1925- 1929 Qian studied in the physics department of Shanghai Datong University, and benefited the most from the teaching of physics teachers such as Hu and others.
The picture shows Li Shizeng and Qian taking a group photo in front of the Shanghai World Club. Third from the left in the front row, Li Shizeng, president of Beiping Research Institute, and Qian, a famous physicist, left from the back row. Now it is collected in Yan Jici Memorial Hall. Now it is collected in Yan Jici Memorial Hall.
After graduating from college, Qian taught in middle schools in Xingning County and Shanghai. A year later, I had the opportunity to go to Shenyang and work as a teaching assistant in the Physics Department of Northeastern University. After class, under the guidance of professors, Qian did it himself on a small lathe, made instruments with waste materials and parts, and completed Millikan oil drop experiment and radio wave experiment instrument with wavelength of 2 meters, which was considered very difficult at that time.
193 1 After the September 18th Incident, Northeastern University teachers and students were forced to enter the customs. Just when money was hesitant, it coincided with the establishment of the Institute of Physics of Peking Research Institute. Although the establishment of four assistants in the institute is full, Qian is still employed by the director and enters the field of scientific research under the guidance of him. In three years, two projects have been completed: one is the study of the photosensitive effect of pressure on photographic latex, and the other is the study of the charge generated by crystal cylinder under torsion and its electric oscillation. In the early days of the foundation, the shortage of funds and manpower was a national disaster. The vast number of patriotic young people are interested in learning a technology that is beneficial to national defense in order to resist Japan. In view of the difficulty of importing simple telescopes and microscopes at that time, Qian resolutely chose glass grinding technology and tried to make simple optical instruments. At that time, people had several jobs, but they were United as one, and everyone enjoyed it. 1In the summer of 934, Qian studied in Britain for the second time at public expense. The 26 physicists in the same session include Qian and Wei. After arriving in England, Qian entered University College London to study. His first research topic is to continue the experiment of "crystal cylinder produces charge under torsion" brought from China. The important conclusion is that hollow crystal cylinder produces bulk charge under torsion.
Then, the tutor put forward a topic of fluid mechanics, which money didn't understand at that time. But he was willing to contact all kinds of research topics, so he accepted it happily at once. This is a subject to study the velocity distribution of laminar flow at various points on the cross section in a flume. The velocity distribution of laminar cross-section in the tank is a classic problem that has been solved for a long time, but the velocity distribution after water injection is a new problem. Qian consulted the paper published by Schleiding in 1933. According to the boundary theory, the longitudinal and lateral velocities of water flow from the water injection port are obtained without considering the lateral acceleration of water flow. The experimental data of Qian is consistent with the above theoretical calculation below Reynolds number 800. So he wrote the paper "Velocity Distribution of Water Injection in Water", which discussed the momentum, effective source and kinetic energy of water injection. He also discussed Schleiding's theory. After completing the above two tasks, the instructor thought that Qian had the ability to choose the topic independently, so he was asked to choose the topic himself.
1In the autumn of 934, international conferences on pure physics and applied physics were held in London and Cambridge. Influenced by the discussion at this meeting, Qian embarked on the road of studying the normal deformation of crystals. He chose alkali metal sodium and potassium with low melting points as working substances, and molybdenum single crystal with melting point as high as 2630℃ as samples. The work of molybdenum has received the cooperation of Rusong Zhou. According to their data, Professor Andrett summed up an empirical rule: when the ratio of working temperature to metal melting point is less than 0.24, the slip surface is (112); When it is between 0.26 and 0.50, the sliding surface is (110); When it is 0.8, the sliding surface is (123). This rule also applies to crystals such as tungsten and β-brass. This is the most complete summary of the slip change law of body-centered cubic crystals at that time.
In the study of normal deformation of sodium, potassium and molybdenum, Qian also observed that the Laue spot turned into discontinuous star awn after the crystal was stretched, indicating that the crystal split into substructures with slightly different orientations during the deformation process.
