Publication of environmental psychology course papers 1
On Crowding in Environmental Psychology
In view of the congestion phenomenon in cities, this paper expounds the connotation, influence and countermeasures of congestion from the perspective of environmental psychology, and puts forward that we should be alert to the emergence of congestion syndrome.
Keywords: Crowding affects Crowding Syndrome
First, the connotation of congestion
Environmental psychology is one of the emerging disciplines of psychology, which is a combination of social science and natural science, architectural environmentology and applied psychology, and it is a discipline that pays attention to the interaction and relationship between people and the environment [1]. By studying the laws of people's psychological activities in different social cultures and environments, it seeks a sustainable mode of mutual adaptation between people and the environment. Crowding is an important research field of environmental psychology. Some foreign scholars think? Crowded? It refers to a state of psychological stress discomfort when the individual's space demand exceeds the actual space supply, and it is a personal subjective experience of the individual in a limited space; Some people think? Crowded? It refers to a state in which individuals can't get the desired level of privacy and can't completely control their social interaction with others. China scholars emphasize? Crowded? Refers to a subjective psychological state that can produce negative emotions, which appears when individuals perceive that there are too many people in a given space.
In short, as a perceptual judgment of high density and corresponding space restrictions, crowded? It is a complex psychological experience and subjective experience state that is difficult to measure directly and needs human perception, accompanied by excessive arousal and physiological, psychological and behavioral stress characteristics, and leads to a series of negative effects of crowding. [2]
Second, the impact of congestion on human beings.
(A) the impact of crowding on individual behavior
Effects of 1. on physiology
It is found that high density will cause some physiological activation reactions. People with high density have higher blood pressure and higher chances of getting sick. With the increase of catecholamine content, adrenal secretion also increases; The electrical conductivity of the skin is also significantly increased. Living in a high-density environment for a long time may cause diseases or aggravate the condition.
2. Influence on emotion
Social density and spatial density affect people's emotional experience in different ways. In the experiment of changing spatial density, men experience more negative emotions at high density than at low density; Women, on the other hand, can get along well and treat crowded emotions in a more cooperative way. In the high-density research of society, both men and women also reflect negative emotions.
(B) the impact of congestion on social behavior
1. Interpersonal attraction
Crowding leads to a decline in interpersonal attraction, which is more obvious for men. In related experiments, men have more negative comments on group members in high-density situations, while women have the opposite. High density promotes interpersonal attraction.
2. Withdrawal behavior
When encountering high density, social withdrawal behavior is a stress measure, including reducing eye contact, turning your head to one side, or keeping a long interpersonal distance. The withdrawal behavior caused by high density is likely to destroy the interpersonal network, making people have less resources to use and it is more difficult to cope with great pressure.
3. Prosocial behavior
Prosocial behavior is altruistic behavior. Some studies on how population density affects people's helping behavior have found that high density will reduce the probability of people helping others. In high-density public places, the reduction of altruistic behavior is mostly due to concerns about their own safety. In addition, altruistic behavior is different in cities and villages.
4. Aggressive behavior
So far, there is no consistent conclusion that crowding leads to increased aggression, but for some people (such as children), there is a certain relationship between the two. A large number of studies show that crowding has a greater impact on children's aggression, and it changes with age. The occurrence of aggressive behavior depends on whether high density triggers negative emotional experience or positive emotional experience. High density is not the direct cause of attack.
(C) the specific impact of congestion
1. Impact of congestion on work
First of all, crowding limits the high attention and clear thinking ability that individuals need to complete tasks effectively. Secondly, it is easy to have anxiety when crowded. Thirdly, high density will hinder individuals' cognition of the environment. Finally, congestion may hinder the individual's information processing ability, resulting in the task can not be successfully completed.
2. The impact of congestion on traffic
The first is the pressure brought by traffic congestion. People who drive to and from work experience a more stressful lifestyle and bring more physical and mental health problems. Secondly, the driver's pressure. Drivers' stress state is generally characterized by negative emotions, cognition and behavior, aggression, anxiety and driving fatigue, and they often overreact when interacting with others. Third, traffic jams. Traffic jams affect people's arrival at their destinations, and also have a great impact on the anxiety experienced by people who drive to and from work.
Third, reduce the negative impact of congestion.
Intervention measure
The first is cognitive intervention: one of the intervention measures for high-density situations is cognitive intervention, that is, the individual is reminded or warned of a certain situation in advance. This can reduce stress and other adverse effects.
