1, the concept of ground cover plants
The so-called ground cover plants refer to some perennial herbs, shrubs and vines, which have low clumps and dense branches and leaves, or creeping or semi-tendrils, and have certain ornamental value. They are laid on a large area of bare flat land or sloping land, or are suitable for covering the ground in various environments such as wet forests and gaps in forests. Turfgrass is the most common ground cover plant and is usually classified as another category. In the definition of ground cover plants, the word "low" is used. Low is a vague concept. Therefore, some scholars set the height standard of ground cover plants as 1m, thinking that some plants are larger than 1m under natural growth conditions, but they have the characteristics of pruning resistance or slow growth at seedling stage, and the height can be controlled below 1m through human intervention. Foreign scholars demarcate the height as "from less than one inch to about 4 feet", that is, from 2.5cm to1.2m.
2. Characteristics of ground cover plants
Ground cover plants, like lawn plants, can cover the ground and conserve water, but ground cover plants have many incomparable characteristics.
2. 1 The number of ground cover plants is small, and there are many kinds and rich varieties. The branches, leaves, flowers and fruits of ground cover plants are rich in variety, colorful and changeable in four seasons, creating a variety of ecological landscapes.
2.2 Ground cover plants have strong adaptability and fast growth speed, and can grow under different environmental conditions, such as shading, sunshine, dryness and wetness, etc., which makes up for the shortcomings of slow growth of trees and large gaps in the lower layer, and can receive better ornamental effects in a short time.
2.3 Woody plants in ground cover plants have different levels, which are easy to dry and modify into patterns.
2.4 Simple propagation, once planted, benefits for many years. In the later maintenance management, there are few diseases and insect pests on the lawn of single ground cover plants, which are not easy to breed weeds, and the maintenance management is extensive, so frequent pruning and careful care are not needed, which reduces the cost and energy of manual maintenance.
3. Classification of ground cover plants
Ground cover plants are widely distributed and can be roughly divided into the following categories:
3. 1 annual and biennial herbs: the bright flowers of annual and biennial herbs are mainly selected and planted in groups in a large area to form large color blocks, which can render a warm festive atmosphere.
3.2 Perennial herbs: Perennial herbs play an important role in ground cover plants. Perennial herbs are low-growing, perennial, extensive in management, fast in flowering, rich in color and elegant in shape. Important perennial herbaceous ground cover plants are: Reineckea carnea, Lycoris radiata, Allium fistulosum, Ophiopogon japonicus, Iris, Hosta Hosta, Hemerocallis fulva and so on.
3.3 Pteridophytes: Pteridophytes are widely distributed in China, especially suitable for growing in warm and humid places. Ferns are the best choice in humid environment where lawn plants, trees and shrubs can't grow well. Commonly used ferns include fern, Pteris pteridoptera, Boston fern, etc.
3.4 Lianas: Lianas have the characteristics of evergreen creeping, climbing and strong shade tolerance. Such as ivy, chrysanthemum morifolium, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, trachelospermum, honeysuckle, etc.
3.5 Subshrubs: Subshrubs have low plants, many branches, flat branches, diverse shapes and colors of branches and leaves, and some fruits are bright and easy to prune and shape. Common ones are Mahonia, Ligustrum lucidum, Ligustrum lucidum, Acer truncatum, Berberis purpurea, Rhododendron and Illicium verum.
3.6 Bamboo: Indocalamus in bamboo has strong creeping, large leaves and shade tolerance; There is also Japanese bamboo, with slender branches and slow growth, which is used for soil preparation and has a unique flavor.
4. Criteria for selecting ground cover plants
The function of ground cover plants in gardens determines the selection criteria of ground cover plants. Generally speaking, the screening of ground cover plants should meet the following four criteria:
4. 1 is a perennial plant, with low plants and height less than 100cm.
4.2 All growing periods should be cultivated in the open field.
4.3 It is easy to breed, grow rapidly, have strong coverage and be resistant to pruning.
4.4 colorful, long-lasting or ornamental branches and leaves.
4.5 has certain stability.
4.6 Strong resistance, non-toxic and odorless.
4.7 It can be managed, but it will not be flooded.
5. Ecological allocation of ground cover plants
Ground cover plants are widely used in gardens. They can be planted under trees, beside streams, on hillsides, beside rocks and on lawns to form different ecological landscape effects, and their ecological configuration is particularly important. When using ground cover plants for landscaping, it is necessary to understand the environmental factors in this area, such as light, temperature, humidity, soil pH and so on. And then choose the ground cover plants that can adapt to it. According to the ecological habits, growth speed and coverage area of the selected ground cover plants, the trees, shrubs and grasses should be reasonably matched, so that all kinds of creatures can find their own positions and form a harmonious, stable and long-term plant community. Such as octagonal gold plate, golden coral, ten flowers, bracken, onion, LYCORIS radiata, Hosta, etc. The places where these ordinary trees, shrubs and grasses are difficult to grow well are full of commercial and natural interests. Colorful varieties of branches, leaves and flowers are often used on forest edges or lawns, such as patterns composed of a large number of perennial flowers and subshrubs, which are rigorous, lively, generous, natural and colorful.