Qian studied in England for three years. She studied subjects and published five papers. 1in the spring of 937, the guidance professor asked him to summarize the results of three works, Crystal, Fluid Mechanics and Regular Deformation of Body-centered Cubic Crystal, into a paper for defense. At that time, China was in a semi-colonial position. Stimulated by the unfair treatment of an Indian student by the instructor, Qian was very angry and decided not to take a degree from a colonial country. He politely refused his tutor's kindness and wrote to Director Yan Jici, expressing his hope to get a degree from his motherland. Unfortunately, China's degree system was only established in 1980s, so he never got a degree. When China's degree system was established, Qian was a doctoral supervisor in the history of solid state physics and natural science.
During his stay in Britain, Qian did not forget the need of the motherland to resist Japan, but also took time to study applied optics, including grinding glass and designing lenses. Every summer vacation, he studied hard in a famous optical factory in London, learned from his master the special technology created by the factory, and used Grint Wyman interferometer to repair the defects in optical components. Money not only studies hard and engages in research, but also takes part in labor, so life is very tense. However, he is good at combining work and rest. For example, in a letter to Mr. Taiwan Province Province on 1990, Qian said, "When I was in my thirties, my brother and I traveled in Cambridge, and I was in London. Every holiday, I would travel together." So he is always full of energy.
1April, 937, Qian left London and set foot on the European continent. In recognition of him, London University awarded him CareyFoster Award. In addition to the certificate, I also attached three books, including Newton's Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, which have been treasured so far. 1937 In July, Qian was preparing to continue his research on crystal paradigm in Berlin, when the July 7th Incident broke out in China, and he immediately returned to China. At that time, Beiping had fallen into the hands of the enemy. Regardless of the danger, he was ordered to try to transport many boxes of instruments from the Institute of Physics of Peiping Research Institute to Kunming via Haiphong.
/kloc-in the summer of 0/938, he went to the Institute of Physics of Beiping Research Institute, which moved to Heilongtan in the north of Kunming. Under the leadership of director Yan Jici, he and Lin Youbao and others set up a small optical workshop, and the foreign factory was responsible for processing metal parts, making hundreds of high-power microscopes, including oil-immersed objective lenses and measuring levels, and distributing them to teaching, medical care and engineering construction units in the anti-Japanese rear. When making microscope objective lens, there is an urgent need for a spherometer that can measure the radius of curvature of millimeter or less. At that time, Qian successfully designed a device that could meet this requirement by using an ordinary traveling reading microscope. After the founding of New China, there were many optical instrument factories in China, and the design of micrometer money was widely used.
In the hard days, Qian still insisted on the basic research work of "fine structure of spectrum" He used the Green-Tyman interferometer to insert a prism in front of a 45-degree semi-transparent semi-reflective mirror and a total reflective mirror. When two adjacent spectral lines are incident on the interferometer, a grating pattern composed of two groups of interference fringes can be obtained by properly rotating the prism. He used mercury lamp and sodium lamp to obtain the interference fringes of their respective double lines, and found out the difference of reciprocal wavelengths of the double lines through theoretical calculation. If the difference between the two wavelengths is large, a prism with smaller dispersion and smaller refraction angle is used. Instead, a prism with large dispersion and large refraction angle is used. This method of using Green-Tyman interferometer to decompose spectral lines to study the fine structure of spectra was the first one at that time. 1939, Qian gave a report entitled "Crystal Paradigm and Dislocation Theory" at the academic report meeting of Chinese Physical Society in Kunming. He introduced Taylor's dislocation paper published in 1935 in detail to the participants. This is the first public introduction of dislocation theory in China.
1945 after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Qian went to work in the Institute of Physics of Academia Sinica and began to make metal single crystals. He also designed a high-sensitivity stretching machine (which can measure the strain of 10 ~ 5) to study the micro-deformation of metal single crystals.
