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the Soviet Union
The Soviet Union is called the Soviet Socialist Union (Russia ссрр, British Soviet Union), and it is a country that no longer exists (1922 65438+February 30th-199165438+February). 1922 65438+February 30th ~199165438+February 26th, a federal multi-ethnic country. Located in eastern Europe and northern Asia. The full name is the Soviet Socialist Union. With an area of 22.4 million square kilometers, it is the largest country in the world. The population is 290 1 100 million (1990). There are more than 65,438+000 ethnic groups, of which 565,438+0% are Russians, 65,438+05% are Ukrainians, 6% are Uzbeks, 4% are Belarusians, and others are Kazakhs, Tatars, Azerbaijanis, Armenians, Georgians, Moldovans, Tajiks and Lithuania. The official language is Russian. There are more than 200 national languages and dialects, of which Slavic accounts for 75%, Indo-European accounts for 8%, Altai accounts for 12%, Uralic accounts for 3% and Caucasian accounts for 2%. The main religion is Russian Orthodox Church, and others are Christianity, Judaism and Islam. The capital Moscow. The Soviet Union includes Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Armenia, Moldova, Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia 15 socialist countries, as well as Bashkir, Buryatia, Dagger and Kabardino-Balkar. Calme, Tsda, Karelia, Komi, Mali, Moldova, North Ossetia, Tatar, Tuva, Udmurt, Chechnya-Ingushetia, Chuvash, Yakutia, Abkhazia, Azar, Karakalpake and Nakhichevan, 20 autonomous countries, 8 autonomous prefectures, 6540.
According to the Soviet Constitution, the Soviet Union is a federal country, which consists of 15 Soviet socialist republics with equal rights (the Soviet Union joined the Soviet Union) in accordance with the principle of voluntary union. The capital is Moscow. The head of state was the chairman of the presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, and was later called the President of the Soviet Union. The head of government is the chairman of the Council of Ministers. The name of the armed forces is the Soviet Red Army.
Motto: Proletarians of the world, unite! (пролетарии всех стран , соедныятесь! )
Official language: Russian
Capital: Moscow
Area: ranked first in disintegration, with 22,402,200 square kilometers.
Population: the total population is 293 047 571(1991July), and the population density is1308/km2 (1991July).
National Day:1917.11.7 (October Revolution)
Officially dissolved199165438+February 26th.
Currency ruble
Time zones UTC +3 to+1 1.
The national anthem (19 17- 1944) is an international song.
An unbreakable alliance
International domain Abbreviation: SU (still in use)
History:1917165438+1at 9: 40 pm on October 7, with the sound of this cannon, the first regime controlled by the proletariat in the world history-the Soviet government was born! 1917165438+17 After the October Revolution, the Bolsheviks came to power in Russia, and immediately signed the Brest Peace Treaty with Germany to withdraw from the First World War. In the following years, Trotsky's Red Army defeated the interference of the White Army and the Allies through a brutal civil war. 192 1 in March, the Soviet regime began to implement the new economic policy. First of all, it solved the problem of farmers and changed the surplus grain into free collection and market transactions. 1922 12.30, Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and the Transcaucasian Federation form the Soviet Union. 1924 65438+1October 2 1, the founder of the Soviet Union Lenin died. Joseph? Stalin came to power. He cleaned all his political enemies by cruel means, promoted the policy of agricultural collectivization, and at the same time carried out a big cleaning of the leaders of the party, state and army by eliminating counter-revolutionaries. 1927, Britain announced that it would sever the relationship between Britain and the Soviet Union and abolish the trade agreement signed in 192 1. British Foreign Secretary Chamberlain initiated the meeting of foreign ministers of six countries and proposed to "confront the producer countries".
Although Stalin was regarded as a tyrant who slaughtered people of all ethnic groups by western countries and some Soviets, he successfully transformed the Soviet Union into an industrial and military power. Under the leadership of Stalin, the Soviet * * * Production Party greatly transformed the Soviet economic production mode, and the Soviet military was several times stronger than before. 1929 10 10 On 24th, the new york stock market plunged wildly, and the great crisis quickly spread from the United States to the whole world, attacking almost all capitalist countries. 1929, the worst moment of the global economic crisis, a large tractor factory broke ground in Stalingrad. 10 months later, the factory was completed and put into production. 1932, the first five-year plan was completed, and the Soviet Union changed from an agricultural country to an industrial country.
