First of all, the question of language rhetoric:

Descriptive class

Question: Can one word in a sentence be replaced by another? Why? Or: Can a sentence in the article be described as another sentence? Why?

Answer: No, because this word is vivid and specific (vivid and accurate), it will become+bad effect after being changed. Or: no, because this word has stronger feelings than another word (or this word is more suitable for the personality characteristics of the object than another word).

Verb: No. Because the word accurately, vividly and specifically wrote ...

Adjective: No. Because this word vividly describes ...

Adverbs (such as all, most, very only, etc. ): no. Because this word accurately describes the situation of … (table degree, table limit, table time, table range, etc.). ), after the change, it becomes ... not in line with the facts.

Ex.: There are dense forests in the mountains, in which springs are hidden. Sometimes, the spring water flashes across a bright lake in the sparse forest, and looking forward, it is no longer available. That half-exposed charming attitude reminds me that my beloved daughter often walks around my knees at home. Every time I reach out, she will run away and raise her smiling face to tease me; When I pretended to be indifferent, she ran quietly close to my waist. What a naughty boy! (Excerpted from Xie Daguang's "Dinghushan Listening to Springs")

Q: "What a naughty child", why not say "What a lovely child"?

Answer: Because "good" is more emotional than "true", "naughty" is more suitable for a daughter's personality characteristics than "cute".

Structure class

Question: Can the order of two or three words be reversed? Why?

Answer: No, because (1) does not conform to the law of people's understanding of things (from the superficial to the deep, from the surface to the inside, from the phenomenon to the essence) (2) words correspond to the above one-to-one; (3) these words are progressive, interlocking and expressive. ...

Example: "Remember: People who want to take advantage often can't take advantage!" The father pointed to the poached egg in the bowl and warned his son ... "Remember, people who want to take advantage may suffer!" The father pointed to the egg and taught his son, "Don't want to take advantage, life won't make him suffer!" " "The father said meaningfully to his son. (from poached eggs)

Q: Can the order of the words "warning", "lesson" and "meaningful" be reversed? Why?

A: No, because these three words are progressive and express the love of the father for his son.

Rhetoric category

Q: What rhetorical method is used in this sentence? What are the advantages of writing like this in expression?

Answer mode: confirming rhetorical devices+the function of rhetoric itself+combining sentence context.

1. Metaphor: turn plain into vivid, abstruse into simple, abstract into concrete. Answer format: written vividly+object+characteristics.

2. Metaphor: giving things an emotional form (personification), vivid description and rich expression. Answer format: written vividly+object+characteristics.

Metonymy: replace complexity with simplicity, emptiness with truth, and everything with strangeness.

4. Exaggeration: contrast the atmosphere, enhance the appeal and enhance the association; Create an atmosphere, reveal the essence and inspire people.

5. Duality: easy to recite, easy to remember, so that words have a sense of music; Concise ideographic and lyrical.

6. Parallelism: the rhythm is distinct, the content is concentrated, and the momentum is enhanced; The narrative is thorough and detailed; Good at lyric. Answer format: emphasis+object+characteristics.

7. Repetition: the lyrical writing of the scenery is strong; Connecting the preceding with the following, distinguishing levels; It has been emphasized many times, which is impressive.

8. Contrast: Make the characteristics of things expressed or the rational viewpoints expounded more distinct and prominent. Answer format: emphasize … highlight …

9. Question: Ask yourself and answer yourself, ask questions, and arouse readers' thinking. Answer format: arouse readers' attention and thinking about+object+characteristics

10. rhetorical question: emphasize tone, strong tone and strengthen emotion. Answer format: emphasis, emphasis, etc.

Example 1: This legend about bosom friends more than 2,000 years ago has been deeply treasured in the hearts of countless Chinese descendants, and sometimes it makes a subtle sound, which makes people chew and aftertaste happily; Sometimes it growls like a hurricane, urging people to act quickly. Enthusiasm and longing are full of lofty friendship, what a pure and sacred sentiment. (Excerpted from the national volume "Talking about Friends" in 2002)

Q: How do you understand the sentence "Sometimes it makes a subtle sound and chews the aftertaste pleasantly"? Sometimes it growls like a hurricane, urging people to act quickly? A: Rhetorical devices such as metaphor and analogy are used here to vividly express the aesthetic feeling and stimulating effect brought by The Legend of Companion.

