history

Latin was originally the dialect of Latium (Italian for Lazio) in central Italy. Later, due to the expansion of the Roman Empire, Latin spread widely in the Empire and became the official language. After Christianity spread widely in Europe, Latin became more influential. From the Middle Ages in Europe to the beginning of the 20th century, Roman Catholicism was the common language, and most academic papers were written in Latin. Although only the Vatican still uses Latin, some academic words or articles, such as the naming rules of biological taxonomy, still use Latin.

The classical Chinese used by Emperor Augustus of the Roman Empire was called "classical Latin", and the vernacular Chinese used by the people in the 2nd-6th century was called "vulgar Latin". In the Middle Ages, some Romance languages were derived from popular Latin, including Romance languages in central China: French, Italian, Sardinian dialect and Catalan; Western romance: Spanish, Portuguese; Romance with the East: Romania. /kloc-After the 6th century, the influence of Spain and Portugal spread all over Central and South America, so Central and South America was also called "Latin America".

The difference between Romance and Latin is that Romance has lost the grammatical inflections of many words, especially the inflections of nouns, and has completely lost them (except some pronouns). The inflectional changes of nouns still remain in Romanian.

trait

Latin is a comprehensive language, and the complicated inflectional system constitutes the main part of Latin grammar. These changes are usually achieved by adding suffixes (external inflections) at the end of words or changing consonants or vowels (internal inflections) at the stem. For nouns, adjectives and pronouns, this change is called "deviation", and for verbs, this change is called "deviation".

noun

Generally, every noun has a difference of six cases; You can have seven more or two less. The seven situations of nouns are:

"nominative case" (indicating subject or predicative)

"possessive case" (English possessive case indicates all relations)

"He Ge" (indicating indirect object or other indirect grammatical meaning)

"objective case" (meaning direct object, also called objective case or objective case)

"Multiple" (used with some prepositions, or used alone to express tools and means)

"Hugue" (used to address someone)

"Orientation case" (used for some specific words indicating orientation)

Because the change of case has expressed the grammatical relationship between noun verbs in Latin, the Latin word order is highly free and does not follow the subject-predicate-object format. For example, Chinese, English and French can only have one word order, that is, subject, predicate and object. But in Latin, there can be six word orders, namely:

Pat Ahmad Filioud.

Father Filioud Ahmad.

Filioud Ahmad Pate.

Filioud Pate Ahmad.

Ahmad Pate Filioud.

Ahmad Filioud Pate.

The above six sentences have the same meaning. If you want to express "son loves father", you need to make a change. There are six word orders to express this sentence: Filioud Patrum Ahmad. Other word orders are omitted.

There are five Latin nouns and two Latin adjectives, each of which distinguishes the above six situations in different ways. Nouns are determined by singular possessive suffixes.

The following list lists five forms of Latin conversion:

Examples of part of speech changes are singular nominative, vocative and accusative, plural nominative, vocative and accusative.

Puella (girl) Yin-Puella Puella Puella Puella Puella Puella Puella Puella Llā Puella Llā rum Puella Llā s

Servius (slave) Yang Er Servus servus servus servus servus servus servus servus servus servus servus servus servus.

Yang Er Filioud Filioud Filioud Filioud

Bellum (World War II) Bellum Bellum Bell: Bell is not Bellum Bell, not Bella Bellorum Bell: S Bella

Father (father) Yang three father father father father father.

Three kinds of flumen flumen flumen fluminis flumin: flumen flumine flumina fluminum fluminum fluminibus flumen (river).

Urbs (city) Yin San Urbs Urbs Urbis Urb and Urbem Urb' s Urb um Urb ibus Urb

Mare (Sea) No.3 Mare Marysma Marysma and Marysma Marium Marysma

Manus (hand) yin four manus manus man's manu and manu man's manu um manibus man's

No.4 corner corner corner corner S corner corner corner ua corner uum corner corner ibus corner ua

(Japan) Yang Wu

(Hope) Yin Wu Co., Ltd. and Spem Co., Ltd.

A more detailed explanation of nouns is on the Latin grammar page.

verb

Verbs are different in person, number, tense, mood (direct, imaginary, imperative) and state (active, passive). Except for some irregular verbs, Latin verbs have four different inflections.

Regular verbs are mostly inflected by infinitive suffix: the infinitive suffix of the first inflectional method is "-āre", the second inflectional method is "-ēre", the third inflectional method is "-ere" and the fourth inflectional method is "-and re".

Here is an example to demonstrate the displacement of the active voice of Latin verbs:

Am not, amāre, amavī Ι, amatus (love) (belonging to the first shift method)

Present tense past continuous tense future tense present perfect tense past perfect tense future perfect tense.

