Master thesis of environmental engineering 1
Present situation and development of disaster information management in China
In recent years, natural disasters have occurred frequently in China, from Wenchuan earthquake to Yushu earthquake, from floods caused by typhoons to smog caused by pollution. The economic losses caused by natural disasters in China are increasing every year, and natural disasters have become an important factor restricting China's economic and social development. Since the founding of New China, especially in recent years, the China government has attached great importance to disaster prevention and mitigation. The level of disaster information management in China has been greatly improved, and the disaster situation can be submitted and released to the society in time, which has improved the credibility of the government and enhanced the confidence of the people in disaster areas to overcome disasters.
First, China's disaster information management system
China's disaster information management system can be summarized as three points: (1) unified leadership of government departments, mainly referring to the unified formulation and implementation of relevant disaster management laws and regulations by government departments, and the implementation of disaster management command and decision-making functions by government departments. (2) The division of responsibilities among departments mainly refers to the close cooperation of various disaster management functional departments of the government while exercising their duties. Due to different types of disasters, the division of labor is also different. Some departments are responsible for managing disaster relief, while others are responsible for collecting disaster relief. (3) Classified management mainly means that the central government is mainly responsible for the decision-making of national catastrophe relief, and the governments at all levels below are responsible for disaster management within their respective administrative areas, and at the same time, according to the size of disasters, the responsibilities of the higher and lower levels are clearly defined.
Second, China's current situation of disaster information management
At present, the current situation of disaster information management in China can be summarized as four aspects:
1. The collection method of disaster information is primitive. At present, when there is a local disaster in China, the collection of disaster information mainly depends on the oral report of village-level cadres in local rural areas to towns and villages, and then the reports are reported step by step by towns, counties and cities. The degree of disaster is generally obtained by manual visual observation or estimation, and the collection method of disaster information is relatively primitive.
2. The processing method of disaster information is rough. Under normal circumstances, if the disaster situation is not very serious, or the time when the disaster situation occurs is urgent, the county and municipal departments rarely check the disaster situation report of villages and towns, and simply handle the knowledge and start reporting. At the same time, when reporting, the statistics of the disaster situation will be exaggerated or reduced, and the processing method of the disaster information is also rough.
3. The storage mode of disaster information is relatively simple. In general rural and township departments in China, there is little habit of accumulating disaster files. Even in the relevant departments at county and city levels, there are few paper materials and disaster video materials, so there will be problems in disaster statistics.
4. The mode of disaster information transmission is relatively backward. At present, the way of transmitting information in towns and villages is nothing more than telephone or fax, and computers are rarely used to report it. Because the efficiency of telephone fax is relatively low, the way of transmitting disaster information is relatively backward.
Three. Problems in Disaster Information Management in China
In the relationship of disaster information in China, timely and accurate release of disaster information is the focus of work and the key to disaster relief work. There are subjective reasons and objective reasons that affect the release of disaster information. Let's analyze it below:
1. Subjective reasons.
Subjective reasons are mainly reflected in two aspects: on the one hand, the existing disaster information management system has defects. Although the current statistical system of natural disasters has been revised many times, there are still some inconsistencies between the time limit and indicators of disaster collection and the grassroots departments. The handling and release of disasters have not yet formed a unified standard, and the disaster indicators from top to bottom are not unified, which increases the difficulty of disaster information exchange.
The second aspect is mainly reflected in local interests. Some disaster-stricken areas deliberately conceal some important information when reporting disaster information for their own interests, so as to reduce local disaster relief investment and obtain more disaster relief funds from superiors. At the same time, there are still some unreasonable places in the current disaster relief management system. For example, the personal disaster relief subsidy standard is low. When people are affected by disasters, the disaster relief subsidy received by the collapse of houses is only 7% of the building cost. Therefore, some poor disaster-stricken areas have to exaggerate the disaster situation in order to alleviate the contradiction between disaster relief funds and people's needs.
2. objective reasons.
The objective reasons are mainly reflected in three aspects: on the one hand, there is a shortage of disaster information management personnel at the grassroots level. In China, the disaster information management at the township level is mainly the responsibility of civil affairs assistants, who have other tasks to be responsible for. Civil affairs departments at the county level are generally not more than 3 people responsible for disaster relief. These staff not only have to undertake certain disaster relief work, but also need to engage in post-disaster subsistence allowances, disaster reporting and other work, so many jobs are too late to check, just subjective judgments. The second aspect is that the quality of disaster information managers is not high.
Disaster information managers from township level to provincial and municipal level, their professional quality and working ability, the time of engaging in disaster information management and professional technical training will have an impact on the efficiency of disaster reporting and disaster handling, especially the relevant personnel in township and county units. If there are mistakes, it will lead to problems in the handling of the whole disaster relief work. The third aspect is the low technical level of collecting and processing disaster information. Advanced disaster information collection and processing equipment is very important for accurate reporting and processing of disasters. At present, the low technology of disaster information collection and processing is mainly reflected in the fact that there is no unified technical scheme for disaster information collection and processing, which leads to unreasonable equipment configuration for disaster information collection and processing. The average proportion of disaster information processing methods combining computer and manual work is only 80%.
Fourth, the development trend of disaster information management in China
Judging from the current situation of disaster information management in China, its development trend can be shown in the following four aspects:
1. Establish a special disaster information network. To develop special databases, including disaster background database and disaster relief database, so as to make statistics, analysis and processing of disaster information in the first time, it is necessary to establish a direct reporting channel for disaster information and report disaster information in the first time. The transmission network of disaster information needs to be kept open for 24 hours, and networking should be established.
2. Form a unified statistical method standard for disaster information. Further improve the disaster statistics system and improve the disaster statistics method according to the needs of disaster relief work. Disaster statistical reports need to focus on the number of damaged houses, the number of people affected, and government assistance. , which is convenient for verification and can improve work efficiency.
3. Establish a disaster verification mechanism. The first thing to do is to standardize the procedures for disaster verification, that is, to verify the township level at the county and city level, and to verify the village-level units at the township level, step by step, and clarify the responsibilities. Then, the contents of disaster verification should be specified. The general verification content mainly includes verification report and evaluation report, and then the key points of each part need to be clarified.
4. Establish disaster relief performance appraisal. The content of the assessment should first highlight the living security of the affected people and whether the affected people have difficulties in food and clothing and medical care. During the disaster, re-evaluate the delivery of relief materials by disaster relief units at all levels. It is necessary to make good use of special funds to effectively protect the interests of the affected people. The publicity of disaster relief funds needs to be announced at the first time, open and transparent. Finally, what needs to be done is to improve the file management of disaster