In classical Chinese, nouns and pronouns are often used as subjects and objects, so after we get a passage, we must first make clear the names of people, places, things, dynasties, countries, official positions and posthumous title. And find out pronouns, such as personal names (Ji, Wu, Er, Ru, Yu, I, Yu, Bi) and humble names (I, Chen).

Think again: Who? Do what? In what way? What achievements have been made? It should be noted that in classical Chinese, people often use their full names when they first appear, and they are nominated when they appear again.

Second, find sentence patterns

Classical Chinese involves many classical Chinese sentence patterns, such as judgment sentences, passive sentences, ellipsis sentences and inversion sentences (verb inversion, preposition object, attributive postposition and adverbial postposition).

There are also some fixed sentence patterns, such as "... zhe ... ye", which are typical judgment sentences (some omit the judgment sentences of "zhe" or "ye", or the words that express the judgment relationship, such as "Wei, Nai, namely". ) and "leaf". . ""what is it? 。” "it. 。” "Ann. . Oh, ""what . "Wei" and other rhetorical questions.

"for. . Institute. . ""by. . Yu. . "I see. . Yu. . Passive sentence patterns such as "Ru". . What is the situation? . ""what (to). . Fixed sentence patterns such as "for".

Third, look at the dialogue.

In classical Chinese, dialogue is the easiest to find, because it involves some symbolic words that express dialogue, such as "Yue, Yun and Yan". But here we should pay attention to two points: first, there is dialogue in the dialogue, and second, the speaker and the word "yue" are omitted from the text.

Fourth, according to rhetoric

Rhetorical devices such as parallelism, duality, repetition and truth are often used in classical Chinese, and the sentence pattern is neat, with more than four or six sentences, which is another major feature of classical Chinese. Making good use of these characteristics is very helpful for us to break sentences. In ancient Chinese, if two identical words are used together, they are generally true if they are not in the form of overlapping adjectives and nouns. They belong to two sentences, and the middle should be broken.

Five, according to the total score

In classical Chinese, there are often forms of total score and sub-total, and sentences can also be broken accordingly.

Extended data;

Classical Chinese sentence patterns are basically the same as modern Chinese sentence patterns. It is divided into simple sentences and complex sentences, both of which have six major components: subject, predicate, object and definite complement. The word order of sentences is basically the same. Of course, there is still a difference between the two. When learning classical Chinese sentences, we should try our best to grasp the differences between classical Chinese sentences and modern Chinese sentences.

Although the sentence patterns of ancient Chinese and modern Chinese are basically the same, there are some special sentence patterns because some entity words in classical Chinese are different from those in modern Chinese. If you want to learn classical Chinese well, understand the meaning of sentences correctly and understand the content of the article, you must master the special sentence patterns of classical Chinese. We often say that the special sentence patterns in classical Chinese are judgment sentences, ellipsis sentences, inversion sentences, passive sentences and fixed sentences.

2. In the rules of sentence breaking in classical Chinese, the sense of language is really important. There is a clear difference between reading and not reading.

I still found a general method on the Internet, which I think is quite reasonable. See if it helps. 1. Don't ask questions about the length of the article. It is the key to read and think carefully.

Only when you fully understand the main idea of the content can you break sentences. When candidates break sentences in classical Chinese, one of the common mistakes is to break sentences while reading. After reading the article, the sentence is broken. Looking back, I feel that there are many inappropriate places.

In fact, this "one-step" method is not feasible. Understanding the content is closely related to sentence breaking. Reading carefully and understanding the general idea is the premise of correctly breaking sentences, because if you don't understand, you can continue to point, and if you don't understand, you can't point well.

It's not normal, if you seem to understand it, it's not normal, if you read it twice, you won't read it. When we get an ancient prose without punctuation, we must first read the whole text and study it repeatedly. As the saying goes, "read a book a hundred times and you will understand its meaning." Read it several times, and you will naturally understand the meaning.

Then, according to the content of the article, break several large sections or levels first, and disconnect the places that are sure. 2. read the full text before and after, the first is easy and the second is difficult.

It is usually easy and difficult to punctuate an article. After we have roughly grasped the meaning of the article, we can first disconnect what can be disconnected and gradually narrow the scope, and then concentrate on analyzing difficult sentences.