1948+0949 During the winter solstice at the beginning of the year, the Nanjing government was preparing to leave the mainland and flee to Taiwan Province Province. At that time, Qian, then acting president of Academia Sinica, was ordered to participate in the relocation of Academia Sinica to Taiwan. He traveled back and forth between Taiwan Province Province and the mainland, witnessed the corruption within the Nanjing government, realized that the China * * * production party had a bright future, and resolutely stayed in the mainland. Soon, he joined the Institute of Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, engaged in the research of metal physics. 1956, he completed the micro-creep of tin single crystal and the slip characteristics caused by surface notch of aluminum single crystal, and observed the fine structure of slip band of aluminum single crystal for the first time with only two imported electron microscopes in China. The above work was carried out in cooperation with He Shouan and Liu. At the same time, Qian cooperated with Soviet experts Hua Xilev and Yang Dayu to study the properties of pre-deformed aluminum single crystals.
Dislocation theory originated in Britain in 1930s and matured in the late 1940s. By 1956, Hirsch of Cambridge University published two papers, which showed that the dislocation images observed in the electron microscope were consistent with Taylor's theoretical model of 1934, which attracted extensive attention in international academic circles. However, due to the influence of Soviet academic circles in China, dislocation theory cannot be popularized for a while. It was not until 1959 that Qian began to write lectures at the Institute of Physics to teach and discuss this internationally recognized theory. Subsequently, two national seminars on crystal defects and metal strength were held. Qian and Yang Shunhua co-wrote an article with more than 6,543,800 words, The Theoretical Basis of Dislocation in Crystals, and made a report at the meeting. Qian also introduced the observation of dislocations in crystals with several colleagues. These two articles were included in the book Crystal Defects and Metal Strength.
1960, the metal physics room of the Institute of Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences was transferred to Shenyang to join the Institute of Metals, and Qian was transferred to China University of Science and Technology to teach, still serving as a researcher at the Institute of Physics.
In the early 1970s, China's silicon single crystal was prepared in hydrogen gas, which claimed to be dislocation-free, but it was easily broken down when it was made into semiconductor devices. During the period of 1978, Cui of the Institute of Physics found that after heat treatment, snowflake images appeared in the X-ray morphology photos of hydrogen-containing silicon single crystals. Please ask money for advice. Qian Zhaolin thinks that it may be because the original silicon hydrogen bond in the crystal is broken after heat treatment, hydrogen atoms move freely in silicon and gather together to form holes, and thermal expansion makes the holes reach the critical shear stress of silicon, so the crystal slides in six sliding directions. The idea was confirmed by experiments. Then the existence of silicon hydrogen bonds is proved by infrared absorption spectrometer, and it is proved theoretically and experimentally that hydrogen-containing silicon single crystals are not suitable for large-scale integrated circuits. When Qian was young, he was deeply influenced by the historian Qian's History and Re-examination of Textual Research, and he liked reading literature and history books since childhood. During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, Qian lived in the Heilongtan Institute of History in Kunming. Whenever he works in the Institute of Physics, he is allowed by Xu Bingchang, director of the Institute of History, to browse books at will. He accidentally got the book Mo Jing, which contains many records related to modern scientific knowledge, especially about geometry and physics. Rereading Liang Qichao's Collation and Interpretation of Mohist Classics, we know that these scientific records have not been fully explained.
Encouraged by Xu Bingchang, he worked hard to write Optics and Mechanics in Mohism Interpretation. In this paper, eight optical articles and five mechanical articles in Mo Jing were revised to reveal China's scientific knowledge in the pre-Qin period. The full text is contained in "Essays on Mr. Li Shizeng's 60th Birthday" published by 1940. In the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, Qian was invited by Science Bulletin and Physics Bulletin to introduce the contents of physics in vernacular Chinese. Since then, China's articles on the Mohist Classic have been published continuously.
