Therefore, it is impossible to determine the time and source of painting only by the clues you mentioned. In different periods and regions, artists like to use different kinds of wood and cutting methods. In ancient times, it was mostly solid wood splicing, with thick boards and tenons on the back. You can also see the country or genre from tenors and tenors. If it's plywood, that's another matter. This kind of thing appeared late enough, and people who paint with it are modern people. In addition, whose signature it is is more important. Just because the Latin letter doesn't mean it must be English. Italian, French, German and Spanish are all Latin letters. Many painters in China now like to sign words in Latin letters, some in pinyin, some in abbreviations, and some in foreign languages. Then the style of painting. The painting styles and techniques in different periods are completely different, so it is easier to determine the painting age according to the style. Generally speaking, the birth time of painting works will be equal to or later than the period when this style is popular (it may be copying or counterfeiting).
2. What is the most remarkable change in the history of oil painting? The development of oil painting has experienced several periods: classical, modern and modern. Oil paintings in different periods are dominated by the artistic concepts and techniques of the times, showing different faces.
The historical conditions of the early development of non-oil painting, dominated by a generation of artistic ideas and restricted by techniques, laid the realistic tendency of classical oil painting. In the European Renaissance movement in the15th century, humanism thought, out of criticism of religion, produced a positive appeal to pay attention to social reality. In order to gradually get rid of the single creation with the theme of Christian classics, many famous painters began to observe and directly describe the people, scenery and things in their lives at that time, so that the works with religious themes contained obvious realistic secular factors, and some painters described real life more completely.
Renaissance painters inherited the artistic concepts of Greece and Rome, that is, they not only paid attention to describing an event or fact in their works, but also revealed the cause and effect of the event or fact, so they formed artistic techniques that focused on conceiving typical plots and shaping typical images. At the same time, the painter also explored the application of anatomy and perspective in painting and the role of light and shade distribution in the picture, forming the scientific principle of modeling.
The application of human anatomy makes the figure modeling in painting have realistic and accurate proportion, shape and structural relationship; The establishment of focus perspective makes painting form the depth space of illusion through composition, and the scenery in painting is the same as the instantaneous visual experience in reality; The shading method unifies the objects in the painting under the light emitted by a main light source, forming a clear hierarchy from near to far. The artistic theme of humanism and the idea of pursuing realism in other paintings cannot be perfected because of the limitation of tool materials, and the performance of oil painting tool materials is suitable for full expression.
Therefore, after a long period of production, classical oil paintings have become highly realistic. In modern times, oil paintings in different periods have been influenced by classical oil paintings. On the whole, it is the result of the comprehensive application of various factors in oil painting language. However, artists from different countries and different periods paid special attention to one or several factors and formed different styles.
Italian painters in the Renaissance paid more attention to the use of shading. The dark part of the scene in the painting is evenly shrouded in shadows, and the boundary between light and dark presents a soft transition, creating a concentrated and seamless effect. Leonardo da Vinci's Notre Dame in the Rock is a representative of this style.
At the same time, Nederland painters clearly describe all the details of the scenery in their paintings, and the differences between the scenery are not the transition of light and shade. R. Kangping's three-leaf altar painting "Notice of Pregnancy" presents all indoor and outdoor scenes in detail. Titian of Italy is the 1 th painter who pays special attention to the expressive force of oil painting. He paints on a dark background, and often uses bright colors with similar lightness and slightly different tones to form a magnificent golden tone. The repeated overlapping of transparent pigments and distinct strokes make the color and form blend organically and create a texture effect.
17th century is a period of rapid development of European classical oil painting. According to the social background and national temperament of their lives, painters from different regions and countries have made different in-depth explorations on oil painting language. The types of oil painting are divided into historical painting, religious story painting, group portrait, personal portrait, landscape painting, still life painting, genre painting and so on. Oil painting techniques are also increasingly rich, forming schools in various countries and regions.
Third, what is wax painting? Hot wax oil painting, also called em caustic paint, is an ancient painting technique in Europe, which appeared in Greece in the fourth century BC. Batik in Qin and Han dynasties in China is also a kind of wax painting.
In the Louvre in Paris and the British Museum in London, there are well-preserved Egyptian statues painted with wax around the second century A.D., which have been well-preserved in color and surface for more than two thousand years, unlike oil paintings, which have the fear of falling off, discoloring and cracking; Although the linen on the base of the shroud drawn by the Kebute people has turned into pieces, the local color is still very beautiful and amazing. This technique was lost in the Middle Ages, and it was not until the19th century that some romantic painters re-examined the painting materials of wax figures. For example, the famous Swiss painter Aroldbocklin1827-1901,many of his works are painted with wax.
Modern painters such as Picasso also use crayons to complete their works. The main components of hot wax oil painting are beeswax, oil painting pigment and hardener, which has solved the problem of discoloration, cracking and falling off of oil painting for many years.