This is a method that is easy first and difficult later. For example, according to some obvious signs (such as function words, dialogues, etc. Mentioned below), sentences that are easy to distinguish can be broken first.

In addition, we should have full-text awareness. For places that are not easy to break sentences, we should contact the meaning of the context and carefully scrutinize them to determine where to break sentences. 3. Hold fast to "yue", "cloud" and "speech", dialogue is the easiest to find.

Classical Chinese often uses words such as "Yue", "Yun" and "Yan" when describing the dialogue between characters, which provides convenience for correct sentence breaking. When we encounter words such as "Yue", "Cloud" and "Yan", it is easy for us to judge the speaker and content according to the context.

For example, Shi Ji Shuo in Guangdong Volume. 4. The commonly used function words are symbols, which are regular and can be used for reference.

In classical Chinese, there are many function words, such as "only Hu Zhe". Ouyang Xiu's Drunken Pavilion uses 27 "leaves" throughout, and almost every sentence ends with the word "leaves", which is a beautiful talk. The main function of function words in classical Chinese is to express grammatical relations and mood, which is often an important symbol to distinguish between reading sentences.

In our study, we are familiar with the usage of various commonly used function words, especially their common positions in sentences, which help to break sentences: ① The modal particles at the beginning of a sentence, such as "Qi, Gai, Wei, Mi, Fu, Qi Fu, Ruofu", are often used as prime ministers' exclamations about independence, such as "Qi Fu", "Mo Hu" and "Alas". (2) The modal particle "Ye, Ye, Ye, Zai, Hu, Yan, Er, Jiu" at the end of the sentence can be broken; ③ Some related words commonly used at the beginning of a sentence, such as Gou, Zong, Shi, so, however, in any case, Zhi Ruo, even then, Ran Ze, can be used to break sentences. ④ Time words that often appear at the beginning of a sentence, such as "knowing each other", "knowing each other", "a few days later", "Yu Er" and "You Er", are also helpful to break sentences. For example, in the Qing Dynasty, Peng Duanshu wrote "Show your sons and nephews for learning": "What is the matter in the world, is it difficult? For it, it is easy and difficult; If you don't do it, it's hard for easy people.

I can't catch people because of ignorance, and I can't catch people because of incompetence; Learn once and for a long time, but don't be lazy, you will achieve it, but you don't know its vagueness and mediocrity. My talent is smarter than others, and my materials are more sensitive than others; Abandoning it is tantamount to fainting and mediocrity.

However, it is both stupid and clever. How can it be common? "This passage is quite typical. There are seventeen sentences and seventeen punctuation marks in the whole paragraph.

Among them, there are eleven modal particles at the end of the sentence (Hu, Yi, Ye, Yan and Zai), three conjunctions and solidified structures (Ze, Er and Ran), two pronouns (Zhi), and the modal particles at the beginning of the sentence (Ye? Of course, we should also pay attention to flexibility when using function words to break sentences. For example, the sentence "Born before me, learn from it first", "Hu" is used in sentences with "Yu" as the preposition, and the part of speech has changed.

"Ye" is used in sentences to ease the tone, with or without punctuation. 5. Grasp the special sentence patterns, but don't disassemble the fixed structure.

Remember the following typical sentences in classical Chinese, such as "What crime?" (What was the crime in Song Dynasty? ); "Like ... what" (like the Taihang Wangs? ); "Only ... is ..." (only Ma Yu followed closely); "Not only that ... but also ..." (Not only the weather, but also the suppression. ); "Don't worry ..." (Don't worry? ); "Why ..." (Qin rude, why see? ); "Nothing ... almost (nothing is not? ); "Can you get it? "(can you get it? ); "Nothing ..." (Nothing unusual? ), etc. , can help break sentences.

Remember the fixed phrases in classical Chinese and don't split them, which can reduce sentence-breaking errors. Such as something, nothing, something, nothing, what if, enough, nothing is, why, etc.

6. The meaning of part of speech should be carefully studied, and the grammatical structure helps to judge. The ancients didn't know the grammatical structure, but only punctuated sentences with a vague sense of language.

We can use grammar knowledge to analyze the sentences in classical Chinese and determine how to break sentences according to grammar analysis. Sometimes it is difficult to determine whether some words in an article are subordinate or subordinate, but it is easy to solve when using grammatical knowledge to divide subjects, predicates and objects.

