Lin Zexu was the first ethnic minority in China's modern history.
A hero and patriot, he not only led the history of China.
A vigorous anti-smoking campaign-destroying opium in Humen, directing.
In order to fight against Britain, national sovereignty and national respect were safeguarded.
Strict, but also with the blind xenophobia that the Qing Dynasty has long pursued,
Closing the door to the outside world is different. It is a pragmatic attitude and style.
Opened up to understand the western situation, learn western knowledge, and will
A precedent for putting it into action.
Lin Zexu and "Democratic" Politics
Lin Zexu banned smoking in Guangdong, facing the West.
Bing once understood the background of "westernization", so there are
Chronicles of four continents. A systematic introduction to the chronicles of four continents
Introduced more than 30 countries and regions on five continents at that time.
Overview, including geography, history, political system and finance.
Economy, military equipment, foreign relations, science, technology, literature and art, religion
The basic situation of faith and many new knowledge.
Smell. This book was a novelty to China at that time.
The air of "democracy" blew into China's feudal autocracy for thousands of years.
The fortress of politics is refreshing, and it is also the Revolution of 1911.
Later in life, especially during the May 4th New Culture Movement.
Hold high the banner of "democracy" and create public opinion.
To our surprise, it is mentioned in the book.
Western parliaments, especially Anglo-American laws.
House, there is considerable space. This book tells the story of England.
The structure of the two houses means that there are many lords and nobles in the upper house.
About 426 people in the hospital; Members of the House of Commons come from all over the world.
Tribal discussion of well-off adults ",***658 people. discuss
For the power of the house, it is pointed out that "the king has the right to decide, but
It must be approved by "(Parliament)"; Wanghanghang
If something goes wrong, the organizer should submit it to the "Bariman" forum. beautiful
China is a country without a king, and the military must be
"Western Industry" conferences followed. Western industry is today's Senate.
(Senate), whose members are elected. The election is to put
Ticket "secret book storage office", "recommended the most.
The winner was chosen. "The French set up the" Occupy Ma Afu "(Les
Chambres), its system is similar to that of Britain. ①
The Yearbook of the Four Continents discusses the parliamentary organizations in Britain, the United States and France.
Power relations, elections, etc. Lin Zexu introduced these concepts.
The related names are transliterated, such as those translated by the upper house.
"Good Law Department", translated by the House of Commons as "Good Law Department", originally
It belongs to the House of Lords and the House of Commons.
Transliteration, but they have not been converted. Those who are not familiar with the original text can have a look.
Such as Zhang Er monk, confused. Lin Zexu seems to be right.
Not satisfied with your work, the content needs to be improved.
Step enrichment, so decided to urge Wei Yuan to make a comprehensive supplement.
Charge.
But Wei Yuan's supplement did not surpass Lin Zexu's.
The reason for the chronicle of the four continents is his "learning from foreigners to control foreigners"
His thoughts limited his personal vision and focused on understanding English.
People's armor is very fragile in parliamentary politics.
I copied the contents of the annals of the four continents without further distribution.
Wave. More prominent is that Wei Yuan mentioned the House of Representatives.
The majority decision principle, "all good, all evil; three
Take the second, abandon its independence and follow its same ",feeling is a beautiful system."
Degree. ②
As the concreteness of democracy, especially democratic politics.
Operation-Parliamentary thought entered China and accelerated China.
This democratic process, in this way, has the five factions of the Qing court.
The minister's overseas inspection of constitutionalism not only deepened the theory, but also
So far, China has entered a tense stage in the implementation of the examination.
The implementation period of drums.
Parliamentary thought entered China in about 1840.
Undoubtedly, it promoted the process of "democratic" politics in China. while
The people introduced at that time can be roughly divided into three categories: one is
Gentlemen with traditional fame, such as Feng Guifen and Wang Tao;
One is government officials, such as Lin Zexu and Wei Yuan. one
Class B are missionaries who came to China from the west, such as maddox. forest
Xu first noticed the western "democratic" politics.
China officials.
Lin Zexu and On the Use of Soldiers
In order to prepare for the war of aggression, western military,
Knowledge and information in science and technology will become Lin Zexu.
Point to the content of concern. Excerpt from the fourth issue of Macau Monthly.
This can be seen clearly in the fight. "Theory of use.
Soldiers "collected some naval materials from Guangdong and Fujian, and Lin
Then Xu commented on these naval battles according to books and newspapers translated from Macao. "I know that westerners are extremely reserved about naval masters and are afraid of the coast."
Owl and fishing boat egg households ",(3) and learned that English ships are afraid of me.
Fighting fire with fire has further developed Lin Zexu's "popular support"
"Therefore, in the war of anti-aggression, there is no idea of recruiting.
Fishermen and egg farmers are brave enough to enter the water and go out by fire boat.
The combativeness of unexpectedly attacking the enemy and winning many battles has been greatly enhanced.
Its determination and confidence to resist aggression.
Through the understanding of the western military situation, Lin Zexu
Recognizing Britain's military superiority and advancement,
In order to learn from the British army, he also bought it from Macao.
I bought military technical materials and organized the translation of relevant European styles.
The artillery aimed at launching technical books and trained the army to learn.
With European artillery, it is applied to the defense of Guangdong. for
In order to change China's military backwardness, Lin Zexu passed
Macao actively introduced western advanced naval guns, such as He.
From Macao, "try to buy western bronze cannons and refine them from other countries"
Pig iron cannons range from 5000 kg to 89000 kg.
Make it easy to attack from a long distance. (4) These copper and iron cannons are used for installation.
Equipped with Humen Fort and Guangdong Navy Ship. Foreign sailboat
I can't introduce him. He bought merchant ships through American businessmen.
