Guy de maupassant (1850-August 5, 65438+July 6, 0893), a French writer of critical realism in the second half of the year, is called "the three great short story masters in the world" together with Chekhov of Russia and O. Henry of the United States. Mo Bosang is known as the "King of the World's Short Stories". His masterpieces include Necklace, Belle Ami, boule de suif and My Uncle Yule.

Mo Bosang 1850 was born in a declining aristocratic family in Upper Normandy seine-maritime. He participated in the Franco-Prussian War, and this experience became an important theme in his later novels. He wrote six novels, 359 short stories and three travel notes in his life. He is one of the writers with the largest number of short stories and the highest achievements in the history of French literature. Mo Bosang suffers from neuralgia and severe migraine, and the great labor intensity makes him terminally ill. Until 189 1 year, he couldn't write any more. Mo Bosang died on July 6, 1993 at the age of 43.

Chinese name: guy de maupassant.

mbth:Henri renéAlbertGuydeMaupassant

Nationality: France

Place of birth: Diebu, Normandy, France

Date of birth:1August 5, 850

Date of death:1July 6, 893

Occupation: writer

Graduate school: University of Paris Law School

Main achievement: one of the three great short story masters in the world.

Masterpieces: boule de suif, Good Friend, Necklace, Life, Hot Springs, Return, My Uncle Yule, etc.

Teacher: Flaubert

Mother: Lore Le Poitte Wen.

Father: Gustav de Mo Bosang.

Character experience

1850 On August 5th, Guy de Mo Bosang was born into a small aristocratic family in the castle of Milomeniere in Normandy. Father's name is Gustav Mo Bosang. Mother's name is Lore Bovavin. 185 1 August 17, baptized in the church.

1854, the whole family settled in glanville-Imoville Manor, a coastal province of the Seine River. This manor provided the background for Mo Bosang's later novel Life. The whole family left Normandy for Paris to make a living. Mo Bosang entered Napoleon College in June+10, 5438.

/kloc-in the summer of 0/860, my mother and two sons returned to Vilkki Villa in aitel Tower in Normandy. At the end of the year, Mo Bosang left Napoleon College; Parents agreed to separate because of emotional discord. 1861-1862 Pastor Aubrey of aitel Tower Parish served as the tutor of two brothers in Mo Bosang.

From 65438 to 0863, he entered the sixth-grade school run by the Ivotot Monastery and began to write his first book of poetry. 1866 Swinburne, an English poet and literary critic who saved drowning in the summer vacation, was warmly received by the other side.

1868, he was expelled from the church school for writing a poem that despised the church. After two years of high school courses under the guidance of my mother, I entered Rouen Middle School in June+10, 5438. In creation, he began to be cultivated by the poet Louis Buye and the novelist Flaubert.

1869 passed the high school graduation examination on July 27th, and obtained the Bachelor of Arts degree from Ke 'an University. 10 went to Paris to study law, which was deeply influenced by Schopenhauer's philosophy.

1870 In July, the Franco-Prussian War broke out and he was drafted into the army. His experience in the war has become an important material for his future writing. 187 1 retired in September.

/kloc-0 joined the admiralty in March, 872. 10 was appointed as a temporary employee of the colonial government without pay. Continue to study law after work. 1February, 873, I got my salary and started my career as a civil servant. Under the guidance of Flaubert, he began to study novel creation.

/kloc-in the winter of 0/874, I met Turgenev, Dude, Zola, Goncourt and other writers in Flaubert's apartment.

1875 wrote the historical poetic drama "The Betrayal of Countess luna". In April, the yellow farce "Rose Petals, Turkish House" was not performed in public among a group of friends. The short horror story "Skinned Hands" was published in the Yearbook of Lorraine Monsoon Bridge, and Mo Bosang signed it as Joseph Prugni.

1March, 876, published the poem "The Water's Edge" under the pseudonym of Guy de Vallermont in Literature. 10 went to the south of France to live with Antioch. Complete the one-act play "Rehearsal". Meet young writers, such as Alex, Thiel, Ernie, houseman, etc. And with Zola as an idol, he often goes to the Meitang villa in Zola, a suburb of Paris, to get together, known as Meitang Group. Hair loss began to appear.