Like modern Chinese, the subject and object of classical Chinese are generally served by nouns or pronouns, and the predicate is mostly served by verbs, which is the core of the sentence. Grasping the predicate verb and inferring according to the verb position and the relationship between the verb and the word before and after can improve the accuracy of sentence breaking. In addition, the word order of classical Chinese is basically the same as that of modern Chinese, that is, the subject comes first, the predicate and the object come last, and the modifier generally comes before the head word.

Mastering the word order law of classical Chinese lays the foundation for accurate punctuation of classical Chinese. It can be seen that grammatical analysis is helpful to accurately break sentences.

7. parallelism, duality and repetition, rhetoric provides good conditions; The same word is closely related, generally separated in the middle. The ancients wrote articles, ten points.

3. Examples of common special sentences in classical Chinese There are four kinds of common special sentences in classical Chinese in junior high school: judgment sentences, ellipsis sentences, passive sentences and inversion sentences.

A judgment sentence is a sentence that affirms or denies objective things and constitutes the relationship between judgment and being judged. It usually consists of the following ways: 1. Judgment sentences expressed by function words with certain sentence patterns, such as loanwords like "zhe" and "ye".

(l) Chen Shengsheng, a native of Yangcheng, is brave in Chen She's family (2), Cao Gui's argument (3), Chu Chu is surrounded by mountains, drunk in pavilions (4) and a handsome man in the north of the city. Zou Ji satirized the King of Qi. 2. It consists of words such as "Nai", "Shi", "Wei", "Ze", "Xi" and "Ben".

(1) Fu Su's family (2) Xiang Yan's humble room (3) A family (4) This is the grand view of Yueyang Tower and the story of Yueyang Tower (5) This is an example of a minister who knows the death of Zhen Liang (6) This is the book "Borrowing Books by Huang Sheng" by Bu (1). This kind of sentence is called ellipsis.

The common ellipsis sentences in ancient Chinese have the following forms: 1. Subject ellipsis (1) A strange snake was born in the wild in Yongzhou. [Snake] is black and white. The Snake Catcher said (2) [The man in the Peach Blossom Garden was startled when he saw the fisherman. 2. Predicate ellipsis (1)[ Li] is the head of the family. 3. The object ellipsis (left) Ambassador [Fu Su] will send soldiers to the Chen She family. (2) The fisherman will go home. (4) Preposition ellipsis (L) Chen She Family [2] Wu Lingren. Generally speaking, there are the following forms: L. Use "for ..." and "for" to express passivity.

(1) was printed as a trap for the group. (2) At the beginning of the week, it was suffered by the village. (3) I still remember the interesting things when I was a child. (2) I used "Wei+verb" to express passivity. (1) Wu Guang loves his wife, and most of his foot soldiers are users. (2) The rabbit can't be recovered, but "Yu" is used to indicate passivity, as in Waiting for the Rabbit in Song Dynasty.

(1) Only humiliated in the hands of slaves "Ma Shuo" (2) Thanks to General Manager Wu's "Le Gong Luo Cheng" (4) Inverted sentences In modern Chinese, inverted sentences were used to meet the needs of rhetorical expression, but in ancient times, inverted sentences were normal syntax, so appropriate adjustments were sometimes made when translating classical Chinese. Inverted sentences in ancient Chinese usually have the following forms: 1. The inversion of subject and predicate (1) is very heavy, and you don't appreciate Yugong Yishan. (2) You show compassion for others, and the overseas Chinese offer the piano. 2. Preposition object A. How does the auxiliary word "zhi" advance the object B. Question.

(1) Gaizhu Bamboo Slips, those who repair peaches and stones, are called "nuclear boat stories" (2) those who ride thousands of miles, eat or eat stones "Ma Shuo" (3) and then lead their children and grandchildren to "a mountain in Gong Yu" (4) Preposition phrases are equivalent to adverbials in modern Chinese, and should be placed before predicates in translation. (1) bone-throwing "wolf" (2) fighting a long spoon "Cao Gui's debate" (3) four special sentence patterns of offering sacrifices to Chen She's family and above are often encountered in the study of classical Chinese in junior high schools.