From 65438 to 0937, the second five-year plan was completed, and the total industrial output value of the Soviet Union ranked first in Europe and second in the world.
1939, the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany signed the Treaty of Non-Aggression between the Soviet Union and Germany, which formed a seemingly inseparable alliance and secretly divided their spheres of influence in Poland, the Baltic States, Finland and Romania.
1939, World War II broke out.
At 3 am on June 22, the Germans raided the Soviet Union. Within a week, the Soviet army lost more than 6,543,800 people, and all the western industrial zones fell.
Adolf Hitler launched a surprise attack on the Soviet Union. The Soviet Red Army and allied forces captured the whole territory of Nazi Germany in 1945 and won the Second World War. 1 945 may1day, the European anti-fascist war finally ushered in the final victory.
When the Soviet Red Army conquered Berlin, a red flag was planted at the top of the German Parliament Building. The Germans lost100000 troops in the Soviet-German battlefield, accounting for 73% of their total casualties in World War II. The Soviet Union defended justice and peace at the cost of 20 million people. This is the most tragic page in human history. Only this, the Soviet Union is worthy of the title of great power!
After World War II, Stalin established the Warsaw Treaty Organization with other socialist allies to compete with the United States and NATO. In the mid-20th century, under the clear sky in Wan Li, the United States and the Soviet Union faced each other across the sea, and together, * * * will dominate the world trend in the coming decades.
1957, the world's first artificial earth satellite broke into space, and its fuselage was engraved with the words "Soviet Union".
/KOOC-0/96/KOOC-0/April/KOOC-0/2, Soviet astronaut Gagarin took the Oriental spaceship and realized the dream of human beings going into space for the first time.
Stalin died in 1953. The political struggle between the top leaders of the Soviet Communist Party lasted for several years. Then Khrushchev came to power. His secret report at the 20th Congress of the Soviet Union 1956 criticized the serious consequences of Stalin and his cult of personality, and the political struggle in the Soviet Union turned to a more humane way. Due to ideological differences, since 1959, a series of arguments and quarrels have taken place between the Soviet Union and the China Party. 1964, Khrushchev stepped down and Brezhnev came to power. During the Cultural Revolution, Sino-Soviet relations were at a low point, with only nominal diplomatic relations and border conflicts such as Treasure Island Incident and Tielekti Incident. 1968, the Soviet Union invaded Czechoslovakia. 1969 Armed conflict with China on the Treasure Island issue was strongly resisted by the people of China. 1979, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan. These two actions have been unanimously condemned by the international community.
Soviet politics
According to Article 6 of the Soviet Constitution, the CPSU and its 20 million party member are the ruling core of the country. Party branches should be established in every factory and collective farm. The core of the whole system is the The CPC Central Committee members of the Soviet Union. After Stalin's era, in order to avoid the concentration of power in one person's hands, the Soviet Union implemented the principle of collective leadership, and whoever can grasp the majority vote of the Central Committee can grasp the leadership of the party and the state.
Members of the political bureau of the party belong to the privileged class of the country. They enjoy special medical care, can go to special shops to buy duty-free and low-priced luxury goods imported from the west, live in apartments and villas provided by the state, have special motorcades, have special fast lanes in the middle of the road, and have special hunting forest areas and convalescent beaches. Their children can easily join the party, enter famous universities such as the Institute of International Relations, and find the best jobs in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Foreign Trade and embassies abroad. This class also includes the heads of the army, the KGB, and leaders of various countries who have joined the United States. The lower classes are factory directors, bank managers, local leaders and party branch secretaries. They control the distribution of goods and local privileges. The living standard of ordinary people was the lowest in Stalin's time. This is also related to the domestic and international situation of the Soviet Union at that time. In the Khrushchev era, the Soviet Union and the United States launched a peaceful competition to improve people's living standards, and people's lives began to improve. Brezhnev put forward the concepts of "all-people party" and "all-people country". The domestic political struggle no longer involves ordinary people and improves their living standards. The government provides free medical care and free education. The rent is very cheap, only a few rubles a month, including heating, telephone and water. Many people can go to the Black Sea for a holiday, or take government subsidies to a nursing home for recuperation. This is the concept of welfare state in the Soviet model. Although there are not many consumer goods sold, the prices are relatively low. However, unlike the Nordic welfare countries, the welfare policy of the Soviet Union did not have a solid economic foundation as its financial guarantee, which caused the economic dilemma in the post-Brezhnev era. The Constitution of the Soviet Union guaranteed employment, so people felt that they didn't have to work. Corruption, theft and embezzlement of state property are very common, bribery is common and production efficiency is low. The second half of Brezhnev era is called the "stagnation period" and "fossilization period" of the Soviet Union.
