Second, the data collection of thesis writing
Iii. Selection, collation and evaluation of data
Fourthly, how to conceive an educational paper.
Five, the preparation of the thesis writing outline
Sixth, write according to the basic types of academic papers.
First, the general steps of thesis writing
(A) determine the theme
(2) draw up an outline
(3) thesis writing
(4) Review and revision
(5) Signature
(A) determine the theme
How to choose a topic? Choosing a topic is to solve the problem of what to write.
1, general principles of topic selection
First, we should choose questions with objective scientific value.
Second, we should choose questions that are subjectively beneficial to research.
2, the main way of topic selection.
(1) The direction of education development is to find research topics.
(2) Select topics from the outstanding problems faced by the work.
(3) Propose topics from successful experiences.
(4) Find the subject from the doubtful points in education and teaching.
(5) Proceed from the obtained research results and follow up.
(6) Looking for research topics from the weak points and blank points in educational research.
Note: there are still many angles and ways to choose a topic, but for teachers who write papers for the first time, they should pay attention to the topic, be practical, not empty, and be small and not big.
Choosing a good topic is the first step of educational research, the first step of thesis writing and a very crucial step.
(2) draw up an outline
1, type of contour
Outlines can generally be divided into simple outlines and detailed outlines.
(1) simple outline. A simple outline is characterized by its generality, which only lists the titles of all parts of the paper, and does not involve how to discuss it in detail. Generally speaking, researchers who have some experience in writing papers often only list simple outlines.
② Detailed overview. The detailed outline not only lists the titles of each part of the paper, but also writes the main points to be elaborated under each title. So the detailed outline is actually similar to the abstract of the paper. People who write papers for the first time can make the outline as detailed as possible, which makes it easier to write.
2. Outline the requirements
A good thesis writing outline generally needs three things:
① Arrange the layout of the full text. For example, the arrangement of the main argument and the sub-argument, the logical expansion of the argument, etc. , so that all parts of the paper are closely structured, clear and logical.
② Arrange the use of materials. Such as the arrangement of basic materials and secondary materials, the materials to be listed under each part and argument, etc. Make a large number of materials collected and accumulated in the research process form a clear and organically integrated whole, and provide fully convincing arguments and facts.
③ Arrange the length of the paper. For example, how many words are in the full text and how many words are in each part. With this arrangement, writing can be more planned and avoid rambling and digressing. As for the length of a paper, there is no regulation.
(3) thesis writing
1. The scientific nature of argumentation, reasoning and expression.
Thesis is the crystallization of scientific research. In writing, we should pay full attention to whether it is scientific and rigorous, and any exaggerated expression will reduce the quality of the paper.
2. Argument, argument and logic of argument.
A good paper must have clear arguments, conclusive arguments and rigorous exposition, and form a logical unity among them. Therefore, only opinions without materials will definitely make people feel empty and unconvincing; But if you don't choose, piling up a lot of materials will also make a paper irrelevant and lack depth; With arguments and arguments, but without reasonable and rigorous elaboration, people will still feel confused and confused. Therefore, in the process of writing, researchers should refine and select a large number of collected materials and choose the most valuable arguments to support their arguments. At the same time, in the process of argumentation, it is discussed layer by layer, so that the arguments, arguments and arguments form a strict logical relationship.
3. The organic unity of data and text expression.
In order to express the research results scientifically and accurately, data must be provided in the paper. However, some beginners think that the success of the research can be proved as long as there are data, so the paper lists a lot of data. Actually, this view is one-sided. In a paper, data is only the material for analysis, and the main part is written expression. Lack of data will certainly weaken the persuasiveness, and only data will be confused with statistical reports. Therefore, when writing a paper, we should selectively provide representative data, and at the same time pay attention to the layer-by-layer analysis and full discussion of the data, so that the paper has high credibility and theoretical depth.
(4) Review and revision
1, first of all, we must conduct strict self-review and self-correction. In this regard, it is best to leave the manuscript for a period of time, then keep a certain distance from the article with the eyes of a third party, and read it objectively, which may make it easier to find problems. In short, when writing, you should be able to enter; You should be able to jump out when reviewing. Be "convinced" when writing and "critical" when revising. If you revise your paper with a feeling of "self-appreciation", it will be difficult to write.
2. Secondly, in the process of revising the article, you can also invite teachers or colleagues around you to review it to solicit more revision opinions. As the saying goes, "the authorities are fascinated, and the onlookers are clear." Some problems are difficult for the author to detect and find, but others can easily see them.
(5) Signature
The results of collective research can be signed by the research group and the author. The signature is usually placed under the title of the paper. Some are collectively signed, and the list of participants in the research group can be listed at the back of the text.
Second, the data collection of thesis writing
1. The contents of consulting and collecting information mainly include: the development history and present situation of others' research on this topic, main research achievements, research emphases, research methods and existing problems. It is necessary to know which problems have been solved, which problems need further study, what is the focus of controversial issues and what are the views of all parties, so as to establish a starting point.
2, the main ways to collect data are:
(1) Collect books and periodicals,
(2) Collecting information from the Internet,
(3) Collecting information from educational practice,
(4) Collecting information through consultation,
(5) Obtaining information through educational investigation and experiment.
Iii. Selection, collation and evaluation of data
data screening
Filtering data is to select the essence and characteristic parts of data for compilation or summary. When selecting materials, we should pay attention to indicating the source of the index, excerpt or summary materials for future reference.
(2) data collation
Collating data is to classify, supplement and analyze a large number of scattered data after screening, so that the data becomes concise and organized and forms a new easy-to-use data system.
