Chernyshevski (1828 ~ 1889)

Nicolas Gavrilovic Chernyshevski

Russian literary critic, writer and philosopher.

Life and Creation1828 was born in a pastor's family in saratov on July 24th, and1died in the same place on October 29th. 1846 entered the department of literature and history of St. Petersburg university. Initially influenced by Hegel's idealism philosophy, he turned to Feuerbach's materialism philosophy and was keen on humanism. 1848, he met the members of Peter la Schelsky's group who held a negative position on serfdom, and began to read the works of French philosophers and utopian socialists.

1850 graduated from university. I returned to my hometown the following year and worked as a Chinese teacher in a middle school. 1853 married the daughter of a local doctor. In the same year, he moved to St. Petersburg and began to write his dissertation "The Aesthetic Relationship between Art and Reality". Later, he took part in the editorial work of Modern People magazine hosted by Necrasov. 1854 published a collection of Fu Deyev's novellas "On Sincerity in Criticism", commented on ostrovsky's comedy "Poverty is not a Crime", and emphasized the ideological and tendentious significance of literary works. 1855 defense thesis, published his masterpiece "Introduction to Russian Literature in the Period of Nikolai Nikolai Gogol".

From 65438 to 0856, he presided over Modern People magazine, making it a forum for spreading revolutionary ideas. During this period, he published Lessing, his times, his life and activities, and articles about Pushkin, Tolstoy, Schederin, ostrovsky and Turgenev. At the same time, he also wrote many works on philosophy, history and economics, such as Critique of Philosophical Prejudice on Commune Ownership, Capital and Labor, and Principles of Humanism in Philosophy. These works are basically based on the universal theory of human nature, but what they see is that "man is the representative of a certain class" and "philosopher is the representative of a certain political party". 1859, he secretly went to London, England, to discuss with herzen who lived there the problem of opposing the rule of the czar. 186 1 published The Beauty of Debate, which refuted the attack of liberal scholars on the book The Principles of Humanism in Philosophy.

186 1 the czar decided to abolish serfdom. In the same year, the Russian secret revolutionary organization Land and Freedom Association was established. Chernyshevski has a close relationship with it. 1862 The peasant uprising that swept through Russia was suppressed. In June of the same year, Modern People was ordered to stop publishing for eight months. On July 7, he was arrested and put in a cell in Fort Peter Paul. During his 678 days in prison, he persisted in the struggle and used all possible means to write. The novel "What should I do? It was done here.

While serving his sentence in the fortress prison, Peter Paul also wrote a novel, a novel in a novel, an unfinished novella, Arfilli Yev, and some short stories. None of them were published and later became known. After two years' imprisonment, the Tsar * * * could not find any criminal evidence, so he had to adopt the method of perjury, forcibly sentenced him to seven years' hard labor, deprived him of all his property and exiled him to Siberia for life. 1in may, 864, he was taken to the metnin square in St. Petersburg for public display and sentenced to cruel suspended animation. In July, he was exiled to Irkutsk salt field to do hard labor, and in August, he was transferred to Cadahia mine. Two years later, he was taken to the studio in Alexandria. After the expiration of seven years of hard labor, his hard labor period was extended and he was transferred to Yakutia and Viliuyisk, where he continued to be exiled for 2 1 year.

During his long exile, he continued to write many novels and articles, among which only the novel Preface (1867 ~ 1869) survived. It depicts the Russian social struggle on the eve of serfdom reform, and depicts the images of revolutionary democrats-vulcan and Levich. 1883 was allowed to live in astrakhan for health reasons, and he wrote articles such as Recalling the Relationship between Turgenev and Dobro Lyubov and Characteristics of Human Knowledge. June 1889 was allowed to return to his hometown of saratov. Four months later, he died of a cerebral hemorrhage.

Foreword Chinese cover

Chernyshevski's major philosophical works, aesthetic works and literary works have already been translated and introduced to China, and his second novel "Preface" was also translated and published in Chinese in 1980s. What should be done about the aesthetic relationship between his art and reality and his novels? , has a wide and far-reaching impact on readers in China.

Main Achievements As a brief introduction of Chernyshevski, a revolutionary Democrat, Chernyshevski's achievements in literary theory are groundbreaking. The book Aesthetic Relationship between Art and Reality inherits and develops belinsky's literary viewpoint, criticizes the idealistic aesthetics of Hegelian school prevailing at that time, and puts forward the definition of "beauty is life". It is believed that beauty is not subjective and spontaneous, but realistic. People's social status and living environment are different, and their understanding of life and concept of beauty are also different. He emphasized the cognitive and educational functions of literature and art, and resolutely opposed "art for art's sake". The main tasks of literature and art are to "reproduce life" and "judge life"; The highest purpose of literature and art is to become a textbook of life. He believes that the characteristic of art is "not an abstract concept, but a living fact to express ideas", and the book also has some biases, such as insufficient attention to the value of artistic beauty. Another paper, A Survey of Russian Literature in the Period of Nikolai Nikolai Gogol, systematically discusses the changes and development of Russian literary criticism, refutes the criticism of Nikolai Nikolai Gogol School by liberal scholars, and thinks that Nikolai Nikolai Gogol is the first person to write along the "critical tendency"; Ostrovsky, Grigorovic, Turgenev and Tolstoy gave a positive evaluation and incisive analysis of their creative ideas and artistic achievements.

Chernyshevski's major achievement in literary creation is the novel What to Do? This work is an outstanding representative work of Russian realistic literature in the19th century. The story revolves around three lines: free labor, women's liberation and secret revolutionary activities. This paper briefly introduces Chernyshevski, and points out that only struggle can change people's bad luck, and uses "fiancee" as a metaphor for revolution. The hero Rakhmetov embodies the characteristics of Russian revolutionary democrats. He traveled all over Russia, got close to the people, worked as a lumberjack, sawworker, stonemason and tracker, and finally became a professional revolutionary and a "special person". I'd rather live a very simple life in order to exercise my revolutionary will and devote myself to my ideals. The novel expresses the new idea of women's liberation and free love through the love triangle between Vera, a new woman who longs for freedom and independence, and Ropov and Gilchad Novo, a common intellectual. Through Vera's new sewing workshop and her four dreams, she promoted utopian socialism. Novel structure is novel and unique, narrative is often accompanied by political narrative, and metaphors and hints are often used to express a new generation of revolutionary activities. After the novel was published, it aroused widespread repercussions in Russia and many other countries, and educated generations of young people and revolutionaries.