One. Cai Yuanpei is the first educational thinker who put forward that "modern education cannot ignore military education, materialism education, civic moral education, world outlook education and aesthetic education", and advocated the integration of five educations, which is a remarkable feature of Cai Yuanpei's educational thought. The background was put forward shortly after the victory of the Revolution of 1911, when the Nanjing Provisional Government was just established. Education in China is at an important historical turning point. With the victory of the Revolution of 1911, thousands of years of feudal rule in China was overthrown. However, the feudal education reform in the field of education has just started, only some specific temporary regulations have been promulgated, and there is still a lack of clear educational guiding ideology and new educational purposes. In order for the bourgeoisie to carry out the feudal education reform deeply and healthily, it is urgent to determine an educational purpose that reflects the requirements of the bourgeoisie as soon as possible under the guidance of a unified educational thought, and stipulate the objectives and requirements of the bourgeoisie for talent training. Only in this situation, 19 12 February, Cai Yuanpei published a famous educational paper "New Education Theory", which systematically put forward the idea of "five educations at the same time". However, in China, he is a "person who cannot be ignored today". The main reasons are as follows: (1) From the external environment, China is in a state of "strong neighbor, desperate self-defense, and it is difficult to restore the state power lost for many years unless it relies on force." (2) As far as domestic conditions are concerned, it is necessary to break the situation that soldiers become "special classes of the country". Cai Yuanpei advocated military national education, which was progressive at that time, for the purpose of external self-defense and internal opposition to the military's power rule. 3. Pragmatic education is regarded by Cai Yuanpei as the way to enrich the country. He believes that world competition is not only a competition of strength, but also a competition of financial resources. Therefore, we should strengthen science and technology education, improve productivity and develop the national economy. Only when the country is rich and strong can it survive in the world competition. 4. Civic Moral Education Cai Yuanpei believes that military national education and utilitarian education are important, but they are not enough. They must be "taught civic morality". "What is civic morality? The French Revolution was also advertised as freedom, equality and fraternity. The essence of morality is enough. " It can be seen that Cai Yuanpei advocates the moral concept of the western bourgeoisie and advocates the bourgeois morality of freedom, equality and fraternity as the content of moral education. Cai Yuanpei did not completely deny China's traditional moral thought when he advocated the western bourgeois moral concept. He compared the moral concept of "freedom, equality and fraternity" of the western modern bourgeoisie to "righteousness, forgiveness and benevolence" advocated by ancient Confucianism in China. Needless to say, this comparison is far-fetched, but he has a profound intention to do so. He advocated the extensive absorption of foreign cultures, and stressed that when absorbing foreign cultures, "we must choose those that can be digested and absorbed." He criticized some people with weak ambition, and once they went abroad to study, they "gave up donating their own" me "and assimilated into outsiders". 5. World outlook education was initiated by Cai Yuanpei in the history of modern education in China and influenced by Kant's philosophy. It holds that the world is divided into two parts: the phenomenal world and the physical world. The education of world outlook lies in cultivating people's detached attitude towards the phenomenal world and positive attitude towards the physical world. It is based on the idealistic worldview that the world is divided into the phenomenal world and the physical world. However, he asked people to follow the principles of freedom of thought and freedom of speech, and not to be bound by a certain theoretical thought, which had the liberation effect of breaking the autocratic rule of thought for thousands of years at that time. 6. Aesthetic Education Cai Yuanpei was the "only backbone" who advocated aesthetic education in China's modern history. He believes that aesthetic education is the most important way to educate the world outlook. The only bridge that people must cross from the phenomenal world to the physical world. The importance of aesthetic education stems from its characteristics. In his view, there are only two obstacles for people from the phenomenon world to the physical world, one is the difference between people and me, and the other is the pursuit of happiness. "If someone wants me, there are various boundaries in the phenomenon, but this is against the entity. If there is a pursuit, there is an attempt, which is painful for everyone. " Being an official is the key to moving from the phenomenal world to the substantive world, and this is the characteristic of aesthetic education. He said that in the phenomenal world, everyone has feelings of love, hate, fear, anger, sadness and joy, but these feelings change with the phenomena of people's clutch, life and death, fortunes and interests, while aesthetic education makes people "have no other thoughts except aesthetic feelings" and enter. Later, in the article "Replacing Religion with Aesthetic