First of all, it caused a commercial revolution. Due to the opening of new air routes, the scope of European trade has expanded unprecedentedly, and the ties between Western Europe and all ethnic groups in the world have been strengthened, and the world market has begun to take shape. The European trade center moved from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic coast, and Italy's commercial status was gradually replaced by Spain, Portugal, Britain and the Netherlands.

Second, it caused a "price revolution". After the opening of the new sea route, Spain and other countries plundered a large amount of gold and silver from the colonies, and the precious metals in Western Europe increased by more than three times, causing the price of gold and silver to fall, the price to rise, and the purchasing power of money to decrease. From the 1930s of 16 to the end of 16, the prices in Spain rose more than four times, and those in Britain, France and other countries rose by two to two and a half times. While paying the devalued currency wages, the bourgeoisie sells goods at high prices and makes huge profits. The fixed-currency land rent collected by feudal landlords was also affected by the price revolution. The price revolution is one of the factors of primitive accumulation, which has helped the growth of capitalism in western Europe.

Third, with the opening of new sea routes, Portugal and Spain first started colonial expansion and plunder.

Fourthly, the correctness of the earth circle theory is proved.

Fifth, it has broken the relative isolation around the world and created conditions for the formation of the world market.

Team supplement 2011-05-0116: 51.

First, the "opening up of new routes", the textbook mainly wrote the following five questions:

1. The development of new routes has profound economic and social roots. 14 and 15 centuries, with the development of social productive forces and the progress of production technology in Europe, capitalist production relations gradually developed, and capitalist handicraft workshops and commercial activities appeared in western European countries one after another. With the development of commodity economy and the expansion of market, Europeans enthusiastically pursue money and gold. Because of the development of commodity economy and the germination of capitalism in European countries in the15th century, the demand for money has increased. At that time, money increasingly replaced land as the main wealth of society and became a universal means of payment. Because it takes money to buy a lot of goods, people pay more and more attention to money. Everyone, from kings, priests and big noble to middle and small aristocrats and low-ranking priests, pursues luxury, especially businessmen and the bourgeoisie. They are keen to pursue gold, silver and wealth, then turn money into capital and exploit the surplus value created by hired workers. As Engels pointed out in the article "On the Disintegration of Feudal System and the Emergence of Nation-State": "The Portuguese searched for gold on the African coast, India and the whole Far East; The word gold is a spell that drives the Spaniards across the Atlantic to America; When white people first set foot on the newly discovered coast, gold was what they wanted most. " Columbus once said naked: "Gold is a magical thing! Whoever owns it can control everything he wants. With gold, it is also possible to send your soul to heaven. " However, the amount of gold mined in Europe is limited, and it is necessary to exchange limited gold for silk, spices and jewelry produced in the East, thus causing a shortage of gold in Europe. The greedy pursuit of gold essentially reflects the urgent demand of capitalist relations of production for plundering wealth and accelerating primitive accumulation of capital, and it has become the main driving force for exploring the new route in the East. The Travels of Marco Polo describes the wealth and prosperity of China, as well as the rich gold and jewels in the eastern countries. Its spread has prompted many Europeans to think of the East to realize their golden dream.

2. The business crisis caused by the poor business road is another reason for Europeans to open up new routes. /kloc-In the middle of the 5th century, the Ottoman Empire occupied the Balkans and Asia Minor, cutting off the only traditional trade route between Europe and Asia. They plundered in the eastern Mediterranean and imposed heavy taxes on passing goods, resulting in not only a small number of goods shipped to Europe, but also high prices. Various commodities are often 8 ~ 10 times higher than the original price. Therefore, businessmen and nobles in European countries are eager to bypass the eastern Mediterranean and open up a new direct air route to India and China.

3. Scientific and technological achievements provide objective conditions for the development of new air routes. /kloc-in the 0/5th century, the shipbuilding industry has been able to manufacture multi-masted clippers suitable for sea navigation; The ship is equipped with a cannon; When the compass invented by China was introduced to Europe, ships sailing at sea would not lose their way; The theory of the earth circle is widely spread, and people are convinced that going west can reach the East.