Secondly, architectural design: First, separate use. The perception of density is the key to the sense of crowding, because the sense of crowding is that individuals perceive that their personal space has been violated. Second, pay attention to the design of focus. People prefer an environment that can reduce the level of personal awakening; Architectural design can reduce people's negative reaction by controlling other factors, thus reducing the sense of crowding. In addition, the color and layout of indoor furniture in architectural design have an important influence on the sense of spaciousness.
(2) Adjustment mode
The main consequence of eliminating crowding is to reduce the anxiety and arousal level of individuals. Therefore, three adjustment methods can be used to alleviate the consequences of crowding: muscle relaxation, cognitive reconstruction and imagination. Cognitive reconstruction is to make people pay attention to the positive aspects of the situation through guidance, thus improving positive emotions; Imagination is to help people imagine a comfortable and idyllic picture according to instructions to divert their attention.
Fourth, congestion syndrome.
Crowded space, noisy environment and fast-paced life can easily lead to high tension, headache, insomnia, irritability, fatigue and even psychopathy. This series of symptoms is called. Crowding syndrome? . The research of environment, medicine and social psychology all think that the threat of congestion to human health has become a major public hazard in cities. In order to avoid the congestion and the harm caused by congestion in modern cities, the society and urban residents need to work together.
The key is to strengthen the macro-control of urban layout and construction in order to facilitate population diversion; On holidays and large gatherings, it is necessary to make arrangements for the orderly flow of people and control the crowding phenomenon to the maximum extent. Urban residents should go to public places to join in the fun as little as possible, especially the elderly and infirm, pregnant women and patients with cardiovascular diseases should avoid crowding. At the same time, urbanites should also study? Keep quiet in trouble? Learning to relax in tension, strengthening physical exercise, paying attention to cultivating the ability to adapt to the environment, and maintaining an optimistic, cheerful, calm and happy attitude are all effective ways to prevent crowding syndrome. [3]
References:
Che wenbo A New Dictionary of Contemporary Western Psychology [M]. Jilin: Jilin People's Publishing House,
200 1.
[2] Dai Kun et al. Research progress of congestion [J]. Applied Psychology, 20 10(4).
Yan Shiying. Urban congestion syndrome and its harm [J]. Man and nature, 1998(3).
[4] Xu Bo. Crowding syndrome-the enemy of mental health [J]. Social mentality, 2004.
[5] Paul? Bell et al. Environmental Psychology [M]. Renmin University of China Press, 2009.
Lin. Environmental psychology [M]. China Building Industry Press, 2006.
Papers published in environmental psychology course 2
A Review of Environmental Psychology and Its Research
This paper reviews the birth of environmental psychology and its development in the east and west, in order to further understand its background and the current situation of academic circles.
Environmental psychology; Research; Make a comment
Throughout the ages, human beings have been exploring the relationship between themselves and their surroundings. It is in the process of exploration and thinking handed down from generation to generation that human beings constantly explain the environment and themselves, and at the same time constantly use and transform the environment to maintain and improve their living conditions. In this process, the communication between people and the interaction between people and the environment have a direct impact on people's environment and human beings themselves.
First, a brief review of environmental psychology.
Environmental psychology is an interdisciplinary subject arising from the differentiation of modern psychology. It is a science that studies the relationship between human psychology and behavior, natural environment and artificial physical environment. Traditionally, environmental psychology is a combination of urban planning and design and psychology. With the attention of environmental psychology to environmental problems, environmental psychology in the modern sense is not only a branch of psychology, but also a branch of environmental science.
Attaching importance to the relationship between architectural environment and psychology and behavior can be traced back to ancient times. As early as before the era, the Parthenon in Greece used various methods to correct the optical illusion. Related theoretical research can be traced back to19th century. 1886, German art historian H.wolffin wrote an introduction to psychological construction, which was used? Empathy? This paper discusses the design of architecture and handicrafts from the aesthetic point of view. And after that, Hans? H.Mayer also plans to open a psychology course in Bauhaus.
