The structure of scientific papers may be different, but compared with literary works, the structure of articles should be "disciplined". The following are some experiences I have collected about writing scientific papers. Welcome to read for reference.
The importance of writing scientific papers 1 correct topic selection
Which topic to choose is very important for the success or failure of thesis writing. For the author who is engaged in or has completed a certain scientific research work, it is relatively easy to choose the topic because the materials are ready-made. First-line scientific and technical personnel engaged in surveying and mapping production or software development often think that their technical work is ordinary and there is nothing to write about the staple food. For example, an author who has been engaged in map digitization for many years said: "Now digital technology is very common, and there is nothing to write about." I asked him to talk about his business and ask a few questions. I found that he has a lot of practical experience for reference, a lot of first-hand information for mining, and many good topics, but he didn't realize it himself. In the era of analog surveying and mapping, manual mapping technology has been very perfect, and a set of methods and regulations for map sorting have been formed. What to draw first, what to draw later, when to add notes and when to trim have all been optimized; However, after entering the era of digital mapping, there are few similar studies, especially the summary and introduction of technical optimization and technological innovation at the business level. Why do some operators make digital maps with good quality and fast speed? I think it must be related to its long-term accumulated experience. If it is summarized in the form of words, it will be valuable. So as long as you are good at summing up and thinking hard, there is always something to write.
Write in combination with your own work. Some authors are always worried that their papers are not profound enough. In fact, many professional journals are not completely devoted to pure theoretical research. Their audience is mainly the front line of production technology, all engaged in engineering construction. They welcome papers and scientific information that are close to current practice. Summing up some practical experience or publishing it as information can be used for reference. Engaged in business work will naturally involve and accumulate some information, learn and master some new knowledge, think and solve some problems, and have cases at hand, so it is easier to organize articles. Don't "write hard" on unfamiliar topics, which will increase the difficulty of writing. In order to improve the possibility of manuscript recruitment, the author had better pay attention to the recent articles of the journals he contributed, and don't repeat the same content and theme of the same project unless there is new academic value or new viewpoint, because any journal always wants to avoid the "homogenization" of the articles.
The paper should "focus on the overall situation and start small". Some manuscripts, such as Talking about the Construction and Development of Informatization Surveying and Mapping in XX Province, have made great achievements and should be avoided. Without sufficient ability, rich background information and sufficient time, it is difficult to write a grand theme well, let alone an amateur or professional author or researcher, and it may be difficult for one or two people to finish it in a short time. Writing a small point in scientific and technological work is familiar and easy to control. In short, we must first grasp the topic, make it clear, keep it as small as possible, and focus on a point we are familiar with.
Fully master the materials.
After determining the theme direction, the author needs to collect and master relevant materials as comprehensively as possible, and sort out the first-hand materials he has mastered. Through the analysis of the data, we can understand the achievements and level of similar research at home and abroad, and we should be able to understand, understand and thoroughly understand some of these viewpoints; Through the collation of first-hand information, the innovation is clear. Nowadays, there are a lot of online references, so the author can fully prepare the materials before writing, grasp the angle of thesis writing and highlight his own innovation. Some authors write articles with their bare hands, which are often vague; We should also avoid that some topics may have become common sense and are still being written as new things.
At present, normative scientific and technological works at home and abroad pay great attention to mastering a large number of references, and often list a long list at the end of the article. It shows that to write a good article, we should read a large number of relevant documents in advance, fully draw lessons from previous research results, and form our own academic opinions and experiences. The materials are ready, the problems are deeply analyzed, and the articles written can stand scrutiny.
Master the content and structure of the paper
We should grasp the content and structure of the paper. Some authors write according to a completed project, but the author "moves" the whole design book, and even the tense is "future tense". Although the content is substantial, it does not meet the requirements for publication as a paper. Writing in combination with project work is of course worth advocating, but it is necessary to highlight the thinking and practical achievements in the process of project research, what innovations and suggestions are there, and what problems readers should pay attention to when doing similar work, rather than listing the process of the project. We should put "pen and ink" in the most critical place, make the problems clear, make the ideas clear, and make the practice results clear. Where you can speak with data, try to speak with data. This is of reference value.
