Demonstration method

Argumentative writing is mainly argumentative writing. Argumentation, from the perspective of formal logic, is the whole logical reasoning process of proving an argument with arguments. This process shows what logical methods are used to connect or unify arguments.

So, how are arguments and arguments related? Or how does the argument prove the argument? This is the problem of argumentation method. The method of argument is related to the form of reasoning, but it is not the same. It is varied, and people can use it flexibly according to different needs. Here are some common ones.

1, for example

An example is to use typical concrete facts as arguments to prove the argument. This is the usual way of "putting the facts". This is a method to demonstrate by inductive reasoning, which is easy to master and widely used.

For example, the most important thing is to pay attention to the consistency and close unity of arguments and arguments, and there can be no distance. For example, there is an article about writing to be diligent in observation and thinking, such as:

Shakespeare is a famous great writer and poet. He is good at observing life, refining materials, writing a lot of tragicomedy and poetry, and finally becoming an immortal master of art. Newton is a great physicist. When he enjoys the cool in the evening, he finds that the apple fell to the ground. Why not fall into the sky? After repeated practice, it is finally concluded that all objects on the surface of the earth are affected by gravity.

Here is an example of Shakespeare. Although it is not thorough enough, it is always directly related to the argument. It is inappropriate to quote Newton's example, because although he also observed and thought, he did not use words.

2. Extension of events

This method uses known logical arguments to prove arguments. This is a method to demonstrate by deductive reasoning, so it is also called "deductive method", such as the following passage:

Resolutely implementing the central line and policies and promoting democracy are not contradictory, but complement each other. The decision-making of the central government is formed on the basis of widely promoting democracy. The Central Committee allows comrades to put forward their opinions according to normal organizational procedures, but it will never allow them to engage in activities that are not allowed in party constitution. In other words, we have not restricted democracy. However, a * * * party member, especially leading cadres, is not allowed to express opinions that are contrary to or inconsistent with the Central Committee. As we all know, we can only win if we keep pace.

The "victory can only be achieved if we keep up" mentioned here is a well-known "truth", which strongly proves that "cadres and party member should unite around the CPC Central Committee and resolutely implement the central line and policies".

The application of rational argument is often manifested in quoting famous sayings and epigrams. Famous aphorisms have recognized truth, and it is very convincing to prove the truth of a specific thing with them. There are many such examples, so I won't repeat them here.

When using logical arguments, especially when quoting famous aphorisms, we should pay attention to:

The facts and arguments cited by A really constitute a close memory connection.

B In general, you should clarify and explain the quotation, and don't draw a conclusion after the quotation, so as not to give people a superficial feeling.

In addition to argumentation, C must also quote a lot of arguments, and the quotations should be concise. The author should be good at grasping the essence of quotation.

3. disprove

As the name implies, disproof does not directly prove the argument from the front, but indirectly proves the argument from the back. This is a method to demonstrate through deductive reasoning. Let's look at the following example first:

If we oppose seeking truth from facts, proceeding from reality and combining theory with practice, what can we call Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought? Where will this lead us? Obviously, that can only lead us to idealism and metaphysics, and can only lead to the loss of work and the failure of the revolution.

After the word "if" in this passage, the reduction to absurdity is used: not to say that seeking truth from facts, what will happen if you don't seek truth from facts, to prove the significance of seeking truth from facts. In an argument, to prove the correctness of one's active argument, one must first prove that another argument that contradicts this argument is wrong, or prove that another argument that contradicts it is wrong. This is reduction to absurdity.

4. Similar

This method is to compare some similar aspects of a class of things and prove the correctness or fallacy of this thing with the correctness or fallacy of another thing. This is a method of drawing inferences from one instance, for example:

Looking back at the historical fact that Trotskyism seized power in the Soviet Union in 1923, we can easily see that the activities of Wang Zhangjiang and Yao Gang of Four usurped the party and seized power in China in 1976 were in many ways the repetition of Trotsky's old tricks. Essentially, the Gang of Four is no different from Trotsky's gang. They are all unscrupulous careerists, vermin who bring disaster to the country and people, unscrupulous schemers and out-and-out counter-revolutionaries. Before and after the death of party member and the great leader of the dictatorship of the proletariat, these two gangs took the same counter-revolutionary road of conspiring to usurp the party and seize power and suffered the same hardships.