Example 2: (2004 college entrance examination questions) What techniques are used in the description and discussion of drinking in the last paragraph of the article? What are the advantages of writing like this? -use analogy (metaphor), compare taking part in social activities to drinking, and compare being too keen on social activities and not creating analogy (metaphor) to drinking. Drinking less is good for eye health (creative), drinking more is not good, and drinking too much leads to "happy death" (no works published). Popular and easy to understand, full of irony, played a vivid critical role.

Second, the question about the layout:

Question: What is the function of a sentence (paragraph) in the text?

Answer the idea:

1) Confirm the position of the specified paragraph (sentence) in the writing.

1. Preface: opening point; Take care of the problem; The full text of the general manager; Render the atmosphere and pave the way; Set suspense as the auxiliary bedding behind.

2. Text: connecting the preceding with the following; Below the general collar; Summarize the above; Echoing the previous article.

3. At the end of the article: point out the center; Sublimate feelings and deepen the theme; Take care of the beginning and have a rigorous structure; Taking into account the above, echo before and after; Make the finishing point; The lines are full of meaning.

2) Clarify the function of the paragraph and the direction of answering questions (generally from the perspective of content and structure)

Example 1: I am afraid of my father. He really hit me. Seeing his eyes wide open, he approached step by step, but he dared not hide. He tensed his muscles and waited, so he patted him and his head buzzed ... (from Han Yu's Fear between Father and Son) Q: Please analyze the role of the first natural paragraph (that is, the above paragraph) in the work.

Answer: (1) as a foil to write my father's love for "I" below; (2) To pave the way for writing father's fear of "I" at the end of the article; (3) Take care of the topic of "fear between father and son".

Example 2: (2004 college entrance examination questions) From the full text, what role did the sixth paragraph "A friend calls" play in content and structure respectively? From the content point of view, this incident inspires people to love life, feel life and look at life poetically. It plays a connecting role in structure, which deepens the author's thinking and leads to discussion.

Example 3: (2004 college entrance examination questions) This paper is divided into three levels based on pocket watches. Please analyze the functions and benefits of this arrangement.

① Function: The process of writing and repairing tables on the first floor paves the way for introducing the origin of tables below; The origin of the second-level writing table highlights the spirit of the father; The inheritance of three-level table writing highlights the author's understanding of his father's spirit. 2 benefits: from face to person, the hierarchy is clear; Interlocking, airtight.

Supplement:

1. Clue: Narrative texts are often arranged layer by layer with the passage of time, the change of space, the change of scenes and the logical order of thinking. The clues of prose conception generally include: taking emotion as the clue; Take reason as a clue; Take things as clues; Take spatial location as a clue.

2. Summary of paragraph meaning

Narrative: Give a clear answer (when and where) to who did what.

Format: (time+place)+people+things.

Argumentative essay: clearly answer what the question is and what the author's point of view is.

Format: What demonstration method is used to prove (demonstrate)+demonstrate?

3. Contradictory sentences. Literally, it is self-contradictory, but the author has profound intentions. Reveal profound connotations and express profound opinions.

Third, the problem of expression (symbol, association, imagination, contrast, setting off, rendering, cadence, expressing one's will, expressing feelings through scenery, characters, etc.). ):

art

Question: What are the benefits, effects and functions of writing this article?

Answer mode: method+content+effect (or function)

Example 1: The trend of generations of China people traveling to the sea has its own distinct background, color and connotation, which cannot be generalized, but it is a silhouette of the ups and downs of the times and the splashing of waves in the mighty progress of history. The cohesion of national centripetal force does not depend on geographical distance. Our first generation of overseas Chinese put up with hardships and sent them abroad to have children, but they have been looking forward to China for generations and never forget the feelings of Sangzi. They all gave generously when the motherland needed it. Hong Kong Island, from ordinary residents to owners, gentlemen, gentlemen and celebrities of Hanyuan, enthusiastically donated money to the mainland, sharing weal and woe and showing solidarity and friendship. This is a touching example. (Excerpted from the National Volume "Local Complex" in 2003)

Q: The fourth paragraph of this article (that is, the above) describes the trend of generations of descendants of the Yellow Emperor traveling far and wide, praising them for their love for Mori Zi and their generosity, which is closely related to the motherland. Please combine the complex and analyze the function and benefits of this writing.

A: Raising the local complex to the height of national cohesion has enriched and deepened the meaning of the local complex. It specifically shows that the local complex will not be diluted because of the long time (history) and the barrier of space (geography). It not only takes care of the beginning, but also deepens the theme of this article.