1February, 877, completed the script "The Betrayal of Countess Lv En". On April 16, a dinner for naturalist writers was held in trapp Hotel, attended by young writers such as Alex, Theal, Ernie and houseman, and writers such as Zola, Flaubert and Goncourt. This dinner became a symbol of the birth of naturalism. In May, The Turkish House with Rose Petals was staged at Baker Theatre. In August, he was diagnosed as seriously ill by doctors, and with the permission of the Admiralty, he went to Leusch for hot spring treatment. 65438+February plans to write the novel Life.

1878 1 completed the revision of the script "The Countess Rouen's Betrayal", but the play failed to be staged. 1 879 February1Working in the Ministry of Education. On February 65438+9, 2009, the drama The Story of Old Times premiered at the Balland Theatre. March 10, the script "The Story of Old Times" was published. In the summer, six writers of "Meitang Group" agreed to create a novel with the Franco-Prussian War as the background, and published it in a collection entitled "Night in Meitang". In the same year, Mo Bosang was awarded the Academic Medal. On October 28th, 65438/KLOC-0, Gustav Flaubert was published in Literature * * * and China. In February, 65438+ published the poem "A Girl" in Modernism and Naturalism (namely "The Water's Edge" published in June). 1876. The Etangpo Court considered the poem indecent and ordered Mo Bosang to appear in court. Flaubert stepped in and suggested Mo Bosang.

1880 18 On February 4, he went to the Etangpo court for trial, and the attorney general wrote to the French prosecutor, proposing an order to be exempted from prosecution according to law. /kloc-in April of 0/7, the novel collection "Night in Meitang" was published, and Mo Bosang's short story "boule de suif" caused a sensation in the literary world. A few days later, his poems were published in succession. On May 30th, the novella Sunday of a Parisian citizen began to be serialized in Gaul. /kloc-in June, 2000, Mo Bosang got a six-month holiday from the Ministry of Education, and Mo Bosang went to Corsica to write a short story "The Robber of Corsica". After that, Mo Bosang left his post and became a full-time writer. I met Ms. Clemens in August.

188 1 year, he moved from klozal street to No.83 dulong street in ole, Batigne. In May, Tellier Mansion, a collection of novels, was published, and eight short stories such as The Story of a Farm Maid and Family came out. From July to September, he visited Algeria and other places in North Africa as a special correspondent of Gaul newspaper. Since this year, I have written articles for Jill Brass and other newspapers for a long time until 189 1.

1882 In May, Miss Feifei was published, and short stories such as Crazy Woman, Normandy Guy and pierrot came out. Travel to Brittany in summer. 1883 was born in Paris with Josephine Lise on February 27th. In March, he published an article about Zola in Contemporary Celebrities. In April, the first novel Life was published. The collection of novels Miss Feifei (updated edition), The Story of Shan Peng and Moonlight have been published one after another. Riding a horse, my uncle Yule, two friends, my father Miron and the medal are in hand! Short stories such as Jewelry and Rope came out. Mo Bosang suffered from eye diseases, migraine and neuralgia this year.

1884 left Dulong Street and lived in Monchanning. He has published Travels in the Sun, Collected Stories, Miss Harriet and Sister Rondoli, and many short stories, such as Necklace, Umbrella, Happiness, Heritage, Wardrobe, Bucket, Prisoner, Walking, and Old Lady Suwajit.

1March 885, the story of day and night was published. In April, the novel bel ami began to be serialized in Jill Brass. From April to June, painter Gerf and I traveled to Sicily and bought a yacht named "Belami". The novel Beauty was published in May. In February 65438, he published a collection of novels, Mr. Palang.

1886 65438+ October Novel Collection Tuwa Publishing. In May, the collection of novels Little Rock was published. 65438+In late February, the novel Hot Springs began to be serialized in Gilblas. At the end of the year, he visited Britain at the invitation of Baron Rothschild.