Direct acting am is not

amās

Amorphous substance

Ammus

Amtis

Amang

Ambam

Amba people

Ambat

Ambamus

Ambatis

Ambante

Ambash

Ambish

Ambit

amābimus

Ambitis

amābunt

Amawoc

Amavis

Amavit

Amaoui moose

Amavis people

amavē runt

Amaoui Ram

Ama Velas

Ama Velat

amaverāmus

Amafratis

amaverant

Amawells

Ama Veris

Amaverit

amaverimus

Amaveritis

Amavelint

Virtual amem

Amz

amet

Ammus

Amtis

catkin

Amrem

Amratz

Amret

Eminem Lamousse

Amrat people.

rent

Amavelin

Ama Veris

Amaverit

amaverimus

Amaveritis

Amavelint

Amaoui Sem

Amavis

Amavese

Amavismus

Amavistis

Amavisent

Command ama

Amart

Infinitive amāre

In the passive voice, just change the ending of the active voice to the ending of the passive voice.

For a more detailed explanation, please refer to Latin grammar.

believe

See Latin alphabet

Latin letters are as follows:

A a(？ ā，)B b，C c，D d，E e(？ ē，)，F f，G g，H h，I i(？ c，)，J j，K k，L l，M m，N n，O o(？ )、P p、Q q、R r、S s、T t、U u(？ )V V X Y Y Z

Latin does not use W. Before the Middle Ages, Latin used I instead of J, and V instead of U. There were no lowercase letters.

For example, a sentence recorded in the Bible: "Jesus of Nazareth-King of the Jews" is now generally written as "Jesus Nazar)NUSēx Jude not rum”；"; But in fact, the original text is "IESVS NAZARENVS REX IVDAEORVM".

The relationship between Latin and English

English and Latin belong to the same language family (Indo-European family) but different language families (English belongs to Germanic family and Latin belongs to Italian family), so they are grammatically different. Modern English writers try to apply Latin grammar to English, for example, the rule of forbidding adverbs between to and verbs, but they can't be successfully applied to everyday language. However, more than half of English words come from Latin. Many English words have evolved from Roman languages such as French or Italian. These Roman languages have evolved from Latin (for example, Latin: Merc → French: Merci → English: Mercy), while others have evolved directly from Latin (for example, Latin: serēnus → English: serene). Some of them are adopted directly without change (for example, Latin: lārva → English: Larva), which shows that a considerable number of English words have evolved from Latin. In addition, some Latin words are derived from Greek (for example, Greek: Schǒ l ē→ Latin: Schǒ la → old English: Scūl→ modern English: school). The use of so many foreign words in English really enriches the monotonous English vocabulary world.

Many people are used to calling A-Z "English alphabet", but it should be called "Latin alphabet" or "Roman alphabet". Because the 26 letters A-Z in English are all Latin letters.

The following is a comparative list of some special nouns in Latin and English, showing the influence of Latin on English:

English-English translation Latin translation

January symbolizes the god of end and beginning.

Febris has a fever in February (February is the season that is easy to catch a cold)

The god of war in Mars mythology.

May May Maya, the God of Spring

I am not the Queen of God in June; God of fertility and women

July July Julius Caesar's name (G. Julius Caesar)

Auguste Auguste Auguste, king of ancient Rome

September September September September September Saite "Seven"

October October oct is not "eight"

November November November "Nine"

December tenth

Saturday Saturday Saturn, Saturnalia.

Mercury Mercury Mercury Mercury Mercury, Messenger (Mercury travels fastest around the sun)

Venus Venus Venus Venus Venus, the god of love and beauty (gold symbolizes beauty)

Mars Mars Mars myth, God of War (red symbolizes blood, and blood symbolizes war).

Jupiter Jupiter, the king of the gods (Jupiter is the largest)

Saturn Saturn Saturn Saturn, the father of Jupiter (Jupiter defeated Saturn; Jupiter is bigger than Saturn)

Neptune Neptune Poseidon (blue symbolizes the ocean)

Pluto Pluto is not Prouteau, Pluto (Pluto is farthest and darkest)

Aries Aries ram

Taurus Taurus bull

Gemini Gemini and twins

Cancer cancer

Leo Ole is not a lion.

Virgo Virgo Virgo is not a virgin.

Libra Libra Libra Libra

Scorpio Scorpio Scorpio is not a scorpion.

Sagittarius Sagittarius shooter

Capricorn: Capricorn: Capricorn: Capricorn: Capricorn: Capricorn: Capricorn: Capricorn: Capricorn: Capricorn: Capricorn: Capricorn.

Water bottle, water bottle, water bottle, water bottle.

Pisces Pisces Pisces [plural]

Note: April and Uranus come from Greek mythology.