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Brief introduction and development history of diesel locomotive

Diesel locomotive is a locomotive powered by internal combustion engine and driven by transmission device. According to the types of internal combustion engines on locomotives, they can be divided into diesel locomotives and gas turbine locomotive. The development of gas turbine locomotives lags behind that of diesel locomotives because of low efficiency, high cost of high temperature resistant materials and high noise. In China, the concept of diesel locomotive customarily refers to diesel engine.

develop

At the beginning of the 20th century, foreign countries began to explore the trial production of diesel locomotives. 1924, the Soviet Union manufactured electric diesel locomotives, which were delivered to the railway for convenient use. In the same year, Germany used diesel engine and air compressor to match, and used the waste heat of diesel engine to heat compressed air instead of steam, and converted steam locomotive into air-driven diesel locomotive. 1925, the United States put 220 kW electric diesel locomotive into operation and engaged in shunting operation. In 1930s, diesel locomotives entered the experimental stage, and the hydraulic torque converter driven by DC electric power was widely used. The components of thermal transmission devices such as hydraulic coupler and hydraulic torque converter were used on diesel locomotives, but the diesel locomotives were still mainly shunting locomotives. In the late 1930s, some trunk passenger diesel locomotives with power of 900 ~1000 kw and multi-section connection appeared.

After the Second World War, due to the rapid improvement of diesel engine performance and manufacturing technology, most diesel locomotives were equipped with exhaust gas turbocharging system, and the power was increased by about 50% compared with that before the war. The development speed of diesel locomotives equipped with DC electric drive and hydraulic drive was accelerated, and by the 1950s, the number of diesel locomotives increased dramatically. In 1960s, a high-power silicon rectifier was successfully developed and applied to locomotive manufacturing, and a 2 940 kw AC DC electric drive diesel locomotive appeared. In 1970s, the power of diesel locomotive with single diesel engine reached 44 10 kW. With the development of electronic technology, the Federal Republic of Germany trial-produced 1 840 kW AC -DC- AC electric locomotive in 1998, thus providing a new way for the technical development of diesel locomotives and electric locomotives. The subsequent development of diesel locomotives shows that new progress has been made in improving the reliability, durability and economy of locomotives, as well as preventing pollution and reducing noise.

China began to manufacture diesel locomotives and Dongfeng locomotives from 1958, and put them into mass production at the earliest. After 1969, Dongfeng 4 and other new models 15 will be mass-produced. Compared with the first generation diesel locomotives, the power, structure, thermal efficiency and transmission efficiency of diesel engines have been significantly improved. The functions of resistance system or hydraulic braking and hydraulic reversing, locomotive system protection, fault diagnosis and display, microcomputer control and so on are added respectively. Adopt a series of new technologies such as load-bearing car body and hydrostatic drive; In terms of reliability and service life, the performance of locomotives has been greatly improved. The speed of Dongfeng 1 1 passenger locomotive has reached160 km/h. While producing diesel locomotives, China also imported different quantities of diesel locomotives from Romanian, French, American, German and other countries. With the acceleration of the process of high-speed and heavy-haul railway, people are further studying, designing and developing diesel locomotives that are suitable for it.

classify

According to the purpose, it can be divided into passenger, freight and shunting diesel locomotives. The connection and operation parts are divided into frame type and steering frame type diesel vehicles. According to the transmission mode, it is divided into mechanical transmission, hydraulic transmission and electric transmission diesel locomotive. Modern locomotives mostly adopt electric and hydraulic transmission. Electric drive can be divided into DC electric drive, AC -DC electric drive and AC -DC- AC electric drive diesel locomotive.