From 65438 to 0943, Dr Joseph Needham, a British scholar, came to China and entered Kunming from Myanmar, where he met Qian. Dr Needham was interested in studying the history of science and technology in China, and they had a pleasant talk. When Qian told him that there were scientific and technological materials in the Mohist Classic, Dr. Needham was greatly surprised, and they became friends in words. Qian Zhaolin respects Dr. Needham very much. 1At the end of 990, Qian, who was over 80 years old, made a special trip to Shanghai to preside over the academic report on "Promoting Chinese Excellent Science and Culture and Celebrating Dr. Needham's 90th Birthday".
In the early 1970s, the Astrophysics Research Group was established in China University of Science and Technology, and Qian volunteered to write the first chapter "A Review of Western Universe Theory" for this group. He spent more than three months consulting a large number of historical documents and wrote a manuscript of more than 40 thousand words. This paper introduces some western cosmological theories before19th century, from ancient Greece to the dark period of Western Middle Ages, and then to19th century, from Copernicus in Renaissance to Newton, Kant to Herschel and his son, and comments on the development of western cosmological theories with a history of 2,500 years. From this, he reviewed China's ancient world outlook, and felt that it was rich in oriental colors, self-contained and completely different from the West.
After reading Zhang Hua's "Natural History", Qian found that Lu had four tours, and there was a theory of ground motion in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The book also says that "a person sitting in a boat is unconscious." Qian believes that this not only expresses that the earth is running, but also, in terms of modern physics, it can expand the characteristics of objects moving in the inertial system. Zhang Hua quoted the commercial examination in the late Western Han Dynasty, so China's theory of ground motion should be about 1500 years earlier than Copernicus and Galileo. In this way, Qian told his colleagues that he was written into the book by his colleagues and reported on the stage abroad, which was highly praised by his colleagues. Dai Nianzu made a detailed textual research on "Shangkao" signed by Qian and Dai Nianzu, and included the above opinions in "China Encyclopedia of Physics". As early as 1958, Qian has been teaching general physics to physics students since the founding of the Chinese University of Science and Technology. At that time, under the leadership of President Guo Moruo, a large number of scientists, including Wu, Hua, Qian Xuesen, went to China University of Science and Technology to give lectures. Qian gave a big lecture to one or two hundred students, which was loud, clear and fascinating.
From 65438 to 0970, Qian moved from Beijing to Hefei with the University of Science and Technology of China, and has been working in Hefei ever since.
1972, school resumed. At the age of 66, Qian returned to the podium and enthusiastically taught the students about physics. Under his leadership, teachers actively teach and strive to improve the quality of teaching.
1978, reconstruction of physics teaching and research room. Qian Zhaolin personally presided over the formulation of the whole school physics teaching plan, and carefully selected teachers with high teaching and scientific research level to teach basic physics; Hold regular academic reports, invite off-campus scientists to make special reports, and enliven the academic atmosphere in the school; Plan laboratory construction, encourage and support innovative physics experiments, and carefully examine and approve open physics experiments one by one. Qian also led teachers and students to set up solid microstructure laboratory, electron microscope laboratory and high pressure laboratory in a short time. He also fully supported the establishment of a central laboratory for structural component analysis, which was developed into an open laboratory for structural analysis and research in 1985.
Money always strives for perfection in preparing lessons. In addition to carefully writing the lecture notes, he also lectured while giving lectures, making the lectures intuitive and concrete. In his view, physics is an experimental science, which needs to cultivate students' insight ability from shallow to deep, from this to that, from phenomenon to essence. For example, when he explains Michelson interferometer, he first introduces the production and use of beam splitter to students, then explains the observed phenomena and draws conclusions from them.
He particularly emphasized the rational use of physical demonstration experiments. Under his care, a physics experiment performance room with more than 300 physics demonstration experiments was quickly formed, which greatly enhanced the effect of classroom teaching. When Qian taught the moment of inertia in class, he personally sat on the rotating stool to make a demonstration, and the big classroom suddenly became active, leaving a deep impression on the teachers and students who attended the class. Money requires creating experimental conditions for students to use their hands and brains as much as possible, and opposes letting students do experiments of turning knobs and pressing switches. He asked the physics experiment teacher to use simple instruments and equipment as much as possible, so that students can get clear and accurate physical images through simple operation methods. Under his specific guidance, the optical experiment teacher arranged a series of optical experiments and established an open optical laboratory for students to do it themselves.