Mastering the usage of these special sentence patterns is of great help to improve our reading ability of classical Chinese. The so-called passive sentence in classical Chinese special sentence pattern means that the relationship between subject and place is passive, that is, the subject is the passive and victim of the behavior represented by the verb, not the active and implementer.

Use "for" to mean passive "dead hand, laughing at the world." (... laughed at by the whole world) Can passive loyalty complain about being slandered? "(loyalty is vilified by others, can you not dislike it? ) passive "... only see bullies" (... cheated in vain) passive "being controlled" (being controlled) and "surplus" indicate "intolerable distance" "

In ancient Chinese, the subject of a passive sentence is the passivity and patient of the behavior expressed by the predicate verb, not the initiative and agent. There are two main types of passive sentences in ancient Chinese: one is marked passive sentences, which are expressed by some passive verbs, and the other is unmarked passive sentences, also called ideational passive sentences.

Marked passive sentences generally have the following forms: the preposition "Yu" is used after the verb to indicate passivity, and "Yu" plays the role of guiding the initiative. For example, "So, I was confused by Zheng Xiu internally and bullied by Zhang Yi externally."

(Biography of Qu Yuan in Historical Records) The actions of "confusing" and "bullying" here are what Zhang Yi did after "Yu". Sometimes the preposition "Yu" or the verb is preceded by "Shou" to form "Shou".

Yu.

"

The form of is passive. For example, "I can't raise Wu Jin's land, I am subject to others."

(Zi Tongzhi Jian) Use "Jane", "Yu" and "Jane".

Yu.

"Table passive.

For example, "Qin Cheng is afraid of not getting it, but seeing bullying." (Historical Records. Biographies of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) "I am afraid that I will be bullied by the king and lose my Zhao."

(ditto) "Violence is found in kings." (Mencius, Hui Liang and Wang Xia) There is a special usage of "Jian" which is very similar to the passive form of "Jian", such as: "Ji Jun is angry or angry."

The word "see" is not passive here, it is a polite way to show how you are before you release the verb, just like "forgive me" in modern Chinese. Use "for" and "for".

Institute.

..。 "Table passive.

For example, "(the giant) will be merged by others in a distant county." Use "Bei" to express passivity.

For example, "I still remember that Duke Zhou was arrested in Ding Mao's hope in March." (Zhang Pu's Tomb Monument of Five People) An unmarked passive sentence refers to a passive sentence without passive verbs.

For example, "Jingzhou people attach symbols to force soldiers to take advantage of the situation." (see son).

4. The original text of the special sentence pattern in classical Chinese is from Su Xun's On Six Kingdoms in the Northern Song Dynasty, and the original text should be "Its potential is weaker than that of Qin". The grammatical structure of the original text is: its potential: setting the Chinese phrase as the subject; Weaknesses: adjectives, which act as predicates; Yuqin: the preposition "Yu" is an adjective, so the preposition "Yuqin" here is the complement of the comparative object, not the adverbial postposition. Therefore, the general view that "they are weaker than Qin" is that their strength is weaker than Qin. In addition, adverbial postposition is a grammatical phenomenon in classical Chinese. This paper focuses on the reasons why object-object phrases in ancient Chinese are adverbials, and introduces that the word "one" often changes from adverbial to complement when referring to objects and tools in object-object phrases. This change is usually caused by the following four reasons: the predicate structure is not complicated, the object-object phrase is more complicated, and it is mostly placed after the verb. For example, in this case, the object phrase "I am short of money" as the transitive adverbial of the predicate "heavy" is put behind the predicate because of its complexity and changed to a complement object. In other words, the object phrase has changed from the original restrictive predicate "heavy" to the supplementary predicate "heavy". ○ Twenty-three Years of Zuo Zhuan Xi Gong: In the Song Dynasty, Song Xianggong gave him twenty horses. When Zhong Er arrived in the Song Dynasty, Song Xianggong gave him eighty horses. In this case, the object phrase "twenty horses" is used as the transitive adverbial of the predicate "give it", which is placed after the predicate and becomes a transitive adverbial. When the pronoun "zhi" is used as the object in the predicate, the object phrase "zhi" can be used as a complement. For example, the Analects of Confucius advanced: a thousand times the country, taken between big countries, hungry because of the teacher's trip. In this case, the word "zhi" used before the preposition "one" refers to a country thousands of times. In order to make his pronoun "Zhi" close to a thousand times the country, the object phrases "Shi" and "Hunger" are used as verbs "Add" and "Cause". "Hu" can be translated as "On the Beam of Mencius": Five acres of Sang Mu, fifty people can wear silk. A five-acre house, if mulberry trees are planted in the house, people over 50 can wear silk clothes. The word "zhi" before the word "one" is used to refer to the "five-acre house" and is a complement. Take the object phrase "Yi Sang" to represent things, and "Yi" can be translated as: ba.3) Move the adverbial that should have been used in front of the verb to the back of the verb, which has the function of highlighting or emphasizing the object phrase "Yi". For example, he said, "You must sacrifice the water chestnut to me." In this case, if Qu likes to eat water chestnut, he must use it when sacrificing him. Later, when his son stopped using it, he wrote an article with it. Here, "red" is what the author emphasizes, so it is used after the verb. The object phrase "red" is used to represent things, and "one" can be translated as. His mother dreamed that the man of God marked his * * * with a black mark. In this case, the object phrase "Yimei" should have been used as an adverbial before the verb "ghost" and then moved to the verb "ghost" to emphasize the role of "Yimei" because this adult was later called "black ass". 4) It can also be used in antithetical sentences and compound sentence. Go to hell Guide him with virtue, regulate him with reason, serve him with energy and dedicate him with life. In this case, the object phrase "one" is double, so "one" is used as a complement. With the object phrase as a tool, it can be translated as "use". ○ "Zuo Gong Five Years": Taoism was taught by abstinence, and it was taught by the old law for textual research.