The inner-party struggle after Stalin adopted a more civilized way. Losers are no longer shot, but are left in remote areas to hold unimportant positions. Dissidents are no longer destroyed by the body, but are punished by exile or imprisonment in special mental hospitals according to their influence. Political prisoners among ordinary people are put into prisons and reform-through-labour camps like criminals. KGB is synonymous with the Soviet terrorist rule "KGB". It has more than 700,000 employees and almost the same number of informants. The influence of KGB has penetrated into all classes and departments in China. In fact, the word "KGB" has now become synonymous with the terrorist rule of the secret police.
In the mid-1980s, after Gorbachev became the secretary of communist party of the Soviet Union, great changes took place in Soviet politics. Gorbachev put forward a new thinking of reform, trying to fundamentally examine the socialist road with a new way of thinking and get rid of all the unreasonable legacy left by Stalin model to the Soviet Union. Gorbachev pointed out in the report of the plenary session of the Soviet Central Committee in 1987 1 month that "the essence of reform is to combine socialism with democracy" and "all-round democratization of society" is the "program of the current political system reform" of the Soviet Union. The purpose of the reform is "to make socialism have the most modern form of social organization and fully reveal the humanitarian nature of our system". 1In July 1990, the 28th National Congress of the Soviet Union adopted a "programmatic statement": "Towards humane democratic socialism". It is generally believed that Gorbachev's political thought is very close to democratic socialism, and he abandoned Stalinism in principle.
With the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Gorbachev's political reform ended in failure, but it marked that the CPSU finally got rid of the shackles of Stalinism and provided reference for political reform in other realistic socialist countries.
During the Soviet Union's existence, it had strong military strength and was the only country in the world that could compete with the United States after World War II. 1988, the total strength of the Soviet red army reached 5130,000 (excluding security and internal security forces). The highest leading bodies of the Soviet armed forces are the Central Committee of the Soviet Union, the Supreme Soviet and the Council of Ministers. The universal compulsory military service system is implemented, with the navy serving for 3 years and other arms and services serving for 2 years.
The Soviet army is divided into five services:
army
navy
air force
National air defense force
Strategic rocket army
The Soviet Union has another organizational system of border guards and internal affairs forces.
The Soviet Union was the founder of the Warsaw Pact, with troops stationed in former East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Mongolia and other countries. Vietnam, Cuba and other countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America also have garrisons or military advisers and technicians.
In the Brezhnev era, the Soviet Union pursued an expansion policy. In addition to the Eastern European Group and Mongolia, Vietnam, South Yemen, Cuba, Angola, Ethiopia and other countries were included in the Soviet camp or military bases were established in these countries. Brezhnev put forward the theory of "limited sovereignty", holding that the sovereignty of socialist countries is limited. In fact, he put forward this theory in order to deprive other socialist countries of their sovereignty and turn other countries into vassals of the Soviet Union. 1980 The Moscow Olympic Games is regarded as a showcase for the Soviet Union to show socialism to the world. However, due to the invasion of Afghanistan, it became the Olympic Games with the largest number of boycotts in history.
