Model of Rice Cultivation Techniques —— High-yield and High-quality Rice Cultivation Techniques
Abstract: Rice is the most important food crop in China, and its yield is closely related to food security in China. Increasing rice yield, especially the yield per unit area, has a direct impact on stabilizing the total grain output. Rice cultivation techniques are closely related to yield and quality. The cultivation techniques of high yield and high quality rice were comprehensively discussed from seven aspects: improving soil fertility, soaking seeds, accelerating germination, timely sowing, reasonable close planting, scientific fertilization, reasonable irrigation, pest control and timely harvest, so as to provide reliable theoretical basis for improving rice yield and quality in China.
Keywords: rice; High yield; High quality; cultivation techniques
China Library Classification Number: S5 1 1.4 1 Document Identification Number: A.
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In terms of planting area and yield, rice is the 1 largest food crop in China. About two thirds of the population in our country live on rice. The southern area south of Huaihe River is the main rice producing area in China, with rice planting area and yield reaching 87.4% and 87.6% respectively. However, in recent years, due to the rapid economic development, rice fields in the suburbs of southern coastal cities of China and some big cities have been occupied, resulting in a decrease in total rice production.
1 the goal of rice cultivation and development in the new century
2 1 century, the development direction of rice cultivation technology has changed from a single pursuit of high yield to a comprehensive goal of high yield, high quality, high efficiency, ecology and safety. Facing the new goal, rice cultivation technology must have new development [1]. Controlling population and saving land can only temporarily alleviate the contradiction between supply and demand of rice at this stage. To fundamentally solve food security, we must continuously increase rice production. The fundamental way to solve the rice problem in China is to increase the yield per unit area and total output of rice. Therefore, exploring high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques will surely become an important direction for the development of rice cultivation in China. On the basis of reading a lot of literature, the author summarized and demonstrated the cultivation techniques of high yield and high quality rice.
2 High-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques of rice
2. 1 fertility rate
Soil fertility is an important factor to determine rice yield, and paddy fields with high fertility usually have high yield. The mainstream methods to improve soil fertility are returning rice and wheat straw to the field and applying organic fertilizer. The usual practice is to return straw to the field in autumn and winter, apply organic fertilizer in spring and apply chemical fertilizer before transplanting [2].
Manure, cake fertilizer, green manure and human excrement are usually used as base fertilizers for seedling raising. It is worth noting that organic fertilizer must be fully decomposed and harmless before it can be applied, otherwise it will bring great harm to rice fields. In order to accelerate the early growth of seedlings, it is very effective to apply appropriate amount of chemical fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate, urea, phosphoramide and calcium superphosphate.
2.2 Scientific seed soaking to accelerate germination
Usually, seeds need to be placed in the sun for 1 ~ 2 days before soaking to accelerate germination. In order to remove withered seeds and black powder seeds, dried seeds should be put in salt water. Then soak the seeds with 50% carbendazim diluted by 1000 times for 1 ~ 2 days, and sterilize the seeds. In order to avoid the influence of disinfectants on the normal germination of seeds, seeds should be picked and dried about 10d before germination.
The suitable germination temperature of rice seeds is 27 ~ 38℃. It is worth noting that early rice usually germinates in spring when the temperature is very low, so it is very important to take necessary heat preservation measures. The optimum temperature of seed at breast-breaking stage should not exceed 35℃, and the temperature of accelerating germination should be controlled at 25 ~ 28℃. In the process of accelerating germination, we should master? High temperature chest rupture, suitable temperature to promote root? Standard.
2.3 Timely sowing and reasonable close planting.
It is an important means to improve the yield and quality of rice by reasonably adjusting the sowing date to match the rice filling period with the conditions of light, temperature, water and fertilizer [3]. It is necessary to increase rice yield by planting basic seedlings reasonably, constructing reasonable population structure and making full use of natural environmental conditions. Usually, the row spacing of rice plants is controlled at 13cm? 26cm, 3-5 basic seedlings per hole, 60,000-80,000 basic seedlings per 667m2. In addition, the depth of transplanting should be basically the same, the planting depth should be 2 ~ 2.5 cm, and the acupuncture points should be straight, so as not to lose holes or drift seedlings [4].