5. Modify the syntax with classical Chinese:

1, read the full text and grasp the main idea.

2, easy first and then difficult, break through the difficulties.

3. Look for signs that help to break sentences.

1), find nouns (or pronouns) and read sentences.

When reading, mark nouns and pronouns in paragraphs at any time, such as names, places, officials, dynasties, etc. These are generally the objects of the article's statement, description, explanation or discussion, and often serve as the subject or object of the sentence, and the sentence is often broken before and after them. It should be noted that in classical Chinese, people often use their full names when they first appear, and they are nominated when they appear again. For example, in "Battle of Red Cliffs", "When Lu Su heard about Liu Biao's death", he used his full name first, and then "Su Jing Ying Zhi" and "Su Xuan Quan Zhi" no longer mentioned his surname.

2) Find function words and determine the modal particles at the beginning of the sentence 1, such as "Qi, Gai, Wei, Mi, Fu, Fu, Ruofu". Punctuation can be added in front, and relatively independent interjections are commonly used at the beginning of the sentence, such as Fu, Yi Hu, Ai, etc. , you can punctuate before and after;

(2) The modal particle "Ye, Ye, Ye, Zai, Hu, Yan, Er, Jiu" at the end of the sentence can be broken;

③ Some related words commonly used at the beginning of a sentence, such as Gou, Zong, Shi, so, however, in any case, Zhi Ruo, even then, Ran Ze, can be used to break sentences.

④ Time words that often appear at the beginning of a sentence, such as "knowing each other", "knowing each other", "a few days later", "Yu Er" and "You Er", are also helpful to break sentences.

Of course, we should also pay attention to flexibility when using function words to break sentences. For example, the sentence "Born before me, learn from it first", "Hu" is used in sentences with "Yu" as the preposition, and the part of speech has changed. "Ye", used in sentences to ease the tone, can be broken or not.

Function words often have their fixed functions and positions, and can also be used as the basis for sentence breaking.

① Phonetic words and modal particles "Qi, Gai, Wei, Fu, Qi Fu, Ruofu" at the beginning of a sentence, as well as adverbs expressing respect, such as thief, please, sincerity, dare, etc., are often used at the beginning of a sentence to guide the whole sentence, and the beginning of a sentence can be broken.

Time words that often appear at the beginning of sentences, such as "Qing Zhi", "Long Time", "Ji Er" and "He Er", also help to break sentences.

③ Modal particles at the end of the sentence: Ye, Ye, Yan, Er, Gang, etc. Often used at the end of a declarative sentence;

Yesi and (Yan), Evil (Yeqi), Hu, etc. Often used at the end of interrogative sentences;

In, fu and so on are often used at the end of exclamatory sentences. They are usually disconnected at the back.