Education", he made the characteristics of aesthetic education more clear: "Pure aesthetic education cultivates our feelings, makes us have noble and pure habits, and makes people's thinking of taking me as the main thing and harming others and benefiting themselves gradually fade away." It is precisely because aesthetic education has the characteristics of cultivating people's feelings and making people's moral quality noble and pure. Therefore, Cai Yuanpei thinks: "Therefore, educators should be independent." Cai Yuanpei's aesthetic education thought is based on idealism and deeply influenced by Kant's aesthetic thought. He repeatedly publicized the universality and transcendence of aesthetic feeling, which was obviously super-class and surreal, exaggerated the role of aesthetic education and advocated that people should pay special attention to aesthetic education. These are all correct. Although the above five kinds of education have different functions, they are all necessary for "cultivating * * * and people's healthy personality" and a unified whole. At the same time, he pointed out that these five kinds of education are not equally divided and have no focus, but must be based on civic moral education. "The fifth is based on civic morality, covering the world outlook and aesthetic education, while military national education and materialism must be based on morality." The idea of harmonious development of morality, intelligence, physique and beauty is still the first in the history of modern education in China. However, it also has its limitations. First of all, it divides the world into two parts: the phenomenal world and the physical world, and divides education into political education, civic moral education and materialism. It is unscientific to think that political courses teach military education, civic moral education and materialism, and all other political courses are taught. Secondly, I think the ultimate goal of education is unscientific. However, in order to achieve "unspeakable famous sentences", if "insist on fame", it is "either Tao, Tai Chi, dark consciousness or the will of the ignorant". In addition, when he elaborated on civic moral education, world outlook education, aesthetic education and other issues, there were also some shortcomings such as being super-class, surreal and far-fetched. This is closely related to his emphasis on higher education. He believes that this is the key to the development of education in China. Therefore, he said that "his interest is biased towards higher education, so he should participate in more opinions on higher education". So he presided over Peking University for a long time. He has rich practical experience in university education and formed a relatively mature and systematic university education thought. 1. Regarding the nature of universities, Cai Yuanpei believes that universities should become institutions for learning advanced knowledge, which is the guiding ideology of Cai Yuanpei's running a school and the starting point of his thoughts on university education. Attended as the chief education officer as early as 19 12 May 16. In his speech, he proposed that "university is a place to learn noble knowledge". After he became the president of Peking University, he expounded this idea many times. On October 9, 2007/KLOC-0, he made it clear to the students, "You must have a purpose when you come here to study. Whether it is fair or not, it is necessary to predict the nature of the university. " This trend is inevitable. However, in universities, scholars learn profound knowledge. "Cai Yuanpei emphasized that the essence of university is to learn profound knowledge, in order to reverse the outdated concept that students go to college to be officials. At that time, students "still held the idea of the imperial examination era, taking universities as the organs to obtain official positions, but were not interested in learning." Cai Yuanpei pointed out that this is the "total cause of fame and corruption" of Peking University. Therefore, he thinks. "The first thing to reform is the concept of students. "Because the essence of a university is to study profound knowledge, he also suggested that universities should not only engage in teaching, but also engage in scientific research. He asked university teachers not to instill fixed knowledge, but to have a strong interest in learning and stimulate students' interest in research. College students do not memorize the teacher's lecture notes by rote, but learn knowledge automatically under the guidance of the teacher. In order to enable universities to undertake the dual tasks of teaching and scientific research, he strongly advocated that "every university must have various scientific research institutes". In his article "On why universities should set up research institutes in various disciplines", he listed three reasons in detail: First, "If universities do not have research institutes, teachers will easily fall into the bad habit of copying handouts and not making progress. "Second, they will set up research institutes. Create conditions for college graduates to continue their studies. Third, give senior students the opportunity to engage in scientific research under the guidance of their tutors. 