No matter in school or in society, everyone has tried to write papers, which is a means to study some academic problems. So, how to write a paper? The following is a model essay on the format of biological science papers compiled by me for your reference, hoping to help friends in need.

abstract:

With the exploration and development of science and technology in China, the research of biological science and technology has become the focus of human attention since the 20th century, and its development is closely related to people's lives, changing people's production activities and outlook on life. With the continuous maturity of biological science and technology, biological science is gradually applied to the fields of modern medicine, agriculture and industry, and it is also of great significance to the study of gene inheritance and biochemistry. Therefore, attaching importance to the development and application of biological science is an important subject related to life. This paper expounds the development and application of biological science from three aspects: the application of biological science, the progress of research results and the influence of biological science on society.

Key words:

Biological sciences; Science and technology; Development; Application; research progress

Biological science is a discipline that studies the law of life activities and the essence of life, and it is a favorable tool to understand nature. Since 1950s, the construction of DNA double helix structure and the major breakthrough of gene recombination have made modern biotechnology gradually mature. The development of biological science has greatly promoted the development of medicine and agriculture. Paying attention to the development of biological science has brought great influence to human production and life.

I. Research achievements and development of biological sciences

(A) the implementation of the genome project

The main purpose of gene decoding is to decipher the genetic code of genes and solve the mystery of life. At present, the production of genetic map, physical map and transcription map by researchers has been completed by relevant production units, which has great theoretical progress and practical significance and high commercial value. From June 5, 2003 to 10, Chinese scientists successfully decoded the genome of Plutella xylostella. After three years of research, the genome map of Plutella xylostella was finally obtained. Scientists pointed out that we will further cooperate and communicate with people at home and abroad, and continue to carry out functional genomics and genetics research closely related to drug resistance and feeding growth and development after the genome research of Plutella xylostella is completed, so as to provide scientific basis for effective defense and continuous control of Plutella xylostella.

(B) the implementation and application of cell totipotency technology

With the further development of human genome map, more biological models will be revealed through important animal and plant genomes. Cell totipotency technology is an advanced technology to create new varieties quickly and homozygously. After 2 1 century, important theoretical issues such as the origin of organisms, the production of primitive cells, the formation and transformation of new organisms have been greatly developed in China. Human understanding of the nature of biological life will be further improved, which will have a great impact on the theoretical and practical development of biological cell totipotency technology and play a guiding role in the cultivation of new crop varieties.

(3) Biometric technology

Biometric technology refers to the technology of identifying people according to their inherent physiological or behavioral characteristics. At present, the most widely used ones include: fingerprint recognition, palm geometry recognition, voice recognition, face recognition and so on. Biometric technology is not easy to forget, has high anti-counterfeiting performance, is not easy to be stolen, is easy to carry, and is easy to be used with computers, thus enhancing the automatic management in the use process, and has been widely used in places such as winning or losing, the army, and banks. However, due to the high technical content of biometric technology, some of them are still in the experimental stage.

Second, the application of biological science.

Biological science and technology in agriculture

Since the 20th century, in the field of biological sciences, the birth of molecular biology and the rise of modern biotechnology have become one of the greatest events in the progress of human society. From the end of 20th century to the beginning of 20th century, the breakthrough research of genomics pushed biotechnology to a stage of rapid development. The development of animal, plant and microbial technology in agriculture has greatly promoted agriculture. Moreover, with the popularization and application of transgenic technology, agriculture has developed accordingly. At the same time, the use of pest resistance and herbicides has promoted the commercialization of transgenic cotton, corn, peanuts and soybeans. Modern molecular biology and traditional animal and plant breeding have given birth to new molecular breeding.

(b) the application of biological science in medicine

The application of biological science in the development of pharmaceutical industry has reached a relatively mature stage. After the reform and opening up, biotechnology pharmacy has been highly valued, and a lot of manpower and financial resources have been invested in the development of biotechnology. Therefore, China's biotechnology pharmacy has developed rapidly and reached the international level. From July, 2065438 to July, 2003, shenzhen huada gene research institute Asian Cancer Research Organization cooperated to complete the research project of stem cell oncogene, which is another important biological research achievement after the research on the integration mechanism of hepatitis B virus. By sequencing the whole genome of 88 cancer patients, some gene mutations related to the occurrence and development of hepatocellular carcinoma were found, and two key pathways of hepatocellular carcinoma were found, which laid the foundation for the development of drugs for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in the future.

