German physicist,1895 65438+1October 5th, discovered roentgen rays (commonly known as x-rays) and became the first person to win the Nobel Prize in Physics in 190 1 year. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between ultraviolet rays and gamma rays.
2. Thomson Joseph John (Thomson Joseph John 1856— 1940)
This famous British physicist is the third director of the real danger room in Cavendish. Thomson has high attainments in mathematical physics, and has published papers such as "On the Motion of Vortex Ring" and "The Application of Dynamics in Physics and Chemistry". 1897 discovered electrons, and 1906 won the Nobel Prize in physics.
His son george thomson also won the Nobel Prize in physics.
3. Albert Abraham Michelson (1852- 193 1)
Polish-born American physicist, last semester we studied Michelson interference experiment in optics and saw the magic of Michelson interferometer. This semester, we saw it again in the Michelson-Morey experiment. It was the Michelson-Morey experiment that made people give up the concepts of "ether" and "ether" frame of reference, and Einstein put forward the theory of relativity. From 65438 to 0907, Michelson became the first American Nobel Prize winner in physics for "inventing the optical interferometer and applying it to the study of spectroscopy and basic metrology".
A crater on the moon was named after him.
4. William Karl Werner Otto Fritz Wien 1864— 1928)
German physicist, 19 1 1 year, won the Nobel Prize in physics for his contribution to the laws of physics such as thermal radiation. We have read about Wayne's replacement rate in the book:
In blackbody radiation, with the increase of thermodynamic temperature of blackbody, what is the strongest wavelength of radiation? Move to the short wave direction to meet the requirements.
There is a crater named after him on Mars.
5. Max Planck (Max Planck 1858- 1947)
German physicist and founder of quantum mechanics. Planck is known as the father of quantum mechanics because of his great contribution in the field of quantum mechanics. 1900, Planck first put forward the concept of energy quantum, and deduced the formula of blackbody radiation energy distribution according to Rayleigh and Jenkins formulas:
19 18 Planck won the Nobel Prize in Physics.
Planck's tomb is in Gottingen Cemetery, and its symbol is a simple rectangular stone tablet with only his name engraved on it, and the lower corner reads: Erg seconds. His epitaph is a line:
This is also an affirmation of his greatest contribution in life: putting forward the quantum hypothesis.
Another little-known great contribution of Planck is the derivation of Boltzmann constant? . We often used Boltzmann constant in the thermal section last semester? . It was Planck who made a deeper study along Boltzmann's thought and got Boltzmann's constant. To show respect for Professor Boltzmann, he suggested? It is called Boltzmann constant. Now it seems that two very important constants in modern physics? And then what? All of them are derived by Planck, who is really a great physicist.
6. Albert Einstein (Albert Einstein 1879- 1955)
German Jew, who later acquired American citizenship. Einstein's greatness is well known.
/kloc-began to teach himself advanced mathematics at the age of 0/2, and began to doubt Euclid's hypothesis. At the age of 26 (1905), he published quantum theory, put forward the light quantum hypothesis, and solved the problem of photoelectric effect. In April of the same year, he submitted his thesis "A New Method for Determining Molecular Size" to the University of Zurich, and obtained his doctorate. In May, he finished the paper "On Electrodynamics of Moving Objects", and put forward the principle of special relativity independently and completely, which initiated a new era of physics. This year is therefore called "Einstein miracle year". At the age of 36 (19 15), he put forward the complete form of gravity equation of general relativity and successfully explained the motion of mercury at perihelion. At the age of 37 (65,438+0,965,438+06), he finished his concluding thesis "Fundamentals of General Relativity".
192 1 year, Einstein won the nobel prize in physics for his research on photoelectric effect. This semester we studied Einstein's photoelectric effect equation:
But Einstein's greatest contribution is the establishment of the theory of relativity. Our level is limited, and we can only understand the fur of special relativity. The two basic assumptions of special relativity are
Einstein's principle of relativity: the laws of physics have the same mathematical expression in all inertial systems, that is, all inertial systems are equivalent, and there is no special absolute inertial system.
Principle of constant speed of light: in all inertial systems, the propagation rate of light in vacuum is equal to?
According to the special theory of relativity, there are the following effects:
Time delay:
Length contraction:?
In addition, Einstein also put forward the famous mass-energy equation:
7. Niels Henrik David Bohr (niels henrik david bohr 1885- 1962)
Danish physicist. By introducing quantization conditions, he put forward a Bohr model to explain the spectrum of hydrogen atoms, and put forward the complementary principle to explain quantum mechanics and Copenhagen interpretation, which had a far-reaching impact on the development of physics in the twentieth century. Bohr is a Danish physicist and the founder of Copenhagen School.
Bohr's theory of hydrogen atom includes three basic assumptions.
Steady state hypothesis. An atomic system can and can always be in a series of states corresponding to discrete energy values, so any energy change of the system can only be caused by the transition between these states. These states are called the steady state of the system.
Frequency condition. When there is a transition between two stationary States, the atom will take? And has the following relationship called frequency condition:
Assumption of quantization of angular momentum. High-speed electrons? What is the radius? When moving around the nucleus on a circle, is there only the angular momentum of the electron? Equal to? Those orbits with integer multiples are stable, that is,
According to Bohr's hydrogen atom theory, the energy formula of hydrogen atom is obtained.
