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Write a summary, analyze and ask what is educational psychology.
Papers on educational psychology

Educational psychology is a branch of psychology that studies the psychological activities of educators and educatees in the process of education and teaching, as well as the laws of their emergence and change. It is an interdisciplinary subject of educational science and psychological science.

Educational psychology became an independent subject at the end of 19, but many educators in history have been able to consciously carry out targeted teaching according to people's psychological state in educational practice. Confucius, an ancient educator in China, put forward the heuristic teaching method of "if you don't get angry, you will be powerful, if you don't get angry, you will be sad, and if you don't get angry, you will be yourself". Socrates in ancient Greece also put forward the educational psychology thought that "I am not giving people knowledge, but a midwife who makes knowledge self-generated".

Modern western educational thoughts tend to base educational theory on the research results of psychology, which is the premise to make educational psychology an independent discipline. German psychologist Herbart's works such as General Pedagogy and Psychology Textbook have played a pioneering role in the establishment of educational psychology. Although the name "educational psychology" was not used at that time, pedagogy and psychology have actually combined into an inseparable unity.

Herbart divides teaching into educational teaching and non-educational teaching in his teaching theory. The former refers to the cultivation of ethics, morality, will and character, while the latter refers to intellectual education activities that impart knowledge and skills. These two aspects must be based on psychological theory. When discussing education and teaching, he paid special attention to "arousing interest" and divided his interests into six categories: experience interest, speculative interest, aesthetic interest, sympathy interest, social interest and religious interest. These psychological states can guide children's attention orientation, arouse psychological pleasure, and promote lively thinking and vigorous spirit. The study of interest has become an important link between pedagogy and psychology. Pestalozzi before Herbart had a certain influence on educational practice and educational thought, and inspired later educational theorists to attach importance to the role of psychology in education.

The emergence of experimental psychology is another important condition for educational psychology to become an independent discipline, which leads to the emergence of experimental pedagogy. Experimental pedagogy is the pioneer of educational psychology and the product of the combination of experimental psychology and pedagogy. Leigh and Moyman in Germany have widely combined experimental psychology theory with education and teaching theory. Lai's Theory of Experimental Teaching is actually a book with educational psychology as its content, which lays a theoretical foundation for educational psychology to become an independent discipline in psychology.

Testing plays an important catalytic role in the formation and development of educational psychology, which promotes the combination of pedagogy and psychology and provides theories and methods for the birth of educational psychology. Due to the individual differences of students, the principle of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude is often mentioned in pedagogy. How to adapt to individual differences and teach students in accordance with their aptitude is a common topic of pedagogy and psychology. Intelligence test and educational test are two tools that must be mastered to understand students' psychological state and teaching effect when implementing class teaching system. Various tests should be applied in school enrollment, the measurement of students' academic performance after enrollment and the case study of students.

Educational psychology has become an independent experimental science, which should be attributed to Thorndike. He published the book "Educational Psychology" in 1903, explaining the concept of learning in detail in combination with the school situation, which is the real beginning of modern educational psychology. 19 13 This book has been expanded into three volumes, including human nature, learning psychology, individual differences and their causes. His three laws of learning (the law of effect, the law of preparation and the law of practice) and the theory of individual difference became important topics in educational psychology around the 1920s. Because Thorndike put the focus of educational psychology research on learning psychology, the educational psychology circle in China has always regarded learning psychology as the main object of educational psychology research for a long time.

Around the 1920s, theories such as behavioral psychology, gestalt psychology and psychoanalysis were introduced into China, which had a certain influence on modern China pedagogy. After the Gestalt School was introduced into China, educational psychology began to attach importance to the position of "epiphany" in learning, which was no longer limited to connectionism such as trial and error, stimulation and response. The educational psychology questions put forward by psychology expand the research scope of educational psychology to the "epiphany" beyond Thorndike's three laws of learning, and also expand the Gestalt school's "overall concept", "transfer concept", "precise law" and "exact law".