In 1950s and 1960s, the urban environment in western countries deteriorated seriously, which had various negative effects on residents' body, spirit and behavior. At the same time, many new buildings have been severely criticized by the society for ignoring the behavior needs of users, which has led to serious consequences such as community collapse, building demolition and residents' protests. Therefore, the relationship between architectural environment and behavior has aroused the deep concern of multidisciplinary researchers. Research from psychology, sociology, anthropology, geography, architecture, urban planning and other disciplines eventually merged into a new interdisciplinary field-environmental (architectural) psychology. Environmental psychology first emerged in North America in the late 1960s, and then spread and developed rapidly in English-speaking areas, and then in Europe and other parts of the world. At that time, the main representatives of North America were anthropologist Hall, psychologist Barker, Itleson, Prosanski, Summer, urban planner Lynch and so on.
June 1968, comprehensive professional group? Environmental Design Research Association (EDRA)? It was announced in North America. The first annual meeting was held in 1969, and many research centers were formed, such as children and environment, environmental cognition, environment and age, disabled people and environment, living environment, indoor environment, women's issues, user participation and post-use evaluation. The first group of members of the organization consisted of 27 people, only architects and psychologists. By 1984, the number of members has increased to 900, covering all parts of the world. Among them, architects account for 30%, psychologists account for 30%, other environmental disciplines (interior design, landscape design, urban planning and design) account for 25%, and other social scientists (geographers, sociologists, anthropologists, anthropologists and social ecologists) account for 15%, which is the longest and largest academic group engaged in environmental-behavioral research and application in the world. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the trend of environmental behavior research also formed in Europe.
Among Asian countries, Japan's research in the field of environmental behavior began in the 1960s, and it was in a leading position, and developed rapidly in the 1970s. Compared with other countries in the world, China's research in this field started late, and it was not until the early 1980s that it introduced relevant theories and methods from developed countries such as Europe, America and Japan, and began to engage in the research of architecture and other disciplines, which aroused widespread interest and concern of researchers.
Second, environmental psychology and its development
Different researchers have different understandings of environmental psychology. From the definitions of environmental psychology by different scholars, we can see the connotation and panorama of environmental psychology.
As an independent discipline, environmental psychology? This name was first put forward by new york researchers Ploshansky and Itelson. Any artificial environment is the product of society, and it is inseparable from the corresponding social environment and cultural background, and also from the natural environment on which it exists [1]. 1978, the book Environmental Psychology co-authored by P.A. Bell and others defined environmental psychology as: environmental psychology is a science that studies the relationship between behavior and experience and the artificial and natural environment as a whole. Environmental psychology starts with the study of noise, and studies the relationship between personal space, crowding and human beings, urban development and urban planning. Its purpose is to understand how individuals interact with the environment, and then use and transform the environment to solve various human behavior problems caused by the environment [2].
Environmental psychology is a science that discusses what kind of environment is in line with people's wishes from the psychological point of view, so it is not necessary to ask people to adapt to what kind of environment. In the past, when people created the environment, they hardly considered the psychological tendency of people living there. On the contrary, environmental psychology puts it forward as an important issue, and combines it with choosing and creating environment to become a science. So now there are some problems that must be considered [3].
Yu Guoliang's definition is that environmental psychology is a discipline that studies the relationship between individual behavior and its environment, mainly studying the relationship between environment and psychology, that is, using psychological methods to analyze the relationship and interaction between human experience, activities and society-environment (especially physical environment), and to reveal the law of the occurrence and development of human psychology under various environmental conditions [4]. Ma Xunfeng and others think? Environmental psychology in a broad sense should be psychology, because all psychology is aimed at the environment? . The narrow sense of environmental psychology can be defined as? A discipline that studies the influence of environmental problems on human psychology and behavior, including animals, and the feedback of this influence on the environment? [5] Environmental psychology is one of the emerging disciplines of psychology, a combination of social science and natural science, a combination of architectural environmentology and applied psychology, and a discipline that pays attention to the interaction and relationship between people and the environment [6].
We can see that although there are some small differences in the expression of the above definitions, the basic ideas are similar. Based on the views of different researchers, the definition of environmental psychology can be expressed as follows: environmental psychology is a branch of psychology with unique characteristics, which can be distinguished from other branches of psychology. Environmental psychology is different from other branches of psychology in that its research content is different from other branches.