In some large-scale, green and open environments, some actively planted plants with a certain height should be selected, while in the courtyard with limited space, some low, small, exquisite and semi-shade-tolerant plants should be selected as ground cover plants. Waterproof and moist wetland plants should be used as ground cover plants on banks and streams.
6. Application status and prospect of ground cover plants in gardens.
In recent years, some ground cover plants have been effectively and widely used in urban landscaping construction, such as Acer truncatum, Ligustrum lucidum, Ligustrum lucidum, Berberis purpurea, Three Needles, Mahonia, Canna, Nandina domestica, Rhododendron, Illicium verum, chlorophytum, Commelina communis, Ophiopogon japonicus and so on. Through the application of these ground cover plants, not only the plant level is increased, the garden landscape is enriched, and a beautiful and comfortable environment is provided for people, but also the ecological benefits of urban green space are brought into full play in the aspects of increasing the amount of green space, eliminating secondary dust, greatly reducing the bacterial content in the air near the ground, lowering the temperature, improving the air humidity, maintaining water and soil, slope protection and dike reinforcement, reducing and inhibiting the growth of weeds, etc.
Everything has two sides, and with the wide application of these ground cover plants, it is inevitable to give people the feeling of a thousand cities and one scene. In fact, there is an urgent need to enrich and update the existing ground cover plants in urban gardens and green spaces. As far as Sichuan native resources are concerned, there are still some kinds of ground cover plants that need to be developed and utilized in large quantities, such as Lycoris radiata, Allium fistulosum, Ardisia crenata, Tagetes erecta of Liliaceae, Elaeagnus angustifolia of Emei, Amomum villosum of Sichuan of Zingiberaceae, Serpentine of Rosaceae, Sweet potato vine of Moraceae and Jiangnan of pteridophytes.
In the arrangement of garden plants, rich colors and layers are emphasized, and some ground cover plants with flowers, fruits and colorful leaves are paid more and more attention by the garden community, such as torch flower, Gymboree daylily, creeping crape myrtle, ground cover pyracantha, Hypericum rubrum, Golden Leaf Road Yellow, Spiraea Jinshan, Spiraea Jin Yan and Golden Leaf.
Forsythia suspensa, Euonymus fortunei, Jiang Chun, etc.
All these show that the application of ground cover plants is in the ascendant, and the research on the species, ecological habits, adaptability, ecological environment and reproductive application of ground cover plants has become the main work at this stage, and it is also the requirement of the new round of urban landscape construction.
Present situation of landscape plants in Hunan
2. 1 Application Status of Garden Plants
In recent years, urban greening in Hunan has flourished, and the ecological environment in cities and suburbs has gradually improved. The garden plants in urban greening in Hunan adhere to the principles of "adapting to local conditions, adapting to local conditions, and adapting trees to local conditions" and "mainly native tree species, supplemented by exotic plants". The key tree species of urban greening should be camphor tree, magnolia grandiflora, red (purple) leaf plum, mangrove, Platanus acerifolia, ginkgo biloba, Liquidambar formosana and camellia. In most cities in Hunan, street trees are native trees, and many roads are named after plants, such as Xiangzhang Road, Metasequoia Road, Yulan Road and Fengxiang Road. Flowers and fruit trees play the role of embellishing colors in the garden, adding some vitality to the garden, such as pyracantha fortunei, Nandina domestica, Mahonia, Buxus macrophylla, peach, apricot, persimmon, pomegranate, Myrica rubra, plum, begonia and so on. Native vine species can also be used as vertical greening of walls, bridges, balconies, sheds, fences and rockeries, such as wisteria, marble, honeysuckle, five-color Parthenocissus tricuspidata, radix aucklandiae and Celastrus orbiculatus. Native tree species also have the functions of separating space, blocking sight, setting off scenery and preventing problems before they happen in gardens. At present, there are coral trees, small wax, Ligustrum lucidum, Ilex cornuta, dried tangerine peel, roses, redwood, Ilex japonicus and so on widely used in Hunan. However, in modern agricultural ecological parks, such as some ornamental fruit trees and economic trees, they are also widely used. Such as ginkgo, peach, plum, bayberry, persimmon, etc. , not only has the function of beautifying flowers, fruits and leaves, but also has the function of producing fruits and medicinal materials.
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It is good to combine the two and analyze them.