2. The principle of running a school-freedom of thought and inclusiveness Cai Yuanpei put forward this principle of running a school from the idea that universities should be institutions for learning advanced knowledge. He believes that a university should absorb all kinds of talents and accommodate different schools. It is impossible to become a truly high-level university if you hold on to the shortcomings, hold on to the theory of one hole and hold on to the words of one family. The principle of freedom of thought and inclusiveness in running a school is mainly reflected in the treatment of teachers and theories. Because theory must be advocated, publicized and developed by people, and teachers take research and imparting knowledge as their own responsibility, the principle of free thinking and inclusiveness in running schools is more reflected in treating teachers in practice. When Cai Yuanpei hires a teacher, the most important thing is whether he has expertise. If you have the interest and ability to learn knowledge, you will be hired as a teacher. On the other hand, if your academic level is low, no matter who you are, you will insist on dismissal. However, teachers' political opinions and academic factions will not be used as selection criteria as long as they do not hinder teaching. Of course, Cai Yuanpei advocates freedom of thought and inclusiveness, not an impartial attitude towards old and new ideas. On the contrary, his original intention was to break the shackles of feudal cultural absolutism. Develop a new bourgeois culture. 3. Subject setting-From attaching importance to arts and sciences to communicating arts and sciences and abolishing the subject setting of universities, Cai Yuanpei's thought has experienced a process of change and development. At first, he advocated "emphasizing arts and sciences" from the idea that "universities are institutions that study academic theories". After Cai Yuanpei became the president of Peking University, he further advocated "academic division" for two reasons: first, there are facilities such as research institutes and laboratories in arts and sciences. If other subjects are set up all over the world, it will be more difficult to add hospitals and workshops. Obviously, it is a development of the view that "universities should focus on arts and sciences" in the first year of the Republic of China. In order to highlight the nature of universities, in Cai Yuanpei's view, "learning" and "technique" can be divided into two parts. " Skill "is" application ". Arts and sciences are "learning", while law, business, medicine, industry and agriculture are all applications and "skills". Although learning and technology are closely related, learning is the foundation and technology is a branch. More importantly, after seeing the disadvantages brought by the separation of arts and sciences, Cai Yuanpei further advocated "the integration of arts and sciences." Natural philosophy, especially the induction of natural science. And because of the intricacies of disciplines, some disciplines can hardly distinguish between arts and sciences. Therefore, he advocated the communication of arts and sciences, making it a discipline. 19 19, Peking university carried out reforms and abolished the boundaries between arts and sciences. The whole school has a 14 department, which abolishes seniors and seniors. In the teaching system, Cai Yuanpei advocates the adoption of the subject selection system. He believes that this system enables students to set up various related subjects in addition to specialization, which is conducive to breaking students' prejudice of "taking oneself as the main and keeping the disabled as the auxiliary" and expanding their knowledge. Conducive to the free development of students' personality. Regarding the implementation of the subject selection system, Cai Yuanpei believes that it is necessary to strengthen guidance. In order to prevent students from simply starting from their interests and ignoring the study of basic theories and knowledge, he emphasized the choice of students. Students only have relative choice, not absolute choice, and only subjects other than compulsory courses have choice. At the same time, he also pointed out that the subject selection system can only be applied to colleges and universities, and general education can only adopt the spirit of subject selection, but not the subject selection system. 5. Professors are the basic idea of Cai Yuanpei's university management. He advocated that professors should govern schools in order to establish a democratic management system. This is a reflection of his democratic thought. More importantly, it is necessary to rely on experts who really understand education and academics to manage the school. It can be seen that the democratic spirit and relying on experts are the two pillars of Professor Cai Yuanpei's school management. Professors are the main force in school teaching and scientific research. They know both education and learning. Cai Yuanpei relied on them to manage the school, which not only completely reversed the situation that all school affairs of the old Peking University were decided by a few people, including the principal. But also greatly mobilized the enthusiasm and creativity of professors, forming a vivid situation of democratic school management. To sum up, the basic characteristics of Cai Yuanpei's university education thought are democracy and science, with the aim of building the university into a high-level teaching and research center. He not only laid a solid foundation for the formation of China's modern bourgeois university education theory, but also had many insightful ideas, such as attaching importance to scientific research in universities and advocating "freedom of thought and inclusiveness". Paying attention to the development of students' personality, advocating "communication of arts and sciences" and "relying on experts who know both education and knowledge to run schools democratically" still have certain reference significance for us to run socialist universities well.