1887 65438+ October novel Hot Springs was published. The collection of novels Ola was published in May. Visit London, Oxford and other places in summer. In September, I wrote the thesis "Novel Research" and the novel "Two Brothers". Travel to North Africa from June 65438+ 10 to June 65438+ 10 of the following year.

1888 1 novel research was published in the literary supplement of le figaro, and the novel Two Brothers was published. In the same year, On Water and Madame Song's Rose were published one after another. Ll-65438+2 took a cruise on the yacht "bel ami" in February, passing through Genoa, Naples, Algeria, Tunisia and other places.

1February, 889, published the novel collection "Left Hand". The novel Better than Death was published in May. In August, Alvy suddenly suffered from mental illness, and Mo Bosang sent him to the hospital for treatment. 65438+ 10 From September to June, I traveled again on the yacht "bel ami" and visited Tunisia and Italy. The paper "The Development of Novels in19th Century" was published in 1899 "Expo" magazine. This year, Mo Bosang's physical condition went from bad to worse, and he had serious hallucinations.

1890 March Travel Notes "Wandering Days" was published. In April, the collection of short stories "Useless Beauty" was published. The novel Our Thoughts was published in June. Due to the deterioration of illness, the planned visit to Spain and Egypt this year was forced to be cancelled, but a mysterious "woman in gray" was received many times during the year. He has a bad personality and often loses his temper. He sued the owner of his new house on Victor Hugo Street on the pretext that the house was too noisy.

189 1 In March, the co-written three-act drama "mussot" was successfully premiered at Jimnas Theatre. In June, I went to the hot springs in Divona and Chamberlain for treatment. 65438+February, severe pain in all parts of the body was unbearable, almost to the point of madness. Before Christmas, he went to St. Margaret's Island with his two girlfriends in Paris, Mary Buner and Albert Caan.

1892 On New Year's Day, Mo Bosang had dinner at his mother's house in Nice. 65438+ 10 2 tried to cut his throat late at night. 65438+ 10 was sent to Paris passy hospital as a mental patient.

1July 6, 893, died of serious mental illness at the age of 43. On July 8th, his body was buried in the 26th district of Monte Bannas Cemetery.

Personal life

domestic

Mo Bosang was born in a declining aristocratic family near Dieu, Normandy, northwest France. His ancestors were all nobles, but they declined in his father's generation. Father became the broker of the exchange. His mother was born in a scholarly family and loved literature. She often comments on literary works and has unique opinions. Shortly after Mo Bosang was born, his parents separated because of frequent conflicts. He and his mother live in a villa by the sea. As a child, Mo Bosang liked to play in the apple orchard, watch hunting on the grassland, chat and work with farmers, fishermen, boatmen and hunters. These experiences made Mo Bosang familiar with rural life from an early age. Since childhood, his mother trained him to write poems. When his son became a writer, she was still a literary consultant, critic and assistant of Mo Bosang, so his mother was his first teacher on the road of literary creation.

Love, Marriage

Mo Bosang never married and had three illegitimate children. They just supported and denied it.

Main work

Creative characteristics

theme

Mo Bosang wrote more than 350 short stories in his life. While exposing the upper rulers and their poisoned social atmosphere, he expressed deep sympathy for the insulted and damaged little people. The themes of short stories can be roughly summarized into three aspects: first, satirizing vanity and money worship, such as Necklace and My Uncle Yule; The second is to describe the miserable experience of working people and praise their integrity, simplicity and generosity, such as return; The third is to describe the Franco-Prussian War and reflect the patriotic feelings of the French people, such as boule de suif.

skill

In the description of characters, Mo Bosang does not pursue colorful images, exaggerated expressions, exaggerated lives and incredible experiences, but devotes himself to describing "the development of feelings, soul and reason in a normal state" (novel theory), showing the inner truth and nature of characters, and revealing their inner essence through the natural state of characters in daily life and the most reasonable actions, behaviors, reactions and expressions that inevitably appear in specific situations. In Mo Bosang's short stories, some extraordinary heroes appeared. Generally speaking, the realistic art of character description in Mo Bosang's short stories is the naturalization of characters and the vulgarization of heroes. These two characteristics make him have nothing to do with the past novel art, but with the realistic art of modern novels after him.