(4) Related words in complex sentences: although, although, vertically, even if, if, therefore, it is therefore, then, however, or, conditions, and then, etc. , are generally disconnected in front of them.

⑤ The relatively independent interjections commonly used at the beginning of a sentence, such as "Fu", "Hu" and "Ai", can be broken before and after the sentence;

3) According to rhetoric, read aloud sentence by sentence.

Classical Chinese also pays attention to rhetoric, and truthfulness, parallelism, duality, symmetry and repetition are common rhetorical methods in classical Chinese. Regular sentence patterns, more than four or six sentences, is another major feature of classical Chinese. Using these two characteristics, we can break sentences better.

4) Look at the sentence patterns and read the sentences.

There are many special sentence patterns in ancient Chinese, which have also become a good helper for us to break sentences.

"Zhe … Ye" is a typical sentence pattern.

It's also … Hu, he … Wei, An … zai (also), who is with … Hu, Qi … zai, etc. , are typical rhetorical questions;

Be in, be in, see, be in, and so on. Are typical passive sentences.

Why ... (What was the crime in the Song Dynasty? ), only ... is ... "(only with) prepositional object sentences.

There are also some fixed structures: such as … he, but … he, if … he, nothing … Hu, nothing is … Hu, situation … Hu and so on. In addition, there are disyllabic function words such as "nothing", "nothing", "nothing", "thought", "what is enough", "why" and "nature". Remember these fixed phrases, don't break them up, so as to reduce sentence-breaking mistakes.

5), according to the total score, read sentence by sentence

In classical Chinese, there are often forms of total score and sub-total, so we can naturally break sentences accordingly.

6) Read sentences according to dialogues and quotations

In classical Chinese, dialogues and quotations are often marked by "Yue" and "Yun". When two people talk, the name usually appears in the first question and answer, and then only "Yue" is used, omitting the subject. When you meet a conversation, you can judge both sides of the conversation according to the context.

6. Special sentences about classical Chinese Some sentences omit some components of the sentence in a certain language environment. This kind of sentence is called ellipsis. Ellipsis in ancient Chinese is common in the following forms:

1. Subject omitted

(1) There are different snakes in the wild in Yongzhou. [Snake] Black and white, printed with "snake catcher's statement".

(2) [Peach Blossom Spring middleman] "Seeing the Fisherman" is a big surprise "Peach Blossom Spring"

2. Predicate ellipsis

(1) mustered up the momentum, then [drummed] and declined, and finally [drummed] and tired Cao Gui debate.

(2) Chen She established himself as a general and took Guangwu as his surname, Chen She family.

3. Object ellipsis

(l) Ambassador [Fu Su] Foreign generals "Chen She family"

(2) It is necessary for the fisherman to return to the home of Taohuayuan.

4. Preposition ellipsis

(l) The "Chen She family" in the belly of fish.

(2) Wu Lingren's Peach Blossom Spring is about fishing.

7. How to judge the special sentence patterns in classical Chinese, then distinguish the subject and predicate, and then you can distinguish the sentence patterns. I wrote a little more. Take your time and remember that these exams are basically the same, but I suggest that you ask the teacher to clarify what you don't understand, because the classical Chinese sentence patterns to be used in the future mainly include judgment, passivity, inversion and ellipsis. It is an obstacle to learning sentence patterns, but you can remember a few fixed sentences first. Remember that after the exam, there are generally not too complicated sentence patterns, usually from the text, or the usage of prepositions and auxiliary words has been learned. The so-called judgment sentence is a sentence pattern that uses nouns, pronouns or noun phrases as predicates to judge the subject. Its common form is as follows: 1 "................................................................................................................................................................................ "Chen Ye is from Yangcheng." 2. Adverbs such as "Nai", "Ze", "Du", "Yes", "Honesty" and "Wei" are used to express judgment, such as "Today is the autumn of ministers." This sentence pattern is passive. Its common types are: 1. In negative sentences, pronouns are used as objects, such as prepositional objects. For example, "ancient people were not all domineering." (3) With the help of "Zhi" and "Yes", prepositional object. For example, "I don't know what to read, but I'm confused." "(4) Preposition objects in prepositional phrases. .