"Gammilizhi", converted into a warship with * * *
Equipped with 34 British cannons. Lin Zexu tried to cooperate with the navy.
Guan Tianpei, the prefect, cooperated with this ship as a model.
The modernization of navy can be said to be the westernization of modern China.
The earliest germination of sports.
The law of war tells us that knowing ourselves and knowing ourselves is invincible.
The requirements of war practice. 65438+British assets in the 1940s.
In order to maintain the evil opium trade and control China,
In this vast market, it is only a matter of time before China goes against the trend.
Things. In the process of smoking ban, Lin Zexu realized through contact with the outside world
I realized that "I must often visit foreigners and tell them with ambition". begin
Preparing for the coming opium war is in the "forest"
Since he went to Guangdong last year, he has asked people to inquire about and translate western things every day.
In the book "On Knowing People", I know that westerners are very reserved about the navy and are afraid of owls and disciples along the coast.
Fishing boat egg households. "It is through mutual understanding, Lin Ze.
Xu not only saw the corruption of China's navy and people's power.
Great, but also saw the cowardice of the British enemy, so I believed it.
"popular support", and then recruit fishermen and egg farmers.
Five thousand people became brave, practiced day and night and became latecomers.
The powerful fighting capacity against the British army.
In addition to investigating the dynamics of the British enemy, they also organized special
People translated foreign books and newspapers and compiled Petrochemical Yi Yan and Sizhou.
Records and National Law, etc. Introduce foreign political classics.
Economy, geographical location and customs make the people of China
There is a clearer understanding abroad, which is also recognized by Lin Zexu.
It is widely known that Britain is "70,000 miles by sea" from China.
The country is strictly fortified, "waiting for work and fighting against it", making Britain
The ship sneaked at sea, afraid to offend Guangzhou, and was trapped in the sea.
noodle Although we were in a defensive position in the Opium War,
However, Lin Zexu is fully aware of the enemy's situation.
Take the initiative in the war.
Even after being removed from his post, he did not forget to study this place.
Look into it. 1841April 14 invited Lin zexu to discuss the defense.
At that time, I was still happy to present a book of more than 2,000 words.
The defense plan of eastern Guangdong province is planned for each other in this way.
Explain: "Zhou spy reported the enemy's situation and arrested the traitor. The British army went.
The' diurnal variation' of movements is inconsistent and must be properly scheduled.
Personnel, or take turns to modify the diversion to find out, or in Macao.
Sit in the middle. "This once again shows Lin Zexu's research on the enemy.
Attach great importance to it.
Lin Zexu and "Newsprint"
After Macao was occupied by Portuguese colonists,
People from western countries continue to emigrate to Macao, making Macao
Gradually become the foothold of western businessmen and opium dealers.
Drug trafficking centers and foreign invaders (especially Britain)
Intelligence collection stations and supply bases. Because of this, big
The quantity of modern western culture, knowledge and all kinds of information also
Then it was brought into Macao, which led to the news of Macao.
With the development and prosperity of printing industry, "newsprint" came into being.
Born.
Macao has gathered a lot of western culture and information and has become
Lin Zexu knows a window to the west. Due to the Qing dynasty
Closed to the outside world for a long time, but culturally.
Ignorant absolutism does not allow any deviation from the "scripture"
"Heresy" and "heresy" exist, and the prohibition of books has been strict throughout the ages.
Rarely, reading Yishu is even more outrageous. Therefore,
It is difficult for modern western advanced culture and knowledge to enter China.
Domestic. Macao has become the residence of westerners.
, virtually became the only channel for China to the west.
Things, places to get western information. In Macau, no.
It's just that all kinds of western books have been introduced, and westerners are still doing it.
There are various newspapers, such as Guangzhou Weekly and Guangzhou Chronicle.
Newspapers (these two newspapers were originally run by Guangzhou, May 1839.
Moved to Macao) and free travel in Singapore. , these kinds.
Newspapers are collectively referred to as "Macao Newsprint". except for...
Macau magazine, China newspaper, etc. These newspapers and periodicals
The main content involves foreigners' views on current affairs policies.
Reactions, reports and comments, etc. This is Lin Zexu.
What is needed in the anti-smoking activities and the anti-aggression struggle. because
As soon as Lin Zexu arrived in Guangdong, he made Macao his home.
The first place to learn about the outside world. Yonglin zexuzi
I said: "Its Macau is a place where China people and foreigners are mixed, and it is a country.
The gathering of the Yi people is the most heard ... and it is published by the Yi people.
Newsprint, every other seven days, immediately brush out, department.
Spread the story of Guangdong to the whole country, and spread the story of the whole country to the whole country.
When I went to Guangdong, I met the Pond Newspaper in the Mainland.
Yes He didn't read with China people who didn't know foreigners.
Words, just don't look. I have hired an interpreter in recent years, so I came here.
I bought newsprint and translated it in secret, from which I gained foreign feelings.
In fact, there are many methods of control and preparation, many of which come from this. "(5) from
From March 1839 to June 1840+065438+ 10, Lin Zexu organized a review.
Translated foreign newspapers and books in Macao, Jin Anqing was at
Biography of Lin Wenzhong said, "The public has its own news.
Paper, and foreign records, through retranslation, can get a glimpse.
Think, what do you do with foreigners in a day, fiber will hear, west
This is God's help. ⑥ Macao's unique knowledge of western learning can be seen.
The collection conditions of cultural information are only for Lin Zexu and the like.
People of insight know the west and the outside world.
The door of convenience.
As a feudal government official, Lin Zexu can
It is enough to break through the barriers of conservative forces and strive to explore new ideas in the West.
Know that learning from the west has a far-reaching impact, which is when.
More or less delayed China's colonization by Britain.
The process of civilization has also created China's civilization and openness.
An indelible contribution.