1985, Gorbachev, a reformist figure of the * * * production party, came to power. He changed many old ideas. Gorbachev tried to improve the political and economic methods of governing the country, implement the policy of reform and opening up at home, and liquidate historical mistakes. He tried to establish "democratic and humane socialism" in the Soviet Union. On the other hand, his reform has brought unexpected consequences. With the decentralization of the central government, the leaders of the participating countries began to seek greater autonomy. With the deepening of "opening up", the historical problems and crimes of the Soviet Union were exposed, which led to its loss of popular support. Especially in 1989, the political and economic mistakes of * * * production broke out, the * * * production party and its political goals became increasingly unpopular in eastern European countries, and the * * * production party regime in eastern European countries collapsed one after another. The accession of the Soviet Union and the government of China also followed the example of Eastern European countries, aiming at independence from the Soviet Union.
199 1 09 On August 19, the conservatives in the Soviet Union launched an unsuccessful coup, trying to take back the power entrusted to join the Soviet Union and terminate the unsuccessful economic reform. However, under the common opposition of the people, the army and most Soviet party member, the coup failed after only three days. Russian President Yeltsin ordered the Soviet Union to be declared an illegal organization and restricted its activities in the Soviet Union. 199 1 At the end of the year, he signed a contract with the presidents of Belarus and Ukraine in Minsk, the capital of Belarus, to establish the Commonwealth of Independent States and replace the Soviet Union with a structure similar to that of the Commonwealth. Other Soviet countries responded one after another, leaving the Soviet Union, which had existed in name only at this time. 19911On February 25th, Soviet President Gorbachev announced his resignation and handed over state power to Russian President. 199 1 year, the red flag of the Kremlin quietly fell, and the red annual ring carved 74 circles on the stage of the rise of great powers. The Soviet Union officially ceased to be a sovereign country.
There are fifteen independent countries in the former Soviet Union, namely: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia, Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia and Moldova. Among them, other countries except the Baltic Sea formed the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).
Soviet leaders (in chronological order)
The leader of Soviet Union communist party.
1. Vladimir? Ilych? Lenin191710/0/6/0/3 April 1922, Bolshevik members of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China Central Committee, Russia, * * * * Executive Committee of Production International.
Leon Trotsky191710-1927 August Member of the Executive Committee of the Communist Party of China (Brazzaville) members of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China Central Committee and the International Communist Party (Brazzaville).
2. Joseph Huizar Rinovich? Stalin1April 3, 922-1March 5, 953 United General Secretary of the Bolshevik Central Committee (before the end of the 19th Soviet Union Congress) and First Secretary of the Soviet Central Committee (after the 19th Soviet Union Congress).
Gregory? Maximilianovic? Malenkov1946 ——1953 March 14 (Secretary of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union).
3. Nikita Sergeyevich? Khrushchev1September 7, 953-1964 65438+1October 14 First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union.
4. Leonid? Ilych? Brezhnev/KOOC-0/964/KOOC-0/0/KOOC-0/October/KOOC-0/4-/KOOC-0/982/KOOC-0/0/KOOC-0/October/KOOC-0/October.
5.yuri? Frankie milovic? Andropov1982165438+1October12-1February 9, 984 General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union.
6. Constantine? Ustinovich? Chernenko1February 198413-1March 1985 10 General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union.
7.mikhail? Sergeyevich? Gorbachev/KOLOC-0/March 1985/KOLOC-0/-/KOLOC-0/99/KOLOC-0/June 5438+February 25, 2008 General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union.
head of the state
1. Love? Bo Risovic? Kamenev1917165438+10.917165438+10.2/0.
2. Yakov? Mikhailovich? Sverdlov191711October 265438-191September March 16 (Chairman of the Executive Committee of the All-Russian Soviet Congress)
3. Mikhail? Fedorovici? Vladimir ski1919 March16-1919 March 30 (Chairman of the Executive Committee of the All-Russian Soviet Congress)
4. Mikhail? Ivanovic? Kalinin 1919 65438+February 30th—1938 July19 Chairman of the Executive Committee of the All-Russian Soviet Congress1922 65438+February 30th to1938 6538. 1938 65438+1October 17 to 65438+ 1946 served as chairman of the presidium of the supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union on May 9.
