An excellent enterprise should focus on its key business, give full play to its advantages and establish strategic cooperative relations with suitable enterprises around the world. Non-core business of an enterprise, such as logistics management, can be completed by a cooperative enterprise. By outsourcing logistics business, enterprises can obtain more profits and competitive advantages than simply using internal resources. Under this background, this topic draws lessons from the relevant research results at home and abroad, mainly from the perspective of logistics service demand side, and analyzes the development status and existing problems of logistics outsourcing of domestic and foreign enterprises by combining qualitative analysis with quantitative analysis, theoretical analysis and empirical analysis, hoping to discuss the theoretical and practical problems related to logistics outsourcing in the development of China's logistics industry.
2 1 century, with the formation of professional logistics management theory, enterprise logistics outsourcing has become one of the hot topics of discussion. More and more enterprises entrust logistics business to third-party logistics companies. However, we should be soberly aware that there is still a big gap between the development of enterprise logistics outsourcing in China and developed countries abroad, and the mechanism factors that restrict the development of enterprise logistics outsourcing in China also have their own characteristics. Therefore, how to correctly understand the current situation of logistics outsourcing in Chinese enterprises is worth discussing and studying both in theory and in practical work.
First, China logistics expenditure situation
China's logistics expenditure is not optimistic, mainly reflected in the huge expenditure, which is embodied in the following aspects:
1. High logistics costs
According to the World Bank, the logistics cost in the United States accounts for about 9% of the total GDP, while China accounts for 25% of the total GDP. In addition, China's logistics cost generally accounts for 30% ~ 40% of the total cost, and fresh products account for about 60% or even more. In developed countries, the logistics cost is generally controlled at about 10% of the total cost.
2. Large inventory and high cost
Due to the slow speed of domestic logistics, a large amount of inventory has already become a "tiger's mouth" that devours profits. At present, the trillions of huge inventories accumulated by industrial enterprises over the years are not only difficult to digest, but also the new inventory goods are increasing. The storage periods of raw materials, finished products and commodities of China production enterprises are 20 days, 565 days, 438+0 days and 34 days respectively. The inventory time of American automobile, electronic products and retail enterprises is only 12 days. It is estimated that the ratio of inventory goods to GDP in China is as high as 6.8%, while the internationally recognized ratio of inventory goods to GDP generally does not exceed 1% in developed countries and 5% in developing countries.
3. Low capital turnover rate
Backward logistics and huge inventory account for capital, and the capital turnover of China enterprises is extremely slow as a whole. The working capital turnover rate of production enterprises and commercial enterprises in China are 1.2 times/year and 2.3 times/year respectively. In contrast, the working capital turnover rate of Japanese manufacturing enterprises and commercial enterprises with modern logistics systems is 8 times/year and 16 times/year respectively. Some well-known multinational chain commercial enterprises, such as Vuormaa, Carrefour, Metro, etc., have a turnover rate of 20-30 times a year.
4. Low efficiency and high material consumption
China's traditional logistics state is a small workshop-style operation mode of "big and complete" and "small and complete", which is a decentralized, inefficient and high-consumption logistics organization form. Various logistics modes are not related to each other, and the material consumption in logistics engineering is quite amazing. Under the traditional logistics framework, a commodity has to go through at least dozens of times of handling and transportation from production to final consumption. If socialized multimodal transport is realized, the material consumption in the logistics process can be greatly reduced.
Second, the current situation of China logistics outsourcing market
The logistics outsourcing market in China is not yet mature, and the relationship between supply and demand is extremely unstable. The following are some conclusions based on the data of the fourth national logistics survey completed by China Federation of Purchasing and Logistics.
1. China enterprise logistics outsourcing market demand status.
(1) Logistics outsourcing demand has great market potential and rapid growth, and the third-party logistics industry has great room for development; The demand for logistics in most enterprises is increasing, and the demand for instant service will also increase.
(2) Logistics outsourcing demand has obvious geographical and industrial distribution characteristics. Geographically, the current demand mainly comes from the economically developed eastern coastal areas; From the industry point of view, the average logistics volume of production and circulation enterprises in electronics, tobacco, medicine and other industries is less than that of enterprises in machinery and raw materials industries.
(3) The high proportion of self-operated logistics in production enterprises leads to insufficient effective demand for logistics outsourcing. The logistics supply of enterprises is generally undertaken by enterprises themselves or suppliers, while the third-party logistics companies undertake less. According to statistics, the proportion of logistics outsourcing of raw materials, finished products and commercial enterprises in China is 15%, 47% and 47% respectively.
(4) Logistics outsourcing demand The level of logistics service demand of enterprises is not high, and the service demand is still concentrated on basic services such as traditional warehousing and transportation. The outsourcing logistics of production enterprises is mainly trunk transportation, followed by local distribution; The outsourcing logistics of commercial enterprises generally focus on the same city distribution, warehousing and trunk transportation in turn.
(5) At present, the informatization level of logistics service enterprises is not enough, and it is difficult to meet the requirements of demanding enterprises and realize seamless link of the whole system, so as to achieve the purpose of efficient logistics operation.
2. China enterprise logistics outsourcing market supply market status.
The current situation of the supply market in China's enterprise logistics outsourcing market can be said to be that the effective utilization rate of logistics supply capacity is not high, resources are wasted, and the logistics service level needs to be further improved.
(1) The scale of logistics service enterprises in China is generally small, and enterprises with more than 500 employees only account for about 20%. Logistics facilities and equipment and their capabilities are also very weak.