The structure of scientific papers is not necessarily the same, but compared with literary works, it is best to be "moderate" or "cautious" in the structure of articles. Jumping and flashback writing are generally not suitable for serious academic papers. Generally speaking, a paper is always composed of several large pieces that are coherent with each other. "Introduction" is similar to "Preface", which lets readers know the background of your writing this article and what problems you have solved, thus paving the way for the theme. The main body of the article generally includes the problem, the idea of solving the problem, the result of the research, and the important arguments or suggestions put forward. "Conclusion" is the last part, which mainly briefly explains the important conclusions of this study and suggestions for future research. Not every step is necessary, but it must be coherent and the "main line" cannot be broken. Secondly, we should pay attention to the style of scientific papers. Gorgeous rhetoric, too many idioms and too strong praise and criticism are generally not suitable for the style of scientific papers (except popular science articles).
Organize the non-text part of the text
The non-text part is the "clothes" of the article. The non-text part includes titles, abstracts, keywords, references, etc. Some authors have many problems in this respect, mainly because of insufficient basic skills training.
To make the finishing point, the title must be relevant, eye-catching, short and clear at a glance. Some people say that the author's writing level can often be seen from the title, which makes sense to me. The same is true of my own writing. I often have to think twice in order to get a title. At present, the common problems are vague, "free" topics and articles, not concise and so on. Some titles are too long, punctuations are inserted in the middle, and lines need to be broken when printing.
Abstract is the second document of the article and the abbreviation of the main content of the article. It is generally used to let readers quickly understand the main points or important points of the article to determine whether further reading is needed. At present, the abstracts of many papers are not well written, and there are many information problems displayed in simple repetitive topics, which are insufficient in information, or irrelevant, and cannot be summarized.
"Keywords" are generally composed of three to five phrases, which are mainly used for retrieval and classification. When writing keywords, we should choose from the reader's point of view and consider what kind of phrase combination can retrieve the written article fastest. Authors who commonly use online search engines such as Baidu can sum up their own search experience. I believe it is not difficult to write keywords well, because the reason is the same.
As for how to write titles, abstracts, keywords, references, etc. It is suggested that online search can learn a lot of knowledge and is very important to improve the overall quality of the paper.
Concluding remarks
Thesis writing is a process of continuous improvement, so you should write more and exercise more. There are many ways to learn and improve. For beginners, I would like to make some suggestions: first, read some books on scientific writing appropriately, preferably thinner and more precise; Second, find some scientific papers that can be used as model essays, some writing methods can be imitated, and some standard formats can be directly applied to reduce the difficulty of entry; Third, pay attention to accumulate information at hand and sum up experience in time.
Finally, add a point: the exercise and improvement of a person's writing ability will also promote the improvement of logical thinking ability and make people better at thinking and analyzing problems. The progress may not be limited to paper writing.
The Importance of Writing Scientific Papers Part II When writing a paper, you must draw up a writing outline. Without a complete writing outline, logical thinking will be biased. This is different from prose creation. Prose creation is also a hundred-word prose or a thousand-word prose, and a draft is almost enough. An academic paper of 3000 words should have an outline, not to mention a graduation thesis of 10000 words. List the outlines one by one and read them. What is the general argument and the sub-argument? There are several sub-arguments around the general argument. After the points are listed, we must pay attention to the relationship of taking the outline as the guide and serving the outline with our eyes. After this relationship is clarified, whether it is parallel relationship, master-slave relationship, progressive relationship, causal relationship, logical relationship should be clarified. Only in this way can we feel how our research ability is from the outline. When the tutor is tutoring, instead of asking you to come up with a manuscript quickly, let you talk to the teacher about the topic first. When the teacher determines that the size and difficulty of your topic are appropriate, he agrees to write an outline. So I exchanged views with the teacher for the second time and exchanged views with the teacher on the outline. When the teacher finds that your outline is not clear at all, he will be responsible for sorting out your thoughts; Finally decided to write, you can start writing. In the process of writing, you may feel the need to overturn the original outline and rewrite it. If this happens, be sure to communicate with the teacher and ask him to show you whether it is necessary to rewrite the outline. Don't do a lot of useless work. Don't communicate with the teacher until your paper is finished. If the teacher shoots your paper, it means that you have done nothing. Be sure to draw up the outline and communicate with the teacher.