Basic structure

Diesel locomotive consists of diesel engine, transmission device, auxiliary device, and running part of car body (including frame, car body, bogie, etc.). ), braking device and control equipment.

diesel engine

The power plant of diesel locomotive is also called compression ignition internal combustion engine. The main structural features include cylinder number, cylinder arrangement, cylinder diameter, piston stroke, pressurization or not, etc. Diesel engines used in modern locomotives are all equipped with exhaust gas turbochargers, so that the exhaust gas of diesel engines can be used to drive turbocompressors, and the pressurized air is cooled by intercoolers and sent to the intake pipe of diesel engines, thus greatly improving the power and thermal efficiency of diesel engines. Diesel engine has two working modes: four-stroke and two-stroke. The thermal efficiency of a four-stroke engine with the same speed is generally higher than that of a two-stroke engine, so four-stroke engine is often used. According to the speed, it can be divided into high-speed machine (about 1 500 r/min), medium-speed machine (1 000 r/min) and low-speed machine (lower than the speed of medium-speed machine). In order to meet the needs of various powers, products with the same cylinder diameter and different piston cylinders are produced. 6-cylinder, 8-cylinder in-line or 8-cylinder V-type is used for low power, 12, 16, 18 and 20-cylinder V-type is used for high power, among which 12 and 16 cylinders are the most commonly used.

gearing

In order to make the power transmitted by diesel engine to the moving shaft meet the requirements of locomotive traction, an intermediate device is set between them. The torque-speed characteristic of diesel engine is completely different from the traction-speed characteristic of locomotive, so diesel engine can't directly drive locomotive wheels: diesel engine has a minimum speed, below which it can't work, so it can't start the locomotive; The power of diesel engine is basically proportional to the speed, and the maximum power can only be reached at the highest speed, but the running speed of locomotive often changes, which makes the power of diesel engine not fully utilized. The diesel engine can't fall, and neither can the locomotive. Therefore, diesel locomotives must be equipped with transmission devices to meet the requirements of locomotive traction. Commonly used transmission methods are mechanical transmission, hydraulic transmission and electrical transmission. ① Mechanical transmission device consists of clutch, gear box and shaft reducer. Due to limited power, railway diesel locomotives are no longer used. ② Hydraulic transmission device is mainly composed of hydraulic transmission box, axle gearbox and universal shaft. Hydraulic torque converter (also known as hydraulic torque converter) is the most important transmission component of hydraulic locomotive, which consists of pump wheel, turbine and guide wheel. The pump wheel is connecte with that crankshaft of the diesel engine, the blades of the pump wheel drive the work fluid to obtain energy, the energy flows in the flow channel of the turbine blades and is transmitted to the turbine blade, the turbine shaft outputs mechanical energy to do work, and the power of the diesel engine is transmitted to the locomotive moving wheel through the universal shaft and the axle gearbox; After the working liquid flows out from the turbine blades, it is guided by the guide vanes and returns to the pump wheel again. Hydraulic transmission locomotive (Figure 2) is simple and reliable to operate, especially suitable for windy and rainy areas. ③ There are three types of electric drive: (a) DC electric drive. Traction generators and motors are DC motors. The engine drives the DC traction generator, and DC power is directly supplied to the DC traction motor to drive the locomotive wheels. (b) AC DC electric drive. The engine drives a three-phase AC synchronous generator, and the generated three-phase AC power is converted into DC power through a high-power semiconductor rectifier, which is supplied to the DC traction motor to drive locomotive wheels. (c) variable DC AC electric drive. The engine drives the three-phase synchronous AC traction generator, and the generated DC reaches the DC intermediate circuit through the rectifier. The amplitude and frequency of the constant DC voltage in the intermediate loop are adjusted by the inverter, and then the DC voltage is converted into a three-phase variable frequency voltage-regulating AC voltage, which is supplied to the three-phase asynchronous traction motor to drive the locomotive wheels. Electric locomotive is the most widely used.

