Keywords: Confucius' educational thought of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude
First, on the premise of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude
Zi Ri: "If you don't suffer from people's ignorance, you don't know people." Knowing people means knowing "talents", which is the premise of teaching students according to their aptitude. Confucius said, "I don't know who is sick." For Confucius' self-cultivation, knowing who you are can make you "see the sage Si Qi, but if you don't, you will be introspective"; For Confucius' teaching, knowing people means knowing all aspects of the object of education. Only by understanding students' personality, interests, ambitions, pursuits, advantages and disadvantages can we teach according to the understanding of these "talents", otherwise the blind will touch the elephant. Therefore, Confucius was most worried and anxious about not knowing the situation of others, especially his disciples. "Ignorance of people" means ignorance of "materials", so it is impossible to teach students in accordance with their aptitude.
So, how to "know people and know materials"? Ziri: "Look at what it is, what it is, what it is." What is the degree of people? "That is to say, if you usually observe someone's behavior, motivation and hobbies, you can clearly understand him. Confucius usually pays great attention to observing students' words and deeds, personality, advantages and disadvantages.
Second, the content of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude
1, determine the teaching content according to the students' acceptance ability. Confucius said, "If you are above Chinese, you can also use words." . If you are below the average person, you can't become one in language ",which means that you can tell him what is above, that is, profound, to people above the average person; Don't talk to people below average, talk to them in a simple way. The content of learning should be determined according to the students' learning situation. As recorded in The Analects of Confucius Yan Yuan, Fan Chi, Sima Niu, Zhong Gong and Yan Yuan once asked Confucius about benevolence, and Confucius gave different answers. Ask Ren. The next day: "lover"; Sima Niu asked Ren. Zi Ri: "Benevolence begins with words"; Nakamiya wenren. Zi Ri: "Going out is like seeing a distinguished guest, which makes people like bearing a big sacrifice. Don't do to others what you don't want them to do to you. Confucius gave four different answers to the same question according to the different foundation and attainments of each student, which was in line with each student's ideological reality and the basic concept of benevolence. It is precisely because of the full understanding of students that Confucius' education and teaching can be carried out according to the actual level and personality characteristics of students.
2. Determine teaching methods according to students' characteristics. Confucius attached great importance to teaching according to the characteristics of students. Confucius can give different answers to the same question according to students' different personality characteristics. For example, the answer to the question "Steven Zhu Xing" is a typical example. Lutz asked, "Where's Sven?" Zi Ri: "Why bother to do it when there are brothers and fathers here?" You Ran asked, "Where is Sven?" The next day: "Steven will do it." They asked exactly the same questions, but Confucius' answers were so different that Gong Xihua, a student, was puzzled and asked Confucius why.
3. Pay attention to developing students' specialties. Students have different hobbies, as the saying goes: "The knower enjoys water, while the benevolent enjoys Leshan;" Those who know move, and those who are kind are quiet. "Among his disciples, Yan Hui is kind and brave, Zi Gong is good at business, and Ran Qiu is good at politics. According to his different hobbies, Confucius set up four subjects, namely, morality, language, politics and literature, to give full play to his specialties.
Third, the principle of "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude"
Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude is still an important teaching principle in current educational theory. This requires educators to fully understand "materials", adopt methods that conform to both objective laws and students' reality, and give full play to students' subjective initiative, so as to cultivate talents with their own specialties and meet the needs of society. In the teaching practice of "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude", we should at least do the following two things:
1. In-depth understanding and analysis of each student's "material". In the teaching process, teachers are the dominant and students are the main body. To implement "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude", teachers must have a deep understanding of "materials" and know every student's situation like the back of their hands before they can talk about teaching. The materials here include students' qualifications, personality, hobbies, knowledge base and so on. Each student's situation in the above aspects is different, and the difference is self-evident. For example, some students are very talented, while others are slow. Some students are confident and brave, while others feel inferior and cowardly; Some students are active in thinking, while others are rigid in thinking; Some students like literature, others like math and so on. These are all manifestations of students' "material" differences. As teachers, we must carefully understand these differences and analyze their nature and reasons. Then, let's talk about teaching students in accordance with their aptitude in the park.
2. Targeted, formulate reasonable teaching methods and systems. Teachers can make reasonable methods and systems according to the actual situation of students on the basis of fully understanding the students' information. The author believes that the following methods are worth learning:
(1) level teaching. Hierarchical teaching is to divide levels according to students' original foundation and arrange classes in different levels. Students at the same level are in the same class, which not only avoids the inconvenience caused by uneven teaching, but also facilitates mutual help and promotion among students.
(2) Credit system. The credit system requires students to graduate as long as they complete the required credits at school. This system breaks the shackles of years of study on students, greatly exerts students' subjective initiative, and enables students of different degrees and types to find their proper places.
(3) Course elective system. Course elective system is to ensure the study of compulsory courses, and at the same time, let students choose their favorite courses according to their hobbies and existing foundations. Schools should offer as many elective courses as possible to meet the different needs of all kinds of students under the premise of teachers and equipment conditions.
(4) Dynamic teaching methods. Dynamic teaching means that teachers adopt constantly changing teaching means according to the actual situation of students and courses. In the past, most of the teachers' teaching methods were invariable and cramming, which obviously could not keep up with the development of the situation. Teachers should actively adopt dynamic teaching methods, such as multimedia teaching and situational teaching, so as to achieve good teaching results.
The above is my humble opinion on Confucius' educational theory of "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude". The purpose is to apply it to my teaching practice through research and exploration, coordinate the relationship between teaching and learning, and make my teaching level improve and develop continuously.
References:
[1] Qian Mu, New Interpretation of the Analects of Confucius [M]. Shanghai: Sanlian Bookstore, 2002.
[2] Wang Li, Ancient Chinese [M]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1 962