5. Nicholas? Mikhailovich? Shvernik1May 9, 946-1March 9531May 5, 953 (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union)
6. Clement. Yevromovich? Voroshilov1953 March15-1960 May 7 (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union)
7. Leonid? Ilych? Brezhnev1May 7, 960-1July 5, 964 (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union)
8. Anastas? Ivanovic? Mikoyan1July 5, 964-196565438+February 9 (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union)
9. Nicholas? Viktovich? Podgorni196565438+February 9-1977 June 16 (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union)
10. Leo Ilych? Brezhnev/KOOC-0/977 June/KOOC-0/6-/KOOC-0/982/KOOC-0/65438+/KOOC-0/0 (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union)
1 1. Vassili? Vasilyevich? Kuznetsov/KOOC-0/982/KOOC-0/65438+/KOOC-0/0-/KOOC-0/983 June/KOOC-0/6 (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union)
12. Yuri flachi milovic? Andropov1983 June16-1984 February 9 (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union)
13. Vassili? Vasilyevich? Kuznetsov1February 9, 984-65438+April 1 1 (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union)
14. Constantine? Ustinovich? Chernenko1984 April1-1985 March 5 (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union)
15. Vassili? Vasilyevich? Kuznetsov1March 5, 985-1July 27, 985 (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union)
16. Andre? Andrevich? Gromyko 1 July 27, 985-65438+August1,0988 (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union)
17. Mikhail sergeyevich? Gorbachev/KOLOC-0/August 988/KOLOC-0/-/KOLOC-0/May 25, 989 (/KOLOC-0/May 25, 989 to/KOLOC-0/March 990/KOLOC-0/5 as Chairman of the Supreme Soviet,/KOLOC-0/990.
head of government
Vladimir? Ilych? Lenin1917165438+10.8-1924 65438+10.23 (Chairman of People's Committee)
Alexei? Ivanovic? Li 1924 65438+1October 23rd-1930 65438+February19 (Chairman of the People's Committee)
Viacheslav? Mikhailovich? Molotov19301219-1941May 6 (Chairman of the People's Committee Meeting)
Joseph? Huizar Rinovich? Stalin 194 1 May 6th-1946 March 19( 1946 March 5th to March 5th, 0953 Chairman of the People's Committee and Chairman of the Council of Ministers).
Gregory? Maximilianovic? Malenkov1March 5, 953-1February 8, 955 (Chairman of the Council of Ministers)
Nicholas? Alexandrovich? Bulganin1February 8, 955-1March 27, 958 (Chairman of the Council of Ministers)
Nikita. Sergeyevich? Khrushchev 65438+March 27th 0958-196465438+1October 15 (Chairman of the Council of Ministers)
Alexei? Nikolayevich? 123 October (Chairman of the Council of Ministers)
Nicholas? Alexandrovich? Tikhonov1980101October 23rd-1985 September 27th (Chairman of the Council of Ministers)
Nicholas? Ivanovic? Ryzhkov 65438+September 27th 0985—199165438+10/0/4 (Chairman of the Council of Ministers)
Valentine? Sergeyevich? Pavlov199114-1991August 24th (Soviet Prime Minister)
industry
The Soviet Union is one of the major energy producers in the world. The energy output and consumption of 1983 account for 23% and 19% of the world respectively. The energy industry is a key basic industrial sector in the Soviet Union, and 197 1 ~ 1984 accounts for 3 1.3% of the total industrial investment in China. Energy production gradually changed from coal-based in 1950s to coal-based and oil-based in 1960s and oil-based and natural gas-based in 1970s. 1983 primary energy production structure: oil accounts for 43.4%, natural gas accounts for 30.8%, coal accounts for 24.2%, and others account for 1.6%.
Coal industry is a traditional energy sector. 1984 The national coal output was 7120,000 tons, of which hard coal accounted for 78%. Coal mining is mainly concentrated in the coalfields near Donbass, Kuzbass, Eki Bastou, Karaganda, Kansk-Achinsk, Bojola and Moscow (1983, accounting for 77.5% of the national coal output), among which Donbass and Kuzbass are the world's largest coalfields, accounting for 27.7% and 20.5% of the national output respectively.