Car body walking device

Including frame, car body, bogie and other basic components. (1) The frame is the backbone of the locomotive and the foundation for installing the power machine, car body and spring device. The frame is a rectangular steel structure, which is composed of main components such as center beam, side beam, bolster beam and cross beam. Diesel engine, transmission device, auxiliary device and vehicle body (including cab) are installed on it, and the lower part is supported by two bogies and connected with the frame. Couplers and bumpers are installed at the middle and lower parts of the front and rear ends of the frame center beam. The frame bears the maximum load and transmits traction to make the train run. Therefore, the frame must have sufficient strength and rigidity. (2) The car body is the shell of the upper part of the frame, which plays a role in protecting the personnel and mechanical equipment on the locomotive from wind, sand, rain, snow and cold. According to its load, it is divided into integral load-bearing and non-integral load-bearing car bodies; According to its shape, it can be divided into hood body and shed body. (3) the bogie is the running device of the locomotive, also known as the car. It consists of frame, side bearing, axle box, wheelset, axle gearbox (including traction motor in electric drive), spring, shock absorber, balance beam, connecting device with frame, basic braking device and other main components. Its function is to bear the weight of the frame and its device, transmit traction, help the locomotive run in a balanced way and pass the curve smoothly. Diesel locomotives are generally two-axle or three-axle bogies.

ancillary equipment

A device used to ensure the normal operation of diesel engine, transmission device, traveling device, braking device and control and regulation equipment. The main equipment includes: fuel system-equipment and pipeline system to ensure the fuel supply of diesel engine; Cooling system-cooling equipment and pipeline system to ensure the normal operation of diesel engine and hydraulic transmission device; Oil system-equipment and pipeline system for normal lubrication of diesel engine; Air filter-a device for filtering dust and other stolen goods in the air; Compressed air system-a system that supplies compressed air to the air brakes, sand boxes, whistles and other equipment of the train; Auxiliary electrical equipment-battery pack, DC auxiliary generator, diesel engine starting motor, etc.

Braking equipment

Diesel locomotive is equipped with a set of air brake and hand brake. In addition, most electric locomotives are equipped with resistance braking options, and hydraulic locomotives are equipped with hydraulic braking devices.

control equipment

A device that controls the speed, direction and stop of a locomotive. There are mainly locomotive speed controller, reversing controller, automatic control valve and auxiliary brake valve. Monitoring instruments and alarm signal devices on the console include air, water, oil and other pressure gauges, thermometers, ammeters and voltmeters of main components, as well as sounds and display alarm signals of overtemperature, overpressure or insufficient pressure of main components. In order to ensure safety and convenient operation, diesel locomotives are also equipped with locomotive signals and automatic parking devices.

principle of operation

The fuel burns in the cylinder, and the generated high-temperature and high-pressure gas expands in the cylinder, pushing the piston to reciprocate, and the connecting rod drives the crankshaft to rotate to do external work, and the heat energy of the fuel is converted into mechanical work. The power generated by the diesel engine is transmitted to the transmission device. Through the control and adjustment of diesel engine and transmission device, the output speed and torque suitable for locomotive operation conditions are sent to each axle gearbox to drive the moving wheels, and the traction around the wheels generated by the moving wheels is transmitted to the frame, and the coupler at the end of the frame becomes the traction of the hook to tow or push the vehicle.

According to reports, from June 1992 to June 1 day, Beijing Railway Sub-bureau ended the history of using steam locomotives to pull passenger cars and switched to internal ones.

Burning locomotives to improve the speed and punctuality of trains. In the process of using steam locomotive, one of the reasons for finding this kind of locomotive is.

The weakness of life is that its boiler is big and heavy, which seriously affects its development prospect. In a boiler, water is heated to steam with coal, and then steam is introduced.

So as to push the locomotive forward. Some people imagine that if this heavy boiler is removed and the fuel is burned directly in the cylinder, it will be used.

The main disadvantages of steam locomotives can be overcome by generating gas to drive the wheels to rotate. So, some scientists began to do research.

Testing. 1866, Otto, a German, first manufactured a new type of gas engine. This kind of engine and steam engine are both in the cylinder.

Burning fuel in the boiler outside is different. It ignites the gas in the cylinder, and then uses the pressure of the gas to push the piston, thus making the crankshaft

Spin. Therefore, it was given an image name called "internal combustion engine". The appearance of internal combustion engine has brought about the further development of trains.