Third, the impact of biological science on society.

Since 1970s, with the development of biological science, breakthroughs have been made in basic research of biological science. China's achievements in biotechnology have been recognized by the public all over the world. With the rapid development of industrialization and commercialization, biotechnology has a good development environment. By summing up the development experience in various fields of society, it is concluded that the development of biotechnology still faces many challenges. China's scientific research management departments should increase human and financial support for scientific research projects of universities or scientific research groups, encourage more young scientists and technical experts to devote themselves to biological science research, and provide them with multidisciplinary training, so that the development of multidisciplinary science can be highly integrated, thus promoting the integration of multiple fields and promoting the innovation and healthy development of biological science and technology in modern society.

Four. Concluding remarks

Biotechnology research is the source of scientific application research. With the progress of science and technology and the integration of various disciplines, biological science has gradually developed from simplification to multi-level and multi-faceted science and technology, from macro-development to micro-operability. The development of biological science has had an important impact on people's production and life, and has won more and more attention. China has made breakthroughs in biotechnology development, and the research results are all over the world. I believe that if we go on like this, we will win great achievements in biological science. Strengthen the research process of biological science and technology, promote the benign and beneficial development of modern biological science and technology, and realize the rapid and good development of science and technology in China.

References:

[1] Zhou Yijun, Zhang Shuping, Yang Lin, et al. Exploration and practice of comprehensive research-oriented field practice in biological sciences in universities for nationalities ―― Taking the experimental base of Central University for Nationalities as an example [J]. Research on Ethnic Education, 2009,20 (5):18-22.

[2] Hao Jianhua, Lu Xiangyun, Han. Construction of applied undergraduate talents training program for biological science major ―― Taking biological science (normal) major of Changshu Institute of Technology as an example [J]. New Curriculum Research (Higher Education), 20 1 1, (3): 14-65438+.

[3] Zhao Gerard, Su,, etc. Teaching reform and practice of comprehensive field practice in biological science ―― Taking biological science major of Inner Mongolia Normal University as an example [J]. Journal of Inner Mongolia Normal University (Education Science Edition), 201,24 (5): 148- 18.

[4] Li Chaohui, Zhou Feng and Hua Chun. Reform and practice of the training program of biological science major in colleges and universities ―― Taking the biological science major of Nanjing Xiaozhuang University as an example [J]. Journal of nanjing xiaozhuang university, 2013,25 (5): 66-68.

[5] Ye Hui, Ding Fei and Wang Zhaohui. Practice and exploration on the integration of major and key disciplines ―― Taking Nantong University as an example [J]. Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2012,40 (23):11885-18.

format

(1) title

Scientific papers are all titled and cannot be "untitled". The topic of the thesis is generally about 20 words. The size of the topic should be consistent with the content, with no subtitle, 1 report and secondary report as far as possible. Thesis topics are all in a direct narrative tone, without exclamation marks and question marks, and scientific and technological paper topics cannot be written as advertisements or news reports.

(2) Signature

Scientific papers should be signed with real names and real work units. Mainly reflects the responsibility and achievement attribution, which is convenient for future generations to follow up. Strictly speaking, the author of the paper refers to the person who is responsible for the whole process of the paper, such as topic selection, argumentation, literature review, scheme design, compilation method, experimental operation, data arrangement, induction and summary, writing, etc., and should be the person who can answer the relevant questions of the paper. Nowadays, people who take part in the work are often listed, so they should be arranged according to the contribution. The signature of the paper should be recognized by myself. According to the actual situation, academic tutors can be listed as paper authors or general thanks. Administrative leaders generally do not sign their names.

(3) Introduction

This is a fascinating text in the newspaper. It is very important to write well. A good paper introduction can often let readers know the development of your work and its position in this research direction. The basis, foundation, background and research purpose of the thesis. It is necessary to review the necessary literature and state the development of the problem. Use concise words.

(4) Materials and methods

According to the provisions, truthfully write out the experimental objects, equipment, animals and reagents and their specifications, and write out the experimental methods, indicators and judgment standards. , and write the experimental design, grouping and statistical methods. These can be done in accordance with the magazine's submission rules.