In the existing environmental psychology research, we can see that the actual research content contains many aspects. Some researchers summarized it as follows: the concepts of natural environment and social environment, psychological principles in different environments, individual psychological phenomena and perception of the environment; The relationship between environmental physics and environmental psychological quantity (the relationship between environment and people's thinking, emotion, will, personality, etc.). ), as well as the law of environmental effects on people's psychology and behavior, including the influence of natural environment (such as noise, temperature, wind direction, climate and air pollution) and social environment (such as personal space, regional concept, social atmosphere, social culture and interpersonal relationship); The influence of environmental association on environmental consciousness and psychology, and the influence of psychological changes in environmental pollution on human information transmission and work efficiency; How can people adjust themselves psychologically under different environmental conditions to adapt to the environment and create an environment conducive to individual development, that is, feedback to the environment [5]. In addition, environmental psychology also studies the influence of people's psychology and behavior on the environment, and studies how to influence people's behavior by influencing people's psychology, so as to increase the behavior close to the environment and reduce the behavior that destroys the environment.
In the final analysis, environmental psychology is psychology, not environmentology. Its research content is psychology, but a limited field needs to be added, and this limited field is environment. Is there a definition? Environmental psychology is a subject that studies the interaction and relationship between people and the environment? We feel that although this expression is clear and concise, it basically conforms to the research content of environmental psychology, but it is not the best expression. Because environmental psychology is psychology after all, just a science? Interaction and relationship? After all, the topic is not appropriate.
But there is still a question: does the environment mentioned in environmental psychology only refer to the natural environment or the social environment? Here, our suggestions should be mainly about the natural environment. Another problem in definition is whether environmental psychology is an interdisciplinary subject of environmental science and psychology. Some researchers pointed out that? From the purpose and task of environmental psychology research, environmental psychology should become an interdisciplinary subject based on environmental science and psychology. However, judging from the origin of environmental psychology and various studies that have been carried out, environmental psychology is still far from the cross-study of environmental science and psychology? . The reason is that the original researchers of environmental psychology are mainly urban planners and architectural designers, and their research problems are mainly personal space, congestion, urban development and urban design. At present, environmental psychology is more closely related to urban planning and architectural design? .
Define environmental psychology as? The combination of architectural environmentology and applied psychology? It seems to be more related to this situation, but it is inconsistent with the latest development trend of environmental psychology. Because we can see that the number of psychologists among environmental psychology researchers is increasing day by day, the scope of research is becoming wider and wider, and the moon is increasingly beyond the scope of architecture.
Third, the research content and prospect of environmental psychology
Broadly speaking, all psychology is the study of human psychology in the environment. Should all psychology be called environmental psychology? We believe that if all psychology is described as environmental psychology, then there is no way to reflect the independence of this subject. Environmental psychology is a subject that studies psychological activities under the influence of natural environment and those small activities that affect natural environment. The contents of the study are as follows: the psychological influence of the environment on people, and the psychological influence of people on the environment. 1. Environmental perception and environmental cognition. 2. Environmental psychological assessment. 3. Environmental attitudes and values. 4. The influence of environment on people. 5. How to change people's psychology and make people do more things that are beneficial to environmental protection. 6. Research on various specific environmental problems. In addition, the establishment of environmental psychology theory is also a major content of environmental psychology [7].
Therefore, there are many problems in environmental psychology that need to be raised and followed up closely with reality. In the past, many aspects of psychology were divorced from reality, so this is a very difficult topic. In a word, we think that the environmental problem should be solved by psychology to a great extent, and the study of this problem needs the cooperation of various disciplines.
References:
[1] forest. Environmental psychology [M]. China Building Industry Press, 2000: 2.
[2][ America] paul bearer, Thomas? Translated by Green and others. Zhu Jianjun, Wu Jianping, et al. Environmental Psychology 5th Edition [M]. China Renmin University Press, 2009: 4.
[3] (Japan) Xiang Ichiro. Zhou Chang, translated by Li Manman. Environmental psychology [M]. China Building Industry Press 1986: 9.
[4] Yu Guoliang, Wang Qinglan, Yang Zhiliang. Environmental psychology [M]. Beijing: People's Education Press, April 2000.
Feng, Huang Dongmei, Huang Yu, He Ziguang. Discussion on Environmental Psychology [J]. Journal of Jilin Normal University (Natural Science Edition), 2004, (1): 3 1-36.
Che wenbo A new dictionary of contemporary western psychology. Changchun: Jilin People's Publishing House, 2001:128-129.
[7] Wu Jianping. Environmental and ecological psychology [M]. Anhui People's Publishing House, 20 1 1.5.
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