Hot wax oil paintings do not change color, crack or fall off, can be preserved for a long time, never change color, and always maintain the artistic effect of the works. However, due to the complicated requirements of materials and technology, we must make our own materials. At present, there are few people who specialize in the research and creation of hot wax oil paintings in China.
4. Who knows the techniques and materials of ultra-realistic oil painting? The ultra-realistic painting is called "Tempella painting", and the techniques and materials are very complicated. This paper introduces Liu Kongxi's book "Painting Techniques of Tianpeng".
Liu Kongxi, born in Gu 'an County, Hebei Province from 65438 to 0952, is a professor at the Academy of Fine Arts of Capital Normal University and a member of China Artists Association and China Printmaking Association. 198 1 Lu Xun Academy of Fine Arts graduated with a bachelor's degree in printmaking, 1985 graduated with a master's degree in printmaking. The tutor is Professor Zhu Minggang. Stay in school to teach after graduation. 1989 to Capital Normal University. From 1993 to 65438+, the participation and awards of major works: participated in the second national youth art exhibition in (1980); Hezhe fishing countries participated in the 7th National Printmaking Exhibition, China Printmaking Exhibition (198 1), and 1982 participated in the development of spring sand in Paris, and won the * * * Outstanding Literary Works Award in Liaoning Province, which was collected by Liaoning Provincial Museum. Attended the 6th National Art Exhibition in Taihang Mountain Village in October (1984); "Old Songs-Revolutionaries are always young" participated in the "National Art Exhibition to Celebrate the 80th Anniversary of the Founding of the Party" (2000) and won the Excellence Award; Wait a minute. The paper was published in many professional magazines such as Art Observation, China Oil Painting and Art Grand View. Personal monographs "Hundred Schools of Painting, China Artist Liu Kongxi's Painting Collection" and "Oil Painter Liu Kongxi's Sketch Collection" were published by Liaoning Fine Arts Publishing House. Tempelina's Painting Techniques was published by Xiyuan Publishing House and won the second prize of the fourth outstanding scientific research achievement of Capital Normal University. Pelina is a special painting and painting skill. He is a scholar who has really done special research, a teacher who has made many attempts and experiments in the college, and a painter in Tempelina, China who has achieved creative achievements. He has dedicated his precious efforts, which is different from ordinary skill books. The explanation in the book is clear and detailed, so that beginners who are interested in exploring painting techniques can easily find the way to get started.
The first chapter of the catalogue is an overview of Tempella's painting art.
1. What is Tampere's painting?
Second, the artistic features of Tempelina's paintings
Third, the history and development of Tampere's painting.
The second chapter is the preparation of Tan Perez's painting materials and tools.
First, the support of Tempelina's paintings.
Second, the preparation method of base coating
Third, the primer coating method
Fourthly, the method of making egg emulsion, the medium of Tempelina's painting.
5. Selection and modulation methods of Tamperina's painting pigments
Six, Tampere painting pen and color matching equipment
Seven, the auxiliary tool materials of Tempelina's painting.
The third chapter is the techniques and steps of Tan Perez's painting.
First of all, the techniques and steps of traditional Tempella painting.
Second, the techniques and steps of modern Tan Perez's painting.
The fourth chapter is the special techniques of Tempelina's painting.
First, make the texture of the picture.
Second, knife scraping, engraving and scraping.
Third, brush strokes, splash and color.
Fourth, rubbing and coloring
Five, dip brush, according to color.
Six, sandpaper grinding
Chapter V Gold-paste, Silver-paste and Gold-paste Expression Techniques
I preparation of main materials and tools
Second, paste gold foil and silver foil.
Third, local pasting and pasting.
Fourth, the expression of contrast.
Chapter VI Glazing and Protection of Tempella's Paintings
First of all, Tampere's paintings are completely unpolished.
Second, about the sub-gloss oil-free Tempella painting.
Third, glazed Tempella paintings.
Fourth, prevent the picture from being scratched and damaged.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) works are moisture-proof and mildew-proof.
Daily cleaning of intransitive verb project
Seven. Movement and handling of the project
Eight. Restoration of Tempelina's paintings
Chapter VII Appreciation of Tempella's Painting
I. Appreciation of cimabue's Works
Second, the appreciation of Giotto's works
Three. Appreciation of angelico's works
Four. Appreciation of Francesca's works
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Appreciation of Botticelli's Works
Appreciation of the works of the intransitive verb Borayolo
Seven. Appreciation of Xie Luofu's Works
……
Five, some things about oil painting ~ six elements of oil painting understanding: theme, technique, symbol, space and light, style and genre and personal understanding.