(3) Data evaluation
The so-called evaluation is to distinguish authenticity (that is, the degree of authenticity, reliability and accuracy), value (good or bad, size and influence), function (whether it is useful, where it can work and how much it can work), nature (close relationship with the theme) and so on. Through evaluation, select and use accurate and scientific materials to ensure the scientific writing of the paper.
Fourthly, how to conceive an educational paper.
1. What is the concept of an educational paper?
Conception is the arrangement and design of the whole article after the writing purpose is determined and before the formal writing. The conception of educational thesis is a brewing and thinking activity of educators in the whole process of writing educational thesis under the guidance of certain ideas. Only when the conception is clear and ingenious can the written paper be coherent and insightful. The writing form of conception is writing outline. 2. The difference between educational papers and educational experience.
2. How to conceive an educational paper?
(l) Determine the central argument and consider the whole layout comprehensively and carefully.
(2) according to the central argument and sub-arguments, select and arrange materials.
(3) Be good at using creative thinking methods (divergent thinking, convergent thinking, positive and negative thinking, three-dimensional thinking) to conceive.
Five, the preparation of the thesis writing outline
1. Overall consideration of writing outline
(1) Argument: The argument of an educational paper is the author's new view on the research topic. Write a thoughtful argument in concise sentences.
(2) Material selection: In order to prove the arguments put forward in the article, the collected materials are sorted and selected; Choose innovative, typical, attractive materials that can prove your point.
(3) Paragraphs: In order to illustrate and prove the argument, which parts should be set up, what tasks each part has, and what paragraphs should be set below each part.
(4) Planning: how to start, how to end, where to start, where to describe, how to connect up and down, and how to echo before and after.
(5) Coordination: How to achieve symmetry in several parts of the paper and how to achieve appropriate word density.
2. The writing method of writing outline
The style of the outline is generally:
Title:
Central argument:
Content outline:
One ... two ... three. ...
( 1) ...(2) ...(3) ...
1…… 2.…… 3.……
( 1)…… (2)…… (3)……
①…… ②…… ③……
Sixth, write according to the basic types of academic papers.
The basic types of academic papers are divided into introduction, theory and conclusion.
1. Introduction-concise and attractive.
The introduction is the beginning of the paper, and this part of the text can't be too much.
(1) Introduction to the topic of "Cut to the chase". For example, about the optimization of teaching language, for example, about enhancing the inspiring ability to guide students to analyze texts.
(2) Quoting materials leads to topics. For example, talking about cultivating students' imagination in Chinese teaching: Einstein said: "Imagination is more important than knowledge, because knowledge is limited, and imagination summarizes everything in the world, promotes progress and is the source of knowledge evolution." What is imagination? It is a kind of cognitive ability to form a new image on the basis of appearance ... We should cultivate and develop students' imagination purposefully and systematically in Chinese teaching activities in and out of class according to the content of teaching materials and the characteristics of students' life and psychology.
(3) Introduction introduces the situation and explains the background. For example, how to teach math examples is still an urgent problem in current math teaching. At present, the phenomenon of sea tactics in middle school mathematics teaching is still very prominent in some places. In order to overcome this phenomenon and greatly improve the quality of classroom teaching, we must strengthen and improve the teaching of mathematical examples.
(4) Reveal the main points and summarize the introduction. For example, about the five "changes" of basic education in the primary stage of socialism: in the primary stage of socialism, to make basic education serve the development of socialist productive forces, we must accelerate and deepen the reform of basic education under the guidance of the theory of primary stage of socialism, and realize the foundation, localization, modernization, diversification and individualization of basic education.
2. This theory should be fully developed and logical.
This theory is the main body and core part of educational papers.
Several requirements of this theory:
(1) should follow the principle of "clear arguments".
(2) To make the central argument dominate the sub-arguments, the sub-arguments should closely revolve around the central argument.
(3) We should properly handle the relationship between "sub-narrative" and "general narrative".
(4) The ultimate goal is to infer scientific conclusions with strict logic.
The arrangement form of this theory:
Parallel-that is, the relationship between arguments (sub-arguments) is parallel, that is, several related arguments (sub-arguments) are classified and arranged around a center and discussed one by one.
Progressive-that is, the relationship between arguments (sub-arguments) is progressive, their positions cannot be interchanged, and arguments are suppressed step by step until a conclusion is reached.
Comprehensive style-that is, either "progressive style" is the main style, and "parallel style" is partially adopted in the discussion process; Or "parallel" is given priority to, and "gradual" is adopted locally. In this paper, "gradual" and "parallel" are often combined in many ways.
Total score formula-first put forward the central argument, and then demonstrate or establish several sub-arguments from several aspects with different arguments. This structural formula is called total score formula.
3. conclusion-clean and neat, not slow.
The conclusion is that the educational thesis is the crystallization of the whole research process. This part should be based on this part of the argument and argument, and naturally draw a conclusion. How to draw a conclusion?
(1) The topic proposed by Xin Lu is only an abstract judgment. Through this part of the discussion, it is much richer, and the conclusion is also summarized, summarized and improved on this basis.
(2) The conclusion part is based on this part, which makes a great summary and improvement, and shows the author's unique views more intensively.
(3) In the conclusion, the author can also put forward the problems that need to be further discussed in this topic and the prospects for future development.
It should be noted that the writing of educational papers should be based on the needs of the content. As long as you can clarify academic views and innovative views through logical argumentation, how to write them is appropriate. Writing a paper cannot be regarded as a fixed formula.