What time? Get the ground state energy.
In addition, Bohr is also a football player, the top goalkeeper in Denmark in the early 20th century, and the goalkeeper of Danish AB team. 1922 When Bohr won the Nobel Prize in Physics. At that time, the headline commonly used in Danish newspapers was "Awarding the Nobel Prize to the famous football player Niels Bohr".
8. arthur holly compton (1892- 1962)
American physicists Compton 19 18 began to study the scattering of X-rays. In 1922, he found that when X-rays scatter free electrons, the photon energy decreases and the wavelength increases. This discovery is called "Compton effect" or "Compton scattering":
Among them? It is called Compton wavelength of electrons. .
Compton 1927 won the Nobel Prize in Physics.
9. Louis Victor de Broglie (Louis Victor de Broglie 1892— 1987)
Famous French theoretical physicist, founder of wave mechanics, founder of matter wave theory and one of the founders of quantum mechanics. 1923, de Broglie put forward a bold hypothesis in his doctoral thesis: physical particles fluctuate. He applied wave-particle duality to physical particles and put forward matter wave, also called de Broglie wave, whose frequency and wavelength are:
De Broglie won the Nobel Prize in Physics with 1929, becoming the first scientist to win this honor with his doctoral thesis.
10, Werner Heisenberg 190 1- 1976)
German physicist, the main founder of quantum mechanics, and the representative of Copenhagen School.
We learned about uncertain relationships this semester. This relationship was first proposed by Heisenberg in 1927: in a certain direction, there is the following relationship between the uncertainty of particle position and the uncertainty of momentum in that direction:
After the beginning of World War II, under the threat of Nazi Germany, the great Danish physicist Bohr left his beloved Copenhagen Institute of Theoretical Physics and his colleagues from all over the world for the United States. Many German scientists have also left their homes and are determined not to compromise with Nazi forces. However, an equally outstanding physicist stayed behind and was entrusted with the heavy responsibility by Nazi Germany to lead the technical work of developing atomic bombs. Bohr, who is far away in a foreign land, is angry. He had a sharp contradiction with his former colleagues and formed a lifelong estrangement with him.
1 1, Erwin Schr?dinger (Irving Schrodinger
Austrian physicist. Founder of probabilistic wave mechanics. I mainly study the statistical theory of heat, and write papers on thermodynamics and statistics of gas and reaction kinetics, vibration, lattice vibration (and its contribution to internal energy). He also studied the theory of color vision, and his explanation of the frequency relationship between red-green color blindness and blue-yellow blindness was accepted by physiologists. We did see Schrodinger's name in high school biology books. )
1926 From June to June, Schrodinger published four papers, all of which were entitled "Quantization is an eigenvalue problem", systematically expounding the theory of wave mechanics.
Schrodinger equation of free particles:?
1933, Schrodinger won the Nobel Prize in Physics.
Dai Weixun 12 (Davidson Clinton Joseph1881-kloc-0/958) and George Paget Thomson (1892- 1975).
Clinton Joseph Dai Weixun is an American experimental physicist and george thomson is a British physicist. The two of them won the 1937 Nobel Prize in Physics for proving the correctness of de Broglie's formula.
Dai Weixun Crater on the Moon commemorates Clinton Joseph Dai Weixun.
George thomson is the only son of Thomson Joseph John, and both father and son have won the Nobel Prize in physics.
Enrico Fermi (Enrico Fermi1901-1954)
Italian-American physicist, who has made great contributions to both theoretical physics and experimental physics, initiated the quantitative theory of β decay, designed and built the world's first self-sustaining chain fission nuclear reactor, and developed the quantum theory. This semester we have seen Fermions, followed by Fermi energy formula, fermi-dirac distribution and other physical quantities named after Fermi.
Fermi won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1938.
14, Wolfgang Poly (Wolfgang Poly 1900- 1958)
Austrian-born American scientist. From 65438 to 0922, Pauli worked as a teaching assistant at the University of G? ttingen in Bonn, and jointly published a paper on the application of celestial perturbation theory in atomic physics with Born.
Pauli exclusion principle (also called Pauli exclusion principle) means that electrons with the same motion state cannot be accommodated in atoms, and two pads cannot have exactly the same four quantum numbers.
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Pauli 1945 won the Nobel Prize in Physics.
Max Born 15 (Max Born 1882 ~ 1970)
German Jewish theoretical physicist and one of the founders of quantum mechanics. Born's main achievement in physics is to establish the statistical explanation of matrix mechanics and Schrodinger wave function.
Bonn thinks that de Broglie wave is a kind of probability wave. Bonn thinks that the state of microscopic particles uses wave function? The description itself has no direct physical meaning, but the square of its module? Show? Always in space coordinates? The probability of finding particles in the nearby unit volume, that is, the probability density of particle appearance.
Bonn won the Nobel Prize in Physics from 65438 to 0954.
Born has successively trained two Nobel Prize winners in physics: Heisenberg and Pauli. However, Born seems less fortunate than his students. His explanation of probability in quantum mechanics was opposed by many great scientists, including Einstein and Planck. It was not until 1954 that he won the Nobel Prize in Physics.