Vitality Later, in 1894, Germany manufactured the world's first diesel locomotive. This new locomotive without a big boiler,

Neither coal nor gas burns, but diesel is used as fuel. The diesel engine it uses was invented by Rudolf Dissel, a German. From this time on.

Diesel locomotive has become an important member of the train family and has been widely used. Although diesel locomotives were born late,

However, the steam locomotive, which came from behind and had higher ability than the big brother in the train family, attracted people's attention. Its outstanding advantages are:

1. Soon. Diesel locomotives start quickly and accelerate quickly. Generally, the maximum speed of steam locomotives is 1 10 km, while diesel locomotives

The maximum speed can reach 180 km, which increases the railway capacity by more than 25%. 2. High horsepower. The power of steam locomotive is generally

About 3000 horsepower, while diesel locomotives can reach 4000 ~ 5000 horsepower, so the carrying capacity is more. 3. Better use of fuel

Heat energy The thermal efficiency of steam locomotives is generally only about 7%, while that of diesel locomotives can reach about 28%, which is four times higher, thus saving a lot of money.

Fuel quantity. 4. Suitable for water-deficient areas. The steam locomotive is the king of water, and a train travels on average 10 km.

You have to consume 3-4 tons of water. Trains need to bring their own water when they pass through arid and water-deficient areas. According to statistics, in the water-deficient area of address unknown.

If there are 10 cars, three of them are used to hold water. The water used for cooling diesel locomotives only needs a few hundred kilograms for circulation.

Using this ring, diesel locomotives can run continuously in water for one time 1000 km, so they are known as "iron camels". 5. Driver driving

Convenient driving and operation. The driver of internal combustion engine does not need to add coal and water like a steam locomotive, and the cab is bright and spacious, so the driver can see at a glance when operating.

The open space is convenient and safe. Some people may think that diesel locomotives and cars are both internal combustion engines, and their structural principles.

It should be the same. In fact, they are not exactly the same. Cars use the power generated by internal combustion engines to directly drive the wheels to rotate, while internal combustion engines

The locomotive first drives the generator to generate electric energy through the internal combustion engine, and then uses the electric energy to make the motor rotate, thus driving the locomotive forward. So, by

Diesel locomotives are usually called "electric drive diesel locomotives". After the birth of diesel locomotive, it quickly overwhelmed steam with its obvious advantages.

Cars and locomotives. Especially after the end of World War II, because the fuel used by diesel locomotives-oil is cheap and can be supplied in large quantities,

Thus effectively promoting the development of diesel locomotives. Some countries, such as America, Japan, France and Canada, have already made internal combustion engines.

Car, and realized the internal combustion of railway locomotives around 10, which made diesel locomotives widely used. our country

1958 The first diesel locomotive was developed. By 1969, 4000 horsepower diesel locomotives such as Dongfeng have been manufactured.

"Dongfanghong" and "Beijing" diesel locomotives. At present, there are various types of diesel locomotives on many railway lines in China.

With the long train galloping, the direct passenger cars on some main trunk lines have basically realized diesel locomotive traction. Except diesel locomotive

In addition to the commonly used electric diesel locomotives, there are diesel hydraulic and gas turbine locomotives, which are suitable for cold and water-deficient areas.

Diesel hydraulic uses the power generated by internal combustion engine to steer the wheels through hydraulic gearbox, cardan shaft, axle gearbox and other equipment.

Move to make the vehicle move forward. In the early diesel hydraulic system, connecting rods similar to steam locomotives were used for driving. Air wheel

Locomotive is a kind of modern diesel locomotive. The internal combustion engine of this locomotive has the same principle as that of a jet plane. Better than ordinary diesel locomotives and horses.

Large force, small vibration, simple structure, safe and reliable driving and easy manufacture. The world's first gas turbine locomotive was 194 1 year in Switzerland.

Made of. It has developed rapidly in recent years because it is especially suitable for cold and water-deficient areas. France has developed the second generation and put it into use.

And the third generation gas turbine locomotive, in which the second generation gas turbine locomotive has a top speed of 260 kilometers per hour. At present, gas turbine locomotives have become

As one of the striking modern locomotives.