Oil and natural gas account for 74.2% of the Soviet Union's primary energy production and 64.5% of its consumption (1983). Oil-bearing basins are mainly distributed in five regions: western Siberia, Russia, the former Caucasus, Tulan and eastern Siberia. 1984, the national crude oil output was 6130,000 tons, and the natural gas output was 587.4 billion cubic meters, ranking first and second in the world respectively. Among them, West Siberia is the largest oil and gas storage area and production area in the Soviet Union, with an oil and gas area of 1.7 million square kilometers, proven crude oil reserves of 4.8 billion tons (1.980 million) and natural gas 1.976 trillion cubic meters (1.976). Volga-Ural oil region (the second Baku) has been the largest oil producing area in the Soviet Union from the mid-1950s to the mid-1970s. Due to long-term exploitation, resources are gradually exhausted, and the crude oil output in 1984 dropped to 24.3% of the whole country. Other major oil and gas producing areas are Mangeshlak Peninsula on the east coast of Caspian Sea, Baku and its surrounding waters on the west coast, Komi Republic, North Caucasus and Turkmenistan.
Since the 1950s, the electric power industry has made great progress by building large power plants, installing large units, vigorously developing water resources in the eastern region and speeding up power grid construction. 1984, the total installed capacity of power plants in China reached 303.69 million kilowatts, and the power generation was 1492 1 100 million kwh, ranking second in the world. In the total power generation, thermal power accounts for 79.5%, hydropower accounts for 14. 1%, and nuclear power accounts for 6.4% (198 1). Among them, the power generation in the western region accounts for about 7 1.5%( 1.983), which is relatively concentrated in Ukraine, the central region centered on Moscow, the Urals, the Volga River basin, the surrounding areas of Leningrad and the coastal areas of the Baltic Sea. Thermal power is dominant, and large power plants with a million kilowatts or more account for a large proportion. The eastern region is rich in coal, oil, natural gas, water power and other energy resources, with concentrated distribution and high economic benefits of development. Since 1950s, the electric power industry in the eastern region has developed faster than that in the western region, and its proportion in the national total power generation has increased from 9% in 1940 to 28.5% in 1983. Hydropower develops very fast, accounting for 2/3 of the total installed capacity of hydropower in China (1980), and there are 7 hydropower stations, 100. The eastern and western regions are connected by the all-Soviet unified power grid built in the late 1970s.
Metallurgical industry is one of the main basic industrial sectors in the Soviet Union. Complete categories, including steel and non-ferrous metal industries. The latter can be divided into four categories: light, heavy, rare and expensive, producing about 70 kinds of metals. Metallurgical industry is rich in raw materials and fuel resources, most of which are in China. The output of many metals occupies an important position in the world, and most products can be self-sufficient.
The Soviet Union is the largest steel producer in the world. The total steel output in 1984 was154.238 million tons, accounting for about15 of the world steel output. The iron, manganese, chrome ore and coking coal resources needed by the iron and steel industry have large reserves, concentrated distribution and good mining conditions. 1984, 68% of iron ore came from Krivorog in southern Ukraine, Kursk in central China and Kustanai in northwestern Kazakhstan, and more than 3/4 of coking coal came from Donbass and Kuzbass. The grade of iron ore is not high (38% on average), and the rich ore only accounts for 1/6 of the proven reserves. At the same time, except for southern Ukraine, coal and iron resources in most areas are not well combined geographically. There are many iron mines in the west, but there is a lack of coking coal. There are many coking coal and iron mines in the east, and the Ural region is short of coal and iron, which leads to the need for long-distance transportation of raw materials and fuels in the steel industry. The iron and steel industry is concentrated, and there are five major iron and steel industrial bases in Ukraine, Urals, Western Siberia, Central China and Kazakhstan. Among them, Ukraine and Urals are old bases with a long history, many points and large scale, with steel output accounting for 36.3% and 28.4% respectively (1980). The other three new bases are still in the formation stage. The main iron and steel industrial centers are: Togorsk, Magney, Lower tagir and Chelyabinsk in the Urals, zhdanov, Krivorog, Zaporoge and Dneprotyerzhinsk in Ukraine, Novkuznetsk in Western Siberia, CheLjepovic in Northwest China, Lipetsk in Central China and Karaganda in Kazakhstan.