The relationship between the general argument and the sub-argument of your thesis outline must be clear. Tell the teacher in the outline what arguments are needed for each sub-argument. After each argument, you should point out your argument method, or metaphor method, or the method of putting facts, or any other method. In the review of reading appreciation, in order to draw lessons from the outline of the thesis, I quoted an outline of a thesis on teaching Chinese as a foreign language by Mr. Wang Kuijin. You might as well learn from his writing outline. I quoted a passage about how to draw up an outline, on page 232 of the book. You can see how his outline is drawn. Through the drafting of this outline, you can learn from it when writing your thesis ... and take fewer detours. After your outline and materials come out, you can write your thesis.
The Importance of Writing Scientific Papers (3) I. Topic Selection
When writing a scientific essay, we should first consider what to write, that is, the topic. Topic selection is the key to writing a good paper. We should pay attention to the following principles: the value principle, that is, the theoretical value and practical value of the topic. It should be enlightening, instructive and referential to other students. The principle of feasibility refers to the possibility of subjective and objective conditions, that is, the writer's personal professional knowledge, theoretical accomplishment, knowledge, materials at hand, experimental conditions and surrounding environment, and should not be greedy for the big and seek the deep, but should do what he can; The principle of novelty means that topics should be unsolved or completely solved that others have not studied or studied, and attention should be paid to "literary innovation"
Second, formulate the topic.
The title of the article is as good as the eyes, and a good title can make people see at a glance and never forget. It is just like advertising words to promote products, which plays a key role in attracting readers. The title of a good scientific paper should emphasize three words: accuracy, brevity and novelty. Accuracy means to reveal the topic accurately with concise words. For example, a scientific paper written by a classmate is entitled "Decontamination Principle and Optimum Washing Concentration of Soap". When you look at the topic, you can know the content of the paper at a glance. Small means that the angle of the topic is small. If the angle is small, it will have a good directivity, the idea of the article will be clear, and it will be easy to write centrally and concisely. The topic is too wide, often because we have little energy, narrow scope and poor professional knowledge. For example, a scientific and technological composition written by a middle school student is entitled "Development of Electrostatic Precipitator Blackboard Eraser", which is small and specific and students can elaborate deeply. Innovation means trying to reveal fresh ideas in the title. Only when the topic is fresh can you read on. No original insights, no new discoveries, no matter how well expressed and how powerful the argument is, it is a waste of wax for the blind to light a lamp.
Third, write the opening remarks.
The beginning of the article is in a special position of setting the tone, which has always been valued by writers. The ancients said, "If you can't get up, you will float in chaos." Although the opening part is short, it is an integral part of the whole article, which prompts the author's thinking and intercepts a lot of materials, so we must have a general grasp of the whole article before writing.
There are many beginnings of scientific papers, and there is no fixed format, but there are rules to follow. It is necessary to carefully understand all kinds of starting skills and use them flexibly according to writing practice.
1, example guide method
Write a small scientific and technological paper with an introduction at the beginning, which explains the reality of the research problem and stimulates the reader's desire to follow the post. For example, in the article "An Easy-to-Solve Mechanical Problem" written by a classmate, the author put forward a mechanical problem that students are familiar with and easy to make mistakes at the beginning, and stated the wrong solution process to readers, which aroused readers' strong interest and made them eager to read the whole article to understand the mistakes of this problem.