Mo Bosang is good at intercepting typical fragments from trivial matters and generalizing the truth of life from small to large. Mo Bosang's realistic method of striving for truth and nature is inseparable from his artistic thought of typification of realism. He strictly distinguishes between "realism" and "truth". He abandoned the photographic truth and devoted himself to "showing a more complete, moving and accurate picture than the reality itself". He is good at choosing among those rough, mixed, scattered and trivial daily life phenomena, giving up everything that is useless to his theme and adopting the most distinctive details, "highlighting everything that has been ignored by the dull observer but is of great significance and overall value to the work" (on novels). In this respect, Mo Bosang's documentary writing method is different from naturalism, thus avoiding the long and procrastinating writing style inevitably brought by documentary writing method.

In the form of expression, Mo Bosang is a master of perfection. He does not stick to certain established rules, but freely uses various methods and techniques. When describing an object, it is sometimes a complete story, sometimes a fragment of an event, sometimes a picture, and sometimes a psychological activity and mental state. There are stories that are strong, plots that are diluted or even have no plots at all, many characters, single characters, or even no characters at all. In the chronological order of description, there are direct narration, flashback and interlude. In description, there are objective description and subjective description. Sometimes the narrator keeps a distance from the event in time and space, sometimes the narrator is a participant in the event, sometimes the narrator has a clear identity, and sometimes his identity is unknown. In Mo Bosang's short stories, there is no doubt that his previous short story writers do not have the diversity of description methods. He greatly enriched the description of short stories, improved the level of narrative art, and opened up a broader road for later short story creation.

If Mo Bosang is absolutely free in technique, he is a loyal follower in the face of the artistic law of short story creation. He knows that the most basic requirement of short story creation is to express as much life content as possible in a short space. To this end, he followed the law of art and tried to make his short stories look at the big picture from the small, and treat one as ten. Mo Bosang's conciseness does not mean being rough. He is good at sketching with simple brushwork, and his talent lies in detailed description with rich and vivid colors. When he needs it, he often draws a detailed picture.

Generally speaking, Mo Bosang's short story creation embodies a whole set of realistic novel art, which not only inherits the previous realistic literary tradition, but also supplements and enriches it. It should be pointed out that although Mo Bosang basically abides by the principle of writing truth, he has not given up the pursuit of unrealistic artistic effects, and he sometimes exaggerates romance in details. Of course, compared with traditional realism, Mo Bosang's short stories have a new element that attracts more attention, namely naturalism. Although Mo Bosang denied that he was a naturalist writer, his realistic art naturally showed naturalistic characteristics because he was in an era when naturalistic literary thoughts prevailed and was deeply influenced by this trend. This feature is manifested in his short stories, mainly his observation and expression of human physiological instinct, human "meat" and "desire". The naturalism in Mo Bosang's short stories is more obvious in his novels.

Personality influence

Mo Bosang is the writer with the largest number of short stories and the highest achievement in the history of French literature. His great creation of more than 300 short stories is unique in the literature of19th century. His short stories describe a wide range of life, and actually constitute a comprehensive genre painting of French society in the second half of the19th century. More importantly, he raised the art of realistic short stories to an unprecedented height, and his important position in the history of literature was mainly laid by his achievements in short stories.

Personality assessment

Mo Bosang's language is vigorous, clear and fluent, full of local flavor, which makes people fondle it. He has three advantages of a French writer: clarity, clarity and clarity. (Comment on French writer Francois)

Mo Bosang's short stories and novellas are endless, colorful, all exquisite and breathtaking; Every article is a small comedy, a small complete drama, which opens a window to awaken life. Reading his works, you can laugh or cry, but it is always thought-provoking. (Commentary by French writer Zola)