Example 2: (2004 college entrance examination questions) (1) What is the comparison in this article?

—— ① Comparison between former thatched cottage and today's Du Fu thatched cottage park ② Comparison between Du Fu's hardships and loneliness before his death and his great reputation behind him ③ Comparison between Du Fu's bitter and cold life and brilliant creative achievements ④ Comparison between Du Fu's lofty aspirations and practical experience ⑤ Comparison between Du Fu's low life and creative peak ⑤ Comparison between Du Fu's indifference to personal experiences and worries ② Combining with the full text, this paper briefly analyzes the benefits of this writing method.

-Through comparison in many aspects and deepening at different levels, the connotation of "a poet should beware of prosperity" is richer and more concentrated.

Example 3: (2004 college entrance examination questions) The author wept bitterly, remembering, but also writing about himself. How does she write about herself? What's the use of writing like this? -the author wrote about his own smallness and wrote that he "lost it long ago and scared it away." Set off Hezhe's greatness with his own smallness, and set off Hezhe's bravery with his own timidity.

Personal courses

Question: What are the advantages of using this person to write? Or: Why change this person?

Answer mode:

The first person: the narration is kind and natural, which is convenient for direct lyricism and free expression of thoughts and feelings, giving readers a real and vivid feeling;

The second person said: calling for more lyrical and touching, facilitating dialogue (emotional exchange), enhancing the lyricism and intimacy of the article, and also playing an anthropomorphic role;

The third person: it is objective and calm, not limited by time and space, and easy to describe and discuss.

For example, fantasy is fantasy after all, and closure cannot be closed. How many ghosts of princess fan came back with the sound in the moonlight. How many frost bows and arrows shoot sharp arrows and break the throat. Jimen was razed to the ground, Yantai was destroyed, and the sword whistling in the wind overturned the eyes. As a result, people found that the side wall is no longer a barrier, and the purple plug is no longer a spectacle. Become ridiculous, as if being ridiculed by time and space. Under the wind and sand erosion, it aged prematurely.

So I said, you are a symbol of cultural stupidity, the Great Wall! (Excerpted from the National Volume Great Wall in 2000)

Q: In this essay, the author mainly writes about the Great Wall in the second person. What are the advantages of this writing? (2) The third person "it" is used at the end of the sixth paragraph. What is the reason?

Answer: (1) personify the Great Wall: A. It is convenient to talk to the Great Wall and B. It is convenient to express feelings. (2) Because this sentence is based on "it was discovered", it describes the feelings of "people", rather than the author directly expressing his feelings to the Great Wall.

Fourth, the expression category.

1) Make clear the specific classification and function of the five expressions, so as to make clear the direction when answering questions.

2) Confirm what kind of expression is used in the specified paragraph, and analyze it in combination with the article.

narrate

1. Sequential narration: it can be described clearly in a certain order (time or space).

2. Flashback: causing suspense, fascinating, ups and downs.

3. Interpolation: Make necessary preparations and supplementary explanations for the main plot or central event to make the plot more complete, the structure more rigorous and the content more substantial.

4. Supplementary narration: Supplementary explanation of the above contents and explanation of the following parts.

5. Plain description: commonly known as "two flowers bloom, one for each table", (referring to describing two or more things that happen at the same time) makes the clues clear and handled properly.

describe

Generally speaking, description has the following functions: ① Reproduce natural scenery. ② Describe the appearance and inner world of the characters. ③ Explain the natural and social environment of the characters' activities.

1. Portrait, action description and psychological description: Portrait description is vivid and formal; Action description, showing the characteristics of characters; Language description, words come from the heart; Psychological description reveals the inner world of the characters. Can show the character characteristics, promote the development of the plot, and better show the inner world and personality characteristics of the characters.

2. Description of scenery: Describe the natural scenery in detail, create an atmosphere, and set off the emotions and thoughts of the characters. Lay the emotional tone and serve for shaping the characters.

3. Description of environment and scene: Explain the background of the characters' activities, specify the time and place of the event, and render the atmosphere to better represent the characters.

4. Characters' dialogue description, psychological description and detail description: portray characters' personalities, reflect their psychological activities and promote the development of stories. It can also describe the voice of the characters and receive special effects.

5. Positive description and profile description: the positive directly shows people and things; Highlight people and things from the side.