Behaviorism theory urged China educational psychologists in 1930s to pay attention to the study of human behavior and the influence of environment on people's psychology. Freud's psychoanalysis school makes educational psychology pay more attention to the study of consciousness, especially the study of subconscious and subconscious problems. Educational psychology attaches importance to the role of emotion in the process of education and teaching, and the introduction of mental health knowledge into the process of education and teaching is also influenced by this school.

After Pavlov's theory was introduced into China, it not only influenced the basic theory of psychology, but also influenced the educational psychology in 1950s. His two signal system theories provide a new theoretical basis for educational psychology, and also find the connection between educational psychology and natural science. The second signal system theory makes children's speech and thinking the main object of educational psychology research.

Education develops with the development of society. In order to meet the needs of educational development, the task of educational psychology is increasing, and the scope of research is "flying". What's wrong with you? Consultation? Is it difficult to get rid of the target? What happened to stupid milk? (3) Hey? Apricots? Did Jiao Xian escape from K? Say it more evenly? Gouna looking for ma jueying? Schoolbag chewing cluster street Jue Lai Luan shape? Let's worry about the luck of the last tree.

The development of modern science, especially the development of modern biology, anthropology, sociology, medicine and psychiatry, has had an impact on educational psychology, prompting it to constantly update its content to meet the requirements of social development. After World War II, western educational psychologists put forward specific suggestions on the tasks and objects of educational psychology.

From 65438 to 0947, the American Psychological Association set up a committee to plan the research of educational psychology, and thought that educational psychology should include five aspects, namely, human growth and development, including heredity and environment, general growth and development, social and emotional development, basic theory of motivation, wisdom, sexual orientation and interest, and individual differences. Learning includes the nature of learning, factors affecting learning, learning motivation, skills, reasoning and problem solving, attitude, learning of special subjects, transfer of training, etc. Personality and adaptation, including emotions, mental health of students and teachers, special children, personality and social activities; Measurement and evaluation, including the basic principle of measurement, the measurement of intelligence and sexual orientation, the measurement of learning, the measurement of adaptation and the application of measurement results; The methods and techniques of educational psychology include scientific research on educational problems, statistical techniques and research methods for teachers.

The American Psychological Yearbook holds that the research tasks and objects of educational psychology should include eight items: educational evaluation and measurement; Characteristics of children's development; Special children and their education; Educational methods related to learning psychology; Research on special subjects; Learning counseling and mental health; Teachers and teachers' behaviors to promote learning; Methods of educational psychology.

Observation is the most basic research method of educational psychology. The implementation of observation is carried out in class collective activities or individual conversations, which can observe external activities and performances, as well as the psychological reaction of the educated or analyze students' written materials.

The survey is divided into general survey and sampling survey. The former is a survey of the whole class or the whole school, while the latter is divided into random sampling, stratified sampling, grouping sampling and proportion sampling. The survey methods can be divided into questionnaire survey and interview.

Questionnaire is a method of compiling different tests, investigating different teaching effects and measuring IQ, sexual orientation and personality of different people. Compared with questionnaire survey, questionnaire survey can better understand the changes of the psychological characteristics of the educated. The compilation of various tests and the use of various scales should ensure their effectiveness and reliability.

Comparative research is generally carried out in experiments with strictly controlled conditions. The subjects were divided into two groups, and the conditions (intelligence, academic ability, age, psychological quality, etc.) of the two groups were basically the same. ). One group is called the experimental group, and the other group is called the control group, which provides students in the experimental group with new stimuli, such as new textbooks, while the control group keeps the frequently used textbooks. After a period of teaching, the academic performance, learning speed and understanding of the two groups of students were measured and their characteristics, advantages and disadvantages were compared. Different designs and experiments can be made for different teaching methods and other teaching and learning problems.

Natural experiments are conducted in daily learning environment, which can reduce the unnecessary pressure brought by artificial experiments in the laboratory and reflect the normal psychological state of the subjects, but it is difficult to strictly control the related variables.

Nowadays, China attaches great importance to the development of education, and the research of educational psychology has a very broad prospect.