fan Zeng, not Xiang Yu. Visible in the middle of the banquet, how nervous he is, was on pins and needles, and always use his eyes to slip Fan Zeng's look. If Fan Zeng had a wider color, he would have humbly presented these two precious gifts to Wang Xiang and Yafu in pairs. Now, he naturally entrusted this important matter to the resourceful Sean. But he couldn't help saying something to improve Sean's vigilance. The most striking thing is that Sima Qian understood and wrote the name of one of his subordinates, and suddenly changed from the former "Jun" to the present "Gong"! Explain that Liu Bang is a cunning figure who does whatever it takes to achieve his goal! The "white jade" and "jade bucket" here are naturally plundered, which proves the iron fact that Fan Zeng said that "Pei Gong lives in Shandong and is greedy for money". In this section, although Xiang Yu once asked Chen Ping to summon Liu Bang, it does not mean that he has enough vigilance.
In the second section, I wrote that Liu Bang officially fled. Throw horses and chariots, Fan Kuai and other four confidant generals cut corners and hurried back to camp. Before I left, I didn't forget to tell Sean, "It's only 20 miles away from our army." I went to the army and the public entered. "His frightened expression really show it.
In the third section, I wrote Sean's thanks and gifts to Xiang Yu and Fan Zeng. Sean's words are extremely elegant and decent. Xiang Yu heard the news of Liu Bang's escape, and it was nothing obvious. Instead, he "sat down against the wall". Fan Zeng is very different. This scene is tantamount to showing that several of his wily schemes have gone bankrupt; Although there is a pair of jade fights in front of us, in the eyes of such a sophisticated politician, it is really equivalent to an unbearable ridicule and satire. So after the jade bucket, instead of sitting on it, it was placed underground; Not only did he not take it seriously, but he also "smashed his sword." And in front of Xiang Yu, he publicly scolded: "Alas! Insufficient vertical shaft, please! Those who win the title of king of the world will be rewarded repeatedly. I belong to this! " However, this nameless anger did not burn a hair on Liu Bang after all. On the contrary, he just ended up in Sean, completely exposing his serious internal differences and deepening his hatred for Xiang Yu, a vain and flattering monarch. Fan Zeng, a tragic politician, failed because of Xiang Yu's simplicity. It is also inseparable from his own headstrong temper. For this particular person, he can't convince Xiang Yu. Later, Xiang Yu was rebelled by the Han Dynasty. He left in a rage and ended up with a tragic ending of "gangrene on his back". It is also inevitable!
The last section shows that after Liu Bang returned to the army, he immediately killed Cao, an informer, and cut off internal hidden dangers. Strengthened internal unity. This is in sharp contrast with the dynamic changes of Xiang Yu.
Therefore, the struggle at the Hongmen Banquet indicates the success or failure of Liu Xiang in the future. It marked an important turning point in the history of peasant uprising at the end of Qin Dynasty. The key to the rapid transformation of the two major forces in Liu Xiang is very realistic. Of course, the discussion about the root of Liu Xiang's success or failure remains to be discussed. The contents and characters of each section of the Hongmen Banquet are roughly the same.
Tired enough, okay! Remember to adopt it, I hope it will help you O(∩_∩)O~