In the knowledge of oil painting, line refers to lines drawn by pen drawing, and oil painting lines are generally marked with soft and sharp clues, but in different styles, round heads, proofreaders and old flat pens can also draw thick lines similar to strong books. At first, both eastern and western paintings were modeled on lines. In the morning oil paintings, drafts are generally drawn with precise and rigorous line outlines. In Tempella technique, the method of arranging wires is the main means to form light and shade. Western oil painting later evolved into light and shade and head, but even so, the midline factor in oil painting has been indelibly influenced. Slim and bold. The use of neat or random lines and repeated overlapping and overlapping lines enriches the language of oil painting, and it is very important to deal with different shapes of sideline. The use of lines in oriental painting has also influenced the styles of many modern western masters, such as Matisse, Van Gogh, Picasso, Miro and Klee.
Before oil painting came into being, European painting went through several stages. In 1930s, Mr. Ba Jin and Mr. Zhu Guangqian had a fierce confrontation in the press about whether Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper was an oil painting. Mr. Zhu Guangqian thought it was an oil painting, while Mr. Ba Jin said, "There was no modern oil painting pigment at that time." Because European painting has developed into modern oil painting when it was introduced to China, many people often have a misunderstanding that western painting is oil painting.
In the west, especially in ancient Europe, oil painting did not always exist. The real oil painting has only been produced for 500 years. Prior to this, Europe experienced the long historical changes of ancient pastel painting, wax painting, mosaic painting, wet mural painting, dry mural painting, Tampere painting and the mixed technique of Tampere and oil painting.
6. Briefly describe the significance of Rubens, Rembrandt and velazquez in the history of oil painting. 17 and 18 century portrait painters, Rembrandt in the Netherlands, velazquez in Spain and Rubens in Flanders.
Rembrandt
The greatest painter in Holland. He received a good education and mastered the basic skills of painting at the age of 2 1 and became a famous portrait painter in Amsterdam at the age of 163 1. 1634, he married a wealthy businessman. 1642, his wife died of illness and married a maid, which caused dissatisfaction among relatives, encroached on his property and put him in trouble. However, he did not stop at art, but gave him a deeper understanding of life. His wife and son died one after another, and 1669, an outstanding painter with a bumpy life, also passed away. But he left a lot of precious property to future generations. [600 oil paintings, 0/300 prints/kloc, 2,000 sketches and 60- 100 selfies].
Rembrandt's painting style highlights the use of light to shape the body, express space, highlight key points, have strong contrast between light and shade, combine reality with reality, and have rich levels.
Night Patrol is his masterpiece in the heyday of his creation. It was a collective portrait made by Amsterdam militia headquarters, which led to Rembrandt's poverty in his later years. The producer of this painting was very dissatisfied when he saw the work, because only a few main characters were highlighted in the painting, and many people were painted in inconspicuous positions. They filed a lawsuit with the court, making him an unpopular painter. As far as the work itself is concerned, it is creative. The painter used a technique close to the stage effect, and a group of militiamen were preparing to set out to perform their tasks. The original painting was daytime, but it was darkened as a night scene due to improper preservation, hence the name.
diego velazquez
/kloc-a famous Spanish painter in the 0/7th century. The 24-year-old painting king became famous in one fell swoop. 1649 is a portrait of the Pope. He worked in the court all his life as the chief painter and head of the court. Finally, I died of fatigue in complicated things.
Works; [Statue of Pope Innocent X], [Maid-in-waiting], [Textile Girl].
[bridesmaid]; It is a masterpiece of Wei in his later years. The painter himself is also painting, showing that he is painting the king and queen, and the little princess and maid-in-waiting suddenly burst in. Wei used a mirror to enlarge the picture space, with bold brushwork and accurate color, which had an important influence on later oil paintings.
Rubens
He is a great humanist painter. Even though religious mythology is the main theme of his creation, he still depicts gods with secular figures and nature, as Dana, a French art historian, said: His works are painted with the holy oil of Catholicism on the surface, but the customs, habits, thoughts and feelings in his bones are pagan. In Rubens' works, he loves life, is full of beautiful ideals and rich imagination, and affirms people's strength and happiness in life through artistic images. He is good at expressing his aesthetic ideals and interests with a healthy and plump image, full of optimism and personality. Because his upper-class social environment caters to the aesthetic requirements of the upper-class aristocrats, his characters, especially women, are almost all ladies, with fat figure, delicate skin and coquettish posture, while men are all dandies, which reflects the pursuit of pleasure and life interest of the Flemish aristocratic bourgeoisie to a certain extent. Rubens's life is extremely rich, and his works are full of grand scenes, strong sense of movement, vigorous modeling, rich imagination and dramatic plots. Contrast, loud and full of color; Smooth lines and exciting picture artistic effects give people a magnificent, gorgeous, fiery and jubilant artistic feeling.
Baroque art is unconventional and is the most popular artistic style in Europe in the17th century. It is vivid, luxurious, magnificent and light.
