Personal credit system of consumer credit business in commercial banks
Consumer credit, also known as credit consumption, refers to the credit provided by banks, other financial institutions or commercial enterprises to consumers, which is mainly used to buy labor services, houses and various durable consumer goods. Consumers can promote their long-term consumption ability and improve their immediate consumption level through consumer credit. From 65438 to 0985, Shenzhen Branch of China Construction Bank issued the first personal housing mortgage loan in Shenzhen and the first in China, but it developed slowly for more than ten years, and its business only stayed on the simple housing consumption credit. The People's Bank of China issued the Guiding Opinions on Developing Personal Consumption Credit in March, 1999. At this point, the consumer credit business began to flourish in China. At the same time, the variety of consumer credit business has also developed from the previous single variety to individual housing mortgage loans, automobile consumption loans, education loans, housing decoration loans, large-scale durable consumer goods loans and other forms.
Problems existing in the development of consumer credit business in China's commercial banks
(A) the personal credit system is not perfect
Personal credit system refers to the rules and guidelines that must be followed in the process of collecting, utilizing, providing and maintaining personal credit information. It includes personal credit registration system and personal credit evaluation system. Others think that it also includes the early warning mechanism, risk management and risk transfer system of individual default risk.
The user coverage of credit data is narrow, and only a few large commercial banks can share these data. At present, many financial institutions, such as foreign banks, insurance companies, rural banks, etc., are still unable to participate in the * * * sharing of databases, nor do they have the financial resources and strength to establish corresponding large-scale central databases.
Personal credit content is not comprehensive, and data update is not timely. At present, the credit information system involves less credit content, mostly bank credit records and some personal basic data, which leads to the data can not fully and effectively reflect the personal credit status, and the data update is slow, so banks can not fully trust these data when granting credit.
The corresponding laws and regulations are relatively backward. Whether it is the access mechanism or norms of credit reporting agencies, the protection of personal privacy and the punishment of personal breach of contract, the formulation of laws and regulations lags far behind the actual needs.
In addition, residents' weak credit awareness, low personal credit evaluation technology and slow development of credit reporting institutions are all problems facing the construction of personal credit reporting system in China.
(b) uneven development between regions, with a large gap between urban and rural areas.
The development of consumer credit business in different regions of China is unbalanced: by the end of April, 2006, the top six provinces and cities in terms of consumer credit balance were Guangdong, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Beijing, Jiangsu and Shandong, accounting for 66% of the country, while the sum of consumer credit balance in western 12 provinces (autonomous regions) was 365,438+026.438+065.50065656566 On the one hand, restricted by the level of local economic development, on the other hand, banks set a high threshold in developing this business, favoring customers with higher income, while ignoring the development of consumption potential in underdeveloped areas and the driving role of consumption in local economy.
In rural areas, the development of consumer credit business is even slower for the following reasons: First, there are few outlets set up by financial institutions in rural areas, which makes it extremely inconvenient for farmers to lend money; Second, because the rural economy lags behind the cities and the commodity circulation channels are not smooth, banks mostly focus on providing funds for farmers' production, but pay little attention to farmers' consumer demand, and consumer credit products are very limited; Third, farmers' concept of consumer credit is weak. In short, the role of consumer credit in activating rural consumption is far from enough.
(C) the lack of effective risk prevention and risk transfer mechanism
Although China's commercial banks have been committed to strengthening the system construction, the internal management system has always been flawed. Coupled with the imperfect incentive and restraint mechanism, commercial banks face greater operational risks when carrying out consumer credit business, which cannot be effectively prevented and controlled.
Without an effective market for realizing collateral, the credit guarantee system is not perfect. When commercial banks issue consumer loans, they often ask borrowers to provide collateral to reduce losses when banks are damaged. Once there is a risk in consumer loans, banks usually use the collateral of loans as the second source of repayment. Because the auction market, real estate and other secondary markets in China are not perfect, the cost of realizing collateral is very high. Although the bank has the right of final disposal, it is difficult to realize it, and the loan guarantee is useless. In addition, China lacks guarantee institutions and there are few relevant laws and regulations. The Guarantee Law mostly involves the guarantee of enterprise loans, but it is not practical when applied to consumer credit business.
The risk transfer mechanism of consumer credit is missing, and the corresponding insurance system has not yet been formed. It is often difficult for commercial banks to grasp the changes of borrowers' personal health and repayment ability. Once the borrower is unable to repay the loan, there is no risk transfer mechanism, and all risks are borne by the bank itself, which is very unfavorable for the bank to carry out consumer credit business.
(D) The phenomenon of product homogeneity is prominent.