(v) Experimental results

It should be highly generalized, carefully analyzed and logically stated. We should choose the best from the rough, discard the false and retain the true, but we should not make subjective choices because it does not meet our own intentions, let alone resort to deceit. Only the data obtained in the period of unskilled technology or unstable instrument, technical failure or operational error, and data obtained when experimental conditions are not met can be discarded. Moreover, when problems are found, the reasons must be indicated on the original records, and it is not allowed to eliminate them at will due to anomalies during summary processing. When discarding this kind of data, we should discard the experimental data under the same conditions at the same time, not just those that are not what we want. The arrangement of experimental results should be closely related to the theme, and some data may not be suitable for this paper and can be used for other purposes. Don't cram it into a paper. Articles should use technical terms as much as possible. Don't use charts for those who can use tables, and it is best not to use charts for those who can use tables, so as not to occupy more space and increase the difficulty of typesetting. Words, tables and charts do not repeat each other. Special circumstances such as accidental phenomena and unexpected changes in the experiment should be explained as necessary and should not be discarded at will.

(6) Discussion

This is the key and difficult point of this paper. We should look at the overall situation, grasp the main controversial issues, and discuss from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge. It is necessary to analyze and reason the experimental results instead of repeating them. We should focus on the achievements and opinions in the relevant literature at home and abroad, and show our own views, especially the opposing views. In the discussion of the paper, you can put forward assumptions and ideas about the development of this topic, but the discretion should be appropriate, and it should not be written as "science fiction" or "imagination".

(7) Conclusion or conclusion

The conclusion of the paper should write clear and reliable results and conclusive conclusions. The text of the paper should be concise and can be written item by item. Don't use such vague words as "summary".

(VIII) Reference to professionalism

This is a very important and problematic part of the paper. The purpose of listing the references of the thesis is to let readers know the ins and outs of the research proposition of the thesis, to facilitate the search, and to respect the work of predecessors and to have an accurate positioning of their own work. So there are both technical problems and scientific moral problems here. A paper has references that need to be cited almost from beginning to end. For example, the most important and directly related documents should be cited in the introduction of the paper; In terms of methods, the methods adopted or used for reference should be cited; In the results, it is sometimes necessary to quote data to compare with literature; In the discussion, various supporting or contradictory results or viewpoints related to the paper should be cited. Completely careless, do not check the literature; Deliberately not quoting, boasting innovation; Degrade others and raise yourself; It's wrong to pose lightly while avoiding weight. However, this phenomenon still appears from time to time in many papers, which should be regarded as a taboo for researchers. Among them, mistakes such as not consulting documents, omitting important documents, deliberately not quoting other people's documents or deliberately belittling other people's work are obvious and easy to find. Some practices are subtle, such as introducing what should be in the introduction and introducing it into the discussion. This will be the basis or forerunner of your thesis, and put it on an equal footing with your thesis. For another example, scientific research always develops in depth, and your work always develops on the basis of previous work. The correct writing should be, what did someone do on this topic in a certain year, and what did someone do on this basis in a certain year? Now I have finished this research on the basis of them. This is an attitude of seeking truth from facts, and this expression will not harm your contribution at all. Some authors don't say this, but say that someone did this problem for a year and didn't do it for a year, and now I have done it. This is not a realistic attitude. This can sometimes fool some laymen who don't know the truth, but only one insider needs to poke it, and the paper tiger will be broken, and the result will be self-defeating and lose credibility. This phenomenon is not uncommon in real life.

thank you

Thanks to directors, technical assistants, providers of special reagents or equipment, financial sponsors and people who made important suggestions. Paper thanks should be sincere and true, not vulgar. Don't thank the professor in general, and don't just thank others. Before writing a paper to thank you, you should get the consent of the person being thanked, and you should not pull the banner into a tiger skin.

(10) abstract or abstract

Briefly summarize the full text of the paper in about 200 words. Always put the first one. The abstract of the paper needs to be carefully written and attractive. Let the reader read the abstract of the paper just like seeing the miniature of the paper, or want to continue reading the relevant parts of the paper after reading the abstract of the paper. In addition, several key words should be given, and the key words should be written in real key academic vocabulary, not in general terms.

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