7. Why do western oil paintings generally use gold? Western oil paintings don't often use gold. In the early Renaissance and before the Renaissance, there was a technique of sticking gold foil in the painting of wooden boards, but it was rarely used in oil painting. Tempella painting on wooden board used to be the main type of western painting. All the medieval icon paintings we saw were of this technology, and many famous works in the Renaissance were also Tempella. For example, the early paintings of Giotto, Ma Saqiao, Botticelli, Libby and Leonardo da Vinci were all Tambella, painted on wooden boards and mixed with egg yolks. Ma Saqiao and Giotto's works are mostly gilded, but with the gradual development of the Renaissance, gilded. In modern times, there are painters who use gold, such as Klimt of the Vienna Separatists. He pursues the decoration of painting, and the method of using gold is not so much to learn western traditional painting as to learn Japanese ukiyo-e painting. Moreover, this kind of example is relatively isolated. Apart from him, there are few painters who use gold.
Tempella's painting "Gold" is related to the tradition of icon painting, which is a religious painting with many symbolic meanings. Iconology is rich in content, and the use of gold is related to religious purposes. Gold and jewels are widely used in painting to praise the glory of God and create a visual atmosphere completely divorced from the real world. The use of gold foil often makes works look solemn and noble. With the deepening of the Renaissance, this style gradually withdrew from the historical stage, because the Renaissance flaunted humanism and opposed to theocracy, and they pursued secular aesthetics, and the solemn sense of religious painting gradually weakened, and the gold foil disappeared from the painter's workshop.
Help me find a foreign historical figure (with his story and brief introduction). Jan van eyck (1390- 144 1) is a representative figure of the Dutch Renaissance, and he is also called the father of oil painting with his brother Hubert van eyck. At the end of the Gothic period, the two brothers gathered their strengths and formally established the position of oil painting in history.
Van Eyck brothers found a simple way to paint with oil-soluble pigments and created pure oil paintings. Although art historians can't conclude that the Van Eyck brothers were the inventors of oil painting, at least they found an ideal formula of oil painting media on the basis of previous experiments. Many experts believe that their greatest achievement is to add natural resin to the oil to make the pen smooth and the vehicle dry quickly. Jan Van Eyck's The Wedding of Arnold Fini and The Painting of Ghent Altar (now in St Buffon Church in Ghent, Belgium) consist of 23 paintings. ) is considered to be an important work in the history of European oil painting development. The oil blending technology invented by Van Eyck brothers is said to use a kind of "white Bruges varnish" and linseed oil to paint, and use them to blend the pigments he used in Tampere's paintings, and it is found that the effect is very good. Some researchers think that "white Bruges varnish" is rectified turpentine, and now we are still diluting oil painting pigments with turpentine. It is said that Antonoueuo de Messina1430-1479, the earliest Italian painter who studied and mastered oil painting techniques, went to the Netherlands to learn the oil painting techniques of the Van Ike brothers and returned to Venice to teach the use of oil painting pigments. Since then, oil painting as an independent painting has become popular in continental Europe. For hundreds of years, oil painting has been further developed and perfected through the inheritance and creation of painters of past dynasties.
Young Van Eyck's masterpiece "Portrait of the Arnold Finis" (sketch oil painting, 82*59.5cm, 1434, National Art Collection of London) is a portrait of a man and a woman. In the first half of the fifteenth century, it was almost unique. At that time, such works were completely revolutionary. This painting is set in the home of a wealthy businessman in Flanders, and Mr. and Mrs. Anoffney stand hand in hand. There is no deliberate decoration in the room, but the owner's financial resources and interest can be seen from the hanging chandelier, luxurious clothes, bedding between two people holding hands and so on. At the same time, we can see that the author shows how exquisite these chandeliers, clothes, bedding and every piece of furniture in the room are. The sunlight entering the window, the copper chandelier illuminated by the sunlight, the convex mirror in the center, the raw edge of the sleeveless cloak on the man's body and so on. , has an amazing sense of reality.
As far as the whole picture is concerned, the portraits of the Anofini couple only depict the second half of the room, and the composition of the picture is simple and vivid. Windows, beds, ceilings and walls form this quadrilateral perspective, which extends the room to us. Because of the perspective, we can only see the second half of the picture, but it's not easy to notice that Jan Van Eyck hinted at the extension of this space with clever painting skills: this is the convex mirror in the center of the picture. Looking closely, the convex mirror reflects the front part of the room that we can't see. Here, Yang Van Ike uses the unique circle of convex mirror to reflect the open window on the left, the bed with smallpox on the right, the chandelier in the middle, and the back of the Arnold Fini couple into a mirror. Even between two people's backs, there is an open door, and two guests are coming to the room. These details have been clearly demonstrated by Jan van eyck.