65438-0978, China University of Science and Technology enrolled the first young college students. Qian enthusiastically supports young college students, talks with them about ideas and scientific knowledge, and encourages them to grow up healthily. Qian also personally served as the research team leader of the juvenile class.
Qian attaches great importance to the scientific and moral education of young scholars, asking them to base themselves on the motherland and look at the world. In order to promote international academic exchanges, Qian has always attached importance to learning foreign languages. As early as before the "Cultural Revolution", he took the initiative to regularly invite some young teachers to his home to teach them English enthusiastically. Even in the days when money was "isolated and censored" during the Cultural Revolution, he patiently gave foreign language counseling to young teachers around him.
Just after the Cultural Revolution, Qian actively organized people to publish and translate the latest foreign literary works, which improved the foreign language and professional level of the participants. Qian kept close communication with teachers and students who went abroad, introduced them to the domestic situation and the new look of the Chinese University of Science and Technology in time, and covered them with "How bright the moonlight is at home!" I hope they will come back soon to serve the motherland. Qian also actively creates conditions for them to return to school as soon as possible. Members of the Institute of Molecular Biophysics of China University of Science and Technology believe that the establishment and development of the Institute is permeated with the painstaking efforts of money.
Qian shared the same fate with the Chinese University of Science and Technology in the latter half of his life, and made great contributions to the healthy growth of the Chinese University of Science and Technology. When Qian Lao was alive, every time he came back to campus on business trip, he always said happily to the people around him, "Home." One of his wishes before his death was "on the campus of HKUST".
1999, at the age of 93, he finished the last journey of his life. At that time, he was in the provincial hospital, and after learning that his condition was irreversible, he resolutely put forward the requirement of "going home". When I learned that my illness was no longer suitable for nursing treatment at home, I insisted that I should "go home" even if I went back to the hospital in HKUST. At 9: 40 am on July 26th, in the intensive care unit in the southeast corner of the third floor of HKUST University Hospital, Qian Lao's heart slowly stopped beating.
Qian has deep feelings for the older generation of proletarian revolutionaries. He put the portrait of Premier Zhou Enlai in his studio. When Premier Zhou Enlai dedicated his life to the people, he encouraged teachers and students. Premier Zhou Enlai passed away on 1976 1 month, and the whole country mourned. When Qian learned that the Gang of Four had suppressed the masses to mourn for the Prime Minister, he broke through the resistance, regardless of his personal safety, and went straight to the memorial meeting organized by the teachers and students of the Chinese University of Science and Technology, and resolutely took the stage to give a eulogy, remembering the Prime Minister's love and care for intellectuals, his expectations for the development of science and technology education, and also remembering the virtues of his lifelong dedication to public welfare and selfless dedication with great reverence. The words are sincere and the listeners are moved.
Qian Zhaolin devoted his life to the development of physics. During the 40 years since 1943, he has served as director of the Chinese Physical Society and editor-in-chief, deputy editor-in-chief and editor-in-chief of the Journal of Physics. 1955 was elected as a member of the Department of Mathematics and Physics of China Academy of Sciences. 1980 to 1984 served as vice president of China university of science and technology. 1980 was elected as the first chairman of China Electron Microscopy Society and China Science and Technology History Society, and concurrently served as the director of the Academic Committee of China Academy of Sciences and the director of the Open Laboratory of Structural Analysis and Research of University of Science and Technology of China. He is a deputy to the Third National People's Congress and a member of the Fifth and Sixth National Committees of China People's Political Consultative Conference. 1980, Qian joined the China * * * production party at the age of 74.