2. Revealing the background method
Put the research problem in the current social and economic development environment and background, so that readers can understand the significance and even direction of their research at a higher level. For example, the article "Countermeasures for the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution in Township Industries" begins like this: "Since the reform and opening up, the rapid rise and vigorous development of township enterprises have created a lot of material wealth and brought about a series of profound changes in the rural economy. In some developed and relatively developed areas, township enterprises have become an important pillar of rural economy and an important part of national economy. However, with the rapid development of township enterprises, the environmental pollution and ecological destruction of township industries have become increasingly prominent.
The problems studied are closely related to the development trend of the proposition from the beginning, as well as the environmental pollution and ecological damage caused by township industries today, which makes people realize the urgency of controlling environmental pollution.
3. Point out the hazard methods.
Many small papers that argue and correct mistakes often point out some disadvantages, which makes people suddenly panic and realize the urgency of solving problems.
4. Briefly describe the argumentation method.
In the preface, the author presents the main points to the reader, giving people a sense of wholeness, which is tantamount to giving the reader a bunch of keys. Reading on is an attempt.
5, the method of setting the problem
The main purpose of setting questions is to leave suspense for readers, so that they can't wait to pay attention to the problem under discussion driven by curiosity.
These are five ways to write a good scientific paper at the beginning. It is worth noting that there are countless methods at the beginning, and all kinds of methods are often organically combined and infiltrated.
Fourth, point out the main points
There are many and miscellaneous empirical materials, so how to unify them in the central argument in an orderly way? In the main part of the article, it is usually convenient to use the method of discussing one by one. The advantage of this writing method is that it is organized, clear in level and gives people a comprehensive and profound three-dimensional sense. Of course, every viewpoint must be the crystallization of careful consideration, with strong generality, objectivity and innovation.
Fifth, make good use of materials.
Scientific papers are not simple written materials at hand, but have profound reasoning and regular guidance. Views and materials complement each other, and the value of the paper is reflected in the value of the topic and also through the demonstration of materials. The organic combination of the two will form a good scientific and technological paper.
Sixth, common sense of manuscript writing
Generally speaking, we should pay attention to the following issues: the manuscript should be clearly written on standard manuscript paper (or printed by computer). One word in each grid, and punctuation marks occupy a separate grid. Instructions that don't need to be printed are marked with pencils. When you write, you should use standardized simplified words to prevent typos and not invent new words. Except for the numbers in idioms, ancient prose and quoted documents, Arabic numerals are generally used. Century, year, month, day, hour, minute and second are all Arabic numerals. The year cannot be abbreviated (for example, 1999 cannot be abbreviated to 99). Numbers with more than five digits can be in units of "100 million" and "10,000". Write more than four digits continuously, without dividing nodes; Foreign letters and chemical symbols should be written correctly and clearly. Foreign languages should be written in print, with clear capitalization. Typing should be marked with pencil, italicized and marked with upper and lower corners. Please refer to the writing method in the middle school textbook, and the arrangement of each line in the chemical structural formula must be accurate; Mathematical formulas and chemical equations should be written separately in the middle, using standard fonts; Use standard punctuation and other symbols. When writing, dashes occupy two spaces, ellipses occupy two spaces, hyphens occupy half a space, and other symbols occupy one space. And pay attention to the writing position of pause, comma, colon, semicolon and quotation mark; The units of measurement involved in the manuscript should use legal units of measurement, and use legal Chinese names in the text description; The forms in the manuscript should be filled out clearly by the author. Table number and table name are generally in front of the table, and instructions are behind the table. When the same form is written on another page, the words "continued form" should be marked in front. Return to the top box without punctuation at the end of the text in the table; Words can clearly describe the content, generally without illustrations. The use of illustrations must be illustrated. Pay attention to the connection and collocation of words and illustrations, and the illustrations should be numbered in sequence.
;