2.4 Scientific fertilization
Scientific fertilization should improve the utilization efficiency of fertilizer, reduce the environmental pollution caused by excessive fertilization and avoid the yield reduction caused by insufficient fertilization. The adjustment of fertilizer structure and application amount should follow the general principle of stabilizing fertilizer use in the early stage and appropriately controlling and reducing fertilizer use in the later stage. Ear fertilizer should be mainly topdressing at heading and flowering stage, and fertilization must be accurate and not late to prevent the bad phenomenon of greedy green and late ripening [5]. Generally speaking, the application rate of pure nitrogen per 667m2 of high-quality double-cropping rice should be about 10kg. The ratio of base fertilizer to topdressing should be controlled at 5: 5 or 6: 4, and the types of base fertilizer should be mainly organic fertilizer, supplemented by chemical fertilizer. In addition to ensuring adequate nitrogen supply, it is also necessary to apply a certain amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, especially potassium fertilizer, according to the local actual situation, which has a good effect on improving rice quality.
2.5 Reasonable irrigation
Irrigation has a great influence on rice yield and quality, and reasonable irrigation is an important measure to ensure rice yield and quality. What should water management follow? Transplanting in thin water, living seedlings in big water, tillering in shallow water, enough seedlings to dry in the ground? General principles of. If the water in rice field is insufficient, it will have a significant impact on the 1000-grain weight of rice straw, resulting in a situation of reduced production. In addition, insufficient water in rice fields will also reduce the protein content and amylose content, thus seriously affecting rice quality [8].
2.6 Pest control
In order to ensure high-quality pollution-free rice, special attention should be paid to the pollution caused by pesticides in pest control. First of all, we should do a good job of timely observation of pests and diseases. Early treatment of diseases? . Biological control should be the main means of prevention and control, supplemented by chemical control, high-efficiency and low-toxicity pesticides should be selected, and the application amount of pesticides should be strictly controlled. For example, to control rice planthopper and rice leaf roller in mid-September, it is necessary to avoid using organophosphorus pesticides with high toxicity and residue, and ensure that the time from the last application to the harvest is at least 35d[6].
2.7 Timely harvest
Harvest time has an important influence on rice yield and quality. Early harvest, insufficient grain enrichment and decreased yield; When the harvest is too late, the transparency of rice decreases, the chalkiness increases and the quality of rice decreases. The harvest time is determined by the water content of rice, and some are determined by the number of days after harvest. According to the actual situation in Zhejiang Province, rice is suitable to be harvested when the water content is 22% ~ 25%, and the yield and quality are better in 25 ~ 30 days after full heading, 30 ~ 35 days in middle rice and 45 days in late rice.
3 development prospects
Scientific cultivation techniques are necessary to obtain high-yield and high-quality rice. In the work of 20 13, we should continue to strengthen the renewal of cultivation techniques; We should pay attention to the promotion of existing cultivation techniques, not just stay in articles and technical regulations. Research and popularization of new planting techniques are equally important to ensure food security.
refer to
Ling, Zhang Hongcheng, Yanfeng Ding, et al. New development of high-yield rice technology? Accurate quantitative culture [J]. China Rice, 2005 (1): 3-7.
Chen Xiaoyan, Chen Li, Duan Kun. High-quality and high-yield cultivation techniques of rice [J]. Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, 2007 (15):117-17.
[3] Lei Wukui. Comprehensive cultivation techniques for high yield and good quality rice [J]. Journal of Southwest Agriculture, 2008,21(4): 942-945.
[4] Zhang Hong. High-yield cultivation techniques of rice in the central region of Jianghuai [J]. Anhui Agricultural Bulletin, 20 10,16 (13): 271-272.
[5] Tomorrow. Effect of fertilization on high-quality rice cultivation [J]. Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences, 2002 (1): 68-70.
Zhang Xu, Xue Ying, Wang Shuyu, et al. Pollution-free cultivation techniques for high quality and high yield of rice along the Yellow River in Henan Province [J]. Henan Agricultural Sciences, 2004 (9): 15- 16.
About the author: Zhu Ping (1977-), male, from Haining, Zhejiang, is an assistant agronomist.
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