4. The process of opening up new air routes. /kloc-by the end of 0/5, both Spain and Portugal had completed the process of political unification and centralization, and the country had the strength to support and supply the necessary equipment needed for voyage; Both countries are located on the Atlantic coast, which is convenient for maritime exploration; These two countries used to be trade transit points between Italy and the Netherlands, which not only mastered rich navigation knowledge, but also concentrated many experienced sailors. 1487, King Joao II of Portugal sent Dias and three ships from Lisbon to the southwest end of Africa along the coast of West Africa. Joao II realized the importance of discovering the southwestern tip of Africa and called it the "Cape of Good Hope". 1497, Portuguese Wang Man Nurpaida Gama led three ships from Lisbon, bypassed the Cape of Good Hope along the Diaz route, and arrived in India on 1498. In this way, the route from Europe to Asia bypassing Africa was opened. 1499, da gama returned to Lisbon, and the profit of luxury goods sales he brought back reached 60 times of the sailing expenses, which initially reflected the purpose of opening up new air routes. 1492, with the support of Queen Isabella of Spain and her husband, Archduke Ferdinand, the Italian Columbus set out from Barros Port and crossed the vast Atlantic Ocean to reach a "new continent" unknown to Europeans in the past. Columbus mistakenly thought that he was going to India, so he called the local residents "Indians". Later, another Italian navigator, Amerigo, confirmed that Columbus arrived in the New World, not India, so the New World was named America after him. But this island between North and South America, where Columbus first arrived, has always been called the West Indies. Columbus not only discovered the "New World", but also opened a route from Europe to America. 15 19, Portuguese sailor Magellan, who lived in Spain, was ordered by King Charles I of Spain to lead his fleet on a world trial. He crossed the Atlantic Ocean, went south along the coast of Brazil, bypassed the strait at the southern tip of America (later called strait of magellan), entered the Pacific Ocean and reached the Philippine Islands. Magellan died in a conflict with the Filipinos, and his companions returned to Spain by bypassing the Cape of Good Hope in the Indian Ocean on 1522. In this way, the route from Europe to South America and then to Asia has also been opened. This voyage proved the theory of the earth circle in practice.

5. The impact of the opening of new routes. First, it caused the so-called "business revolution". Due to the opening of new air routes, the scope of European trade has expanded unprecedentedly, and the ties between western Europe and all ethnic groups in various regions of the world have been strengthened, and the world market has begun to take shape. The European trade center moved from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic coast, and Italy's commercial status was gradually replaced by Spain, Portugal, Britain and the Netherlands. The second is the so-called "price revolution". After the opening of the new sea route, Spain and other countries plundered a large amount of gold and silver from the colonies, and the precious metals in Western Europe increased by more than three times, resulting in a decline in the value of gold and silver, an increase in prices and a decrease in the purchasing power of money. From the 1930s of 16 to the end of 16, the prices in Spain rose more than four times, while those in Britain, France and other countries rose 2-2.5 times. While paying the devalued currency wages, the bourgeoisie sells goods at high prices and makes huge profits. The fixed-currency land rent collected by feudal landlords was also affected by the price revolution. The price revolution is one of the factors of primitive accumulation, which has helped the growth of capitalism in western Europe.

14 and 15 centuries, the development of European commodity economy, Europeans' pursuit of gold, and the Ottoman Empire's control over the east-west trade routes have become the reasons for opening up new air routes. The theory of earth circle is deeply rooted in people's hearts, and the application of compass and the progress of navigation and shipbuilding technology are the objective conditions for opening up new air routes. Portugal and Spain, located on the Atlantic coast, are centralized feudal countries. They had the enthusiasm to spread Catholicism, and first opened up a new route from Europe to bypass Africa or South America. The opening of the new sea route proved the correctness of the earth circle theory, broke the relative isolation of countries, created important conditions for the formation of the world market, and promoted the disintegration of European feudal system and the growth of capitalism. European colonists carried out colonial plunder activities in Asia, Africa and America, transported a large amount of wealth back to Europe and turned it into capital, which caused extreme poverty and backwardness of the colonial people.