Association, imagination, symbolism (expressing meaning through objects), comparison, contrast, contrast, seeing the big from the small, expressing emotion through scenery (blending scenes), paving the way and foreshadowing, taking care of before and after (echoing), describing directly (indirectly), promoting and restraining (promoting first and then restraining).

These functions are as follows:

1. Symbol: Lyrics are expressed by chanting things, and the author's feelings are often expressed euphemistically and tortuous with the help of certain characteristics of certain plants, animals and objects.

Function: First of all, it shows abstract things as concrete and perceptible images. Secondly, you can make the article more subtle and give it profound meaning with what is in front of you.

2. Set off: Set off the body from the front and back angles with other bodies. Function: Highlight the xx characteristics of ontology.

3. Contrast: Compare two opposite things or two opposite aspects of a thing.

Function: clearly highlight the xx characteristics of the main things or the main aspects of things.

4. Lyric by borrowing scenery: express the author's sincere thoughts and feelings by describing concrete and vivid natural scenery or life scenes.

Function: Blend the scenes to make the article poetic.

5. Restrain before promoting: first deny or belittle the image of things, then dig deep into the characteristics and inner meaning of things, and then affirm and praise things. Function: Highlight the characteristics of objects (people).

6. Side (indirect) description: The side highlights the XX character, conduct and skills of the characters, making the structure of the article more concentrated and compact, and the expression more concise and concise.

The combination of direct description and indirect description can make the characteristics of the characters or scenery described more distinct and prominent.

7, bedding and bedding: role: the content is both before and after, and the plot is seamless.

8. Care: Narrative: Make the article seamless, with a strong sense of integrity and highlight the theme.

Argumentative essay: strengthen the argument of ××. Prose: repeatedly express ×× emotion, and increase the depth of emotion.

9. Lenovo: the psychological process of thinking of another thing from one thing.

Function: enrich the content of the article, make the characters fuller, the personality more distinct and prominent, and the plot more vivid and touching.

10. Imagination: the psychological process of creating a new image on the basis of the original perceptual image.

Function: Serve for shaping image and expressing theme. Let readers accept the influence of beauty

1 1, allusions

There are two kinds: quoting useful things and quoting previous poems. Using things is to express the author's thoughts and feelings through historical stories, including his position and attitude towards some problems in real life, personal feelings and wishes. , belongs to the ancient express my feelings.

The purpose of quoting or using predecessors' poems is to deepen the artistic conception in poems, to urge people to associate and to seek meaning beyond words.

12, combination of excess and deficiency

It means that the scenes and events in reality are set against each other and intertwined with those in imagination to express the same feelings.

13, rendering

Describe the environment and scenery in many ways, highlight the image and strengthen the artistic effect.

14, dynamic and static

Describe things and scenery dynamically and statically, and the two set each other off.

15, express your thoughts directly.

Express your feelings on the spot and express the poet's philosophical thinking about natural scenery.

16, support things and express your heart

On the basis of trying to describe things, we should integrate the author's feelings and entrust the author's mind.

(2) Expression:

1, narrative

Describe the occurrence, development and change of characters experience or something.

Step 2 describe

Describe and portray people, events and environment in detail with vivid language.

Step 3 discuss

Views on the nature, right and wrong, value, characteristics and functions of people and things.

4. Lyricism

Express the author's strong subjective feelings such as love and hate, likes and dislikes, joys and sorrows, and philharmonic. There are direct lyric and indirect lyric.

(3) Rhetoric:

1, metaphor

Compare one thing or situation with another. It can be divided into simile, metaphor and metonymy. It can highlight the characteristics of things and visualize abstract things.

2. Metonymy

Borrow something relevant, not what you want to express. Metonymy can use parts to represent the whole, concrete to replace abstraction, and features to replace people. The use of metonymy makes the language concise and implicit.

Step 3 exaggerate

An enlarged or reduced description of the image, characteristics, function and degree of things. It has the function of expressing things more prominently and vividly.

4. Duality

Use a pair of sentences or phrases with the same structure and the same number of words to express two relative or similar meanings. Formally, the language is concise, neat and symmetrical; From the content point of view, the meaning is more concentrated and implicit.

Step 5 compare

It is anthropomorphic to say that people are human beings, or simulacra to say that people are crops. Contrast has the function of prompting readers to associate and making the people, things and things described more vivid and vivid.

6, parallelism

Say several sentences or phrases with closely related contents, the same or similar structure and the same tone in succession.

Step 7 ask questions

Ask questions first, and then express your opinions. The introduction of the question led to the whole article, with the question in the middle, connecting the preceding with the following, and the question at the end, which deepened the theme and made people memorable.

8. rhetorical question

Express clear meaning in the form of questions. Used to strengthen tone and express strong feelings.

9. cheer up

Xing is to say something else first and let the lyrics be sung.

(4) Genre is divided into article genre and literary genre. Article genre: narrative, explanatory and argumentative. Literary genre: poetry, novel, drama, prose.