At present, China's consumer credit market is full of a large number of similar products, with fewer products with distinctive characteristics, and the phenomenon of product homogenization is more prominent. This is because China's commercial banks do not attach importance to marketing strategies when developing and promoting consumer credit business varieties, lack effective market positioning, and cannot provide the most needed and cost-effective services to the most valuable customers, resulting in the lack of innovation in developing consumer credit products.
Countermeasures for the development of consumer credit business of commercial banks in China
(A) improve the personal credit information system
On the basis of the existing personal credit information system of the central bank, a personal credit information system covering all kinds of financial institutions in China should be established as soon as possible, and data sharing among peers should be realized by using modern electronic network technology. At the same time, we will cooperate with relevant government departments and commercial organizations to exchange information, enrich the credit content records in the system, and make it fully and truly reflect the personal credit status.
Learn from the successful experience of other countries, improve the technical level of credit evaluation of commercial banks in China, and establish a personal credit evaluation model suitable for China. For example, we can refer to the commonly used 5C evaluation indicators abroad, that is, personality, ability, capital, collateral and operating conditions.
Accelerate the construction of laws and regulations on credit reporting, standardize the access and operation of credit reporting institutions, protect personal privacy in the process of credit reporting, reasonably solve all kinds of disputes in the process of credit reporting, provide effective legal protection for the construction of personal credit reporting system, and truly "have laws to follow".
(B) Vigorously develop rural consumer credit
Developing rural consumer credit can not only bring new profit growth points for commercial banks, but also be an effective way to solve the problems of agriculture, countryside and farmers, improve farmers' living standards, narrow the gap between urban and rural areas and expand domestic demand. In order to make the consumer credit business develop healthily and rapidly in the vast rural areas, we should appropriately relax the access policy of banking financial institutions in rural areas, encourage financial institutions to strengthen cooperation with credit cooperatives or credit cooperatives, and actively explore the development of joint credit loans. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen the innovation of financial products and launch consumer credit products that farmers really need from the actual needs of farmers. Commercial banks should further simplify the loan procedures, improve work efficiency, lower the loan threshold, facilitate farmers to lend, and let farmers dare to lend.
(3) Establish and improve risk prevention and risk transfer mechanisms.
Establish a consumer credit risk management system within the bank. Banks should strengthen the professional ethics education and professional quality education of relevant employees, establish and improve the loan management responsibility system, the loan review separation system and the loan inspection system from three aspects: pre-loan investigation, loan review and post-loan management, bind the interests of commercial banks with the personal interests of employees, and establish a multi-level incentive, supervision and restraint mechanism.
Establish a perfect consumer credit guarantee system. First of all, to improve the guarantee law, we should add relevant clauses of consumer credit guarantee in the guarantee law. Secondly, it is necessary to speed up the cultivation of a standardized secondary consumer credit market, improve trading laws and regulations, and reduce transaction costs, so that commercial banks can quickly realize mortgage and pledge when borrowers are unable to repay consumer loans. Thirdly, vigorously develop consumer credit guarantee companies, especially government agencies, to provide guarantees for consumer credit business in line with the reform of social welfare system.
Establish a consumer credit commercial insurance system. Combining consumer credit with commercial insurance can not only disperse the loan risk of commercial banks, but also further promote the development of China's insurance industry. However, attention should be paid to the interests of both parties when formulating insurance rates, and the development of consumer credit business of commercial banks should not be affected because the rates are too high.
(D) Improve the marketing means of consumer credit business of commercial banks.
First of all, commercial banks should pay attention to reasonable market segmentation and target positioning in their business strategies, launch various special products according to different market segments and target positioning, and implement differentiated service strategies to meet the needs of different consumer groups. Secondly, in order to establish brand awareness and build a reputable consumer loan brand, if necessary, we can try the combination of different industries and brands, choose appropriate marketing channels, narrow the distance with consumers, and correctly use 4P-products, prices, channels and promotion strategies, which can effectively promote the development of consumer credit business of commercial banks. In addition, banks should speed up product innovation and implement business expansion strategy to further improve market competitiveness.
(5) Improve the social security system and change people's consumption concept.
Compared with developed countries, China's personal consumption credit is at a low level, which is influenced by the imperfect social security system and consumption concept. To eliminate the worries of ordinary people's consumption and reassure them, we must rely on the establishment and improvement of the social security system, including medical care, unemployment, education and old-age security. At the same time, people should be fully aware that reasonable consumption is beneficial to economic development. The moderate growth of residents' consumption is the fundamental driving force for economic scale expansion and economic evolution to a higher level. We should encourage people to consume moderately, organically combine consumption with labor production, and make the improvement of labor productivity truly become the starting point and the end result of improving people's living standards.