6. Sketch: brief sketch, concise, accurate, vivid and detailed description: meticulously carved, finely completed, concrete and vivid.

7. Landscape writing skills: dynamic and static combination, light and dark combination, point and surface combination, sound and color combination, virtual and real combination, and far and near combination; Look up, look down, look up; Sight, hearing, smell, touch, etc.

Lyrical and argumentative

1, discussion after narration: make the finishing point, point out the theme, and sublimate the theme; Metaphorical argument: vivid and easy to understand.

2. Direct lyric: express your mind directly and incisively.

Indirect lyricism: Emotion is contained in scenery, things and events, which is implicit.

Analyze the meaning of the sentence from the way of expression;

1, the discussion in narrative often plays the role of finishing touch, revealing the purpose and significance of narrative;

2. Narratives in argumentative essays often play the role of illustrations;

3. The description and writing style in the explanatory text have played a role in making the works more vivid.

4. The writing method of overlapping narration and discussion makes the explanation and discussion of the article relaxed and lively, and it is both interesting and enlightening to read. The narrative in the article serves the discussion, which is based on narrative and provides factual basis for the discussion, making the argument well-founded and convincing.

What is the difference between the starting point of this article and other articles about reading? How does the author make this article interesting? -First question, generally speaking, most articles about reading start with the content of the book and talk about the experience, feelings and methods of reading; This paper takes the form of books as the starting point to talk about the historical and cultural connotation of books.

The second question, rich and elegant association and imagination; Poetic and vivid description; The use of allusions makes the article full of profound cultural connotations; The use of metaphor and vivid description of shape, sound and color.

Four, about the main points of inductive content:

Question: Please summarize the main points of a paragraph (or full text).

Answer mode: there are three steps: the first step is to divide the level of this paragraph, the second step is to extract keywords, and the third step is to integrate answers.

My mother likes flowers, and so do I. I live in Shimen Township, and there are two small yards in front and behind, so I plant a lot of miscellaneous plants, and I will also produce many beautiful flowers according to the season. Sometimes sitting in front of the porch, sweet-scented osmanthus exudes a faint fragrance, and I feel like I am quiet and quaint. In the evening of summer, the jasmine will always bloom, and pick two or three flowers in your hand. All the memories of youth will appear in front of my eyes with its fragrance. I think, maybe I don't like flowers, but all the lost time. Behind every flower, there are my cherished memories. (Excerpted from Xi Murong's The World of Flowers)

Q: The reasons why I love flowers in this paragraph can be summarized as three points. Please summarize.

Analysis: among the four sentences, it is obvious that the first two sentences are each a layer, and the last two sentences are a layer. Then the key words such as "mother's love for flowers", "quiet and quaint" and "cherish memory" are extracted from each layer, and finally the answers are integrated.

A: (1) influenced by my mother's love of flowers. (2) Flowers make me quiet and quaint. (3) There are my cherished memories in the flowers.

5. Questions about appreciating people:

Question: Please briefly analyze the image of the hero in the article.

Answer: Answer according to the total score (total score). First, make a qualitative analysis of the whole character in one sentence, and then make a quantitative analysis from several aspects; You can also make quantitative analysis from several aspects first, and then make a qualitative summary in one sentence.

Example: The hostess soon discovered my unusual behavior, and she smelled the lampblack in the room. Immediately questioned. I was standing in the kitchen, listening to the intoxicated cries of the three brothers. I can accurately distinguish the nuances in their voices. If one of them doesn't scream, I'll concentrate. The hostess said, idiot, you don't need a range hood. Are you out of your mind? When I first worked for her, she called me "literary youth" in four words. These four words were uttered by her in authentic Beijing dialect, which was extremely vicious. Three months after I was hired, she called me an idiot. She said she didn't fire me because I didn't scare her like others did.

I motioned for her to keep her voice down and told her that there was a nest of sparrows in the chimney. They are my brothers. The hostess gave me a look from top to bottom (as if I were a monster), leaned forward and walked out of the kitchen. At the door, she squeezed out two words from her teeth-farmer. I like this name. Although equally vicious, I am really a farmer to the core. I don't think it is shameful to be a farmer. (Excerpted from Ernst & Young's Brothers in the Chimney)

Q: What kind of character is the "mistress" in the article? Please summarize it in one sentence and give examples.

A: This is the image of a city resident who despises migrant workers. For example, the word "farmer" is squeezed out through his teeth. (Or call me "literary youth" or "idiot" in an extremely vicious tone)