Aluminum ore resources are insufficient, high-grade bauxite is scarce, and the self-sufficiency rate is less than half. A large number of high-quality bauxite and alumina need to be imported every year. With the large-scale development of hydraulic resources in the eastern region, aluminum smelting industry has developed rapidly. 1982 annual output of primary aluminum1920,000 tons, second only to the United States. Mainly distributed in eastern Siberia where large hydropower stations are concentrated. Large aluminum smelting centers include Bratzke, Krasnoyarsk, Shelekhov in eastern Siberia and Novkuznetsk in western Siberia, as well as Kaminsk and Kola Si Nuo Turinsk in Ural region.
Copper mines are mainly distributed in eastern Siberia, Kazakstan, Urals, Uzbekistan, Armenia and kola peninsula, among which the Udokanshan copper mine in eastern Siberia accounts for 1/5 of the proven reserves in China. 1982 national refined copper output1520,000 tons. Ranked second in the world. The mining and smelting of copper mines are closely combined, and the main centers are Jezkazgan in central Kazakhstan, Balkhash on the north bank of Balkhash Lake, Upper Peshma, Levda and Kashten on the eastern slope of Ural Mountains, marek in the northeast of Uzbekistan and Norilsk in the north of eastern Siberia.
Lead and zinc resources are mainly polymetallic ores. It is mainly distributed in the Altai Mountain area of East Kazakhstan and South Kazakhstan, followed by eastern Ukraine, Urals, the northern slope of the Great Caucasus and the southern part of the Far East. 1983 produces 650,000 tons of refined lead and 875,000 tons of crude zinc. The main smelting centers are Usti-Kamen Nogol Sk (lead and zinc) in Kazakhstan, Chimkent (lead), Lenin Nogol Sk (lead and zinc), Chelyabinsk (zinc) in Urals, Al marek (zinc) in Central Asia and Orzhny in North Caucasus.
In addition, the output of nickel, magnesium, titanium, vanadium, tungsten, molybdenum, rare earth, gold, silver and platinum group metals are among the highest in the world.
The machinery industry is the industry with the fastest development, the largest number of employees and the largest output value in all industrial sectors. More than 30,000 kinds of products are produced every year, among which heavy machinery, power machinery, tractors and agricultural machinery, transportation machinery manufacturing and other departments are more important. The machinery industry is concentrated in the western region, and its output value accounts for more than 4/5 of the national machinery industry output value.
Heavy machinery manufacturing is mainly distributed in the vicinity of metal producing areas, such as Ukraine, Urals, Western Siberia, and large iron and steel industrial bases in the central region and surrounding areas, because of its large metal consumption and inconvenient transportation. Urals Sverdlovsk and Kramatorsk are the largest comprehensive heavy machinery manufacturing centers in China.
Power machinery manufacturing industry is relatively concentrated because of its high requirements for labor, technology and cooperation. Leningrad is the largest power machinery manufacturing center in the Soviet Union. At the end of 1970s, the output of turbines accounted for 60% of the country's total, and the output of turbine generators accounted for more than half. Other major centers are Kharkov, Sverdlovsk, Novosibirsk and Gorky.
Tractors and agricultural machinery are mostly manufactured near major agricultural areas. The main centers are Minsk, Kharkov, Volgograd, Chelyabinsk and Pavlodar. (tractor manufacturing) and large-scale agricultural machinery manufacturing, such as Rostov, Taganrog and Tula.
Transportation machinery manufacturing industry includes automobile, rolling stock and shipbuilding industry. Due to historical and technical reasons, the distribution is also relatively concentrated. Moscow and Gorky are the old centers of automobile industry developed in 1930s, while ToLiatti in Volga River basin and Cherny on Kama River are the new centers developed by foreign capital in the early and middle 1970s. Shipbuilding is mainly distributed in Leningrad, nikolayev and North Devonsk along the Baltic Sea, Black Sea and Arctic Ocean. The locomotive and rolling stock manufacturing industry is mainly distributed in and around steel industrial bases such as Ukraine and Urals, such as voroshilovgrad and Kharkov (diesel locomotives) in Ukraine and NoVicel Card (electric locomotives) in the North Caucasus. At the end of 1970s, Ukraine and Urals accounted for 85% of the national railway freight car production.
The Soviet Union proposed to accelerate development from the late 1950s.