(2) Many production and circulation enterprises in China own and maintain their own logistics facilities for transportation, warehousing and loading and unloading services. The proportion of automobile fleet, warehouse and mechanized loading and unloading equipment owned by production enterprises and commercial enterprises is 53% and 70%, 59% and 80%, 34% and 25% respectively. Self-operated logistics service is still an important source for industrial and commercial enterprises to obtain logistics services. As a result, the transportation supply capacity of enterprises can not meet the requirements of transportation demand scale and network distribution, and the average empty driving rate of vehicles in production enterprises and commercial enterprises is as high as 34.70% and 38.50%; At the same time, the warehouse supply capacity of logistics enterprises is more than enough, but the efficiency is not high. The average utilization rates of warehouses in production enterprises and commercial enterprises are 78.50% and 76.40% respectively. In short, the existing functional logistics enterprises, its operation and supply capacity is greater than the demand of the logistics market.
(3) From the data point of view, the operational capability and quality of logistics service enterprises can meet the market demand. Statistics show that the accuracy rate, timely delivery rate and cargo loss rate of logistics enterprises are 97%, 92% and 2% respectively.
(4) The construction of logistics information system has been greatly improved, and the informatization construction has been attached importance by logistics enterprises, and the proportion of enterprises with logistics information system has increased to nearly 60%.
Third, the main factors affecting logistics outsourcing
1. Due to institutional and conceptual obstacles, it is mainly manifested in the following points:
(1) internal staff resistance: enterprise logistics outsourcing is the reorganization of internal business processes, and some employees' current jobs are likely to be replaced by third-party logistics, which means that enterprises will fire a large number of employees, which means great risks for enterprise managers.
(2) Lack of understanding: The third-party logistics industry is relatively young, especially in China, and the history of some leading logistics companies is less than 10 years. Many enterprises have not realized the great role of supply chain management in enterprise competition.
(3) Fear of losing control: Enterprises are worried that when enterprises are too dependent on third-party logistics service providers to control or influence, losing control of logistics activities may hinder the connection between core business and logistics activities and reduce user satisfaction. In addition, enterprises need to weigh between relying on a third-party logistics service provider for a long time and relying on multiple third-party logistics service providers. Long-term dependence on third-party logistics service providers will have potential benefits for its capital investment and efficiency improvement, but it will also breed complacency and make it difficult for enterprises to control. In order to facilitate control, enterprises should choose multiple third-party logistics service providers, but this short-term behavior will increase the cost of enterprises or reduce the service quality of enterprises.
2. Logistics outsourcing has its own complexity.
First of all, the supply chain logistics business is usually integrated with other businesses of the company, such as finance, marketing or manufacturing, and the logistics outsourcing business itself is very complicated. The integration of some practical businesses, including transportation and warehousing, may bring a series of organizational, management and implementation problems. Secondly, the integrated characteristics of the company's internal information system make it difficult to hand over the logistics business to the third-party logistics company. Finally, it is difficult to accurately measure the impact of logistics costs on information technology and human resources. It is difficult to determine how much potential cost logistics outsourcing can bring to enterprises.
3. The immaturity of the third-party logistics market also makes the logistics outsourcing in China difficult.
In China, the third-party logistics market is relatively new, so there are inevitably many irregularities in the development of the industry. For example, the internal management of third-party logistics companies is out of control, driven by their short-term interests, and the business philosophy of providing quality services has not yet been established. What's more, the specific outsourcing details and the division of work scope are not clear, but the third-party logistics company failed to complete it within the time required by customers, or just completed it for the sake of completion, and did not take it seriously.
Four, China logistics outsourcing market healthy development prospects.
Although logistics outsourcing has developed rapidly in recent years, we must pay attention to solving the following problems for the healthy and sustainable development of China's logistics outsourcing market in the future.
1. Improve the service level of logistics service providers.
These logistics service providers must optimize their customers' logistics costs by reducing their own costs, improve their operational management level, strengthen standardized management, clarify the scope of work of logistics service providers, and strive to meet the requirements of logistics demanders in terms of service quality, response speed and cost.
2. Cultivate professional logistics talents
Jack Roser, a famous American logistics expert, believes that professional logistics consultants, like skilled workers, play a more important role than business leaders when dealing with outsourcing. A qualified consultant can bring a lot of things to the project that leaders don't know. He needs to manage and maintain the company's project design and planning process, and provide logistics requirements and project data, which are often related to the success or failure of outsourcing. Business leaders only play the role of supervisors. Without professionals with project design and operation skills, outsourcing marketing will be out of the question.
3. The supply and demand sides should establish an effective coordination and exchange mechanism.
The logistics outsourcing decision-making of enterprises is a complex process, and the cooperation between demanding enterprises and logistics service providers is also a long-term running-in process, which requires both parties to exchange information frequently, strengthen communication and solve problems in time.
abstract
While the global outsourcing whirlwind is starting, logistics outsourcing has not attracted enough attention in China. The logistics efficiency of the whole society is low and the logistics cost is amazing. With China's accession to the World Trade Organization, foreign-funded enterprises have poured into China. If we still maintain the status quo and maintain a large and comprehensive situation, it will be difficult to face the competition of foreign competitors. China's production and commercial enterprises should change their concepts, realize the urgency of logistics outsourcing, and integrate their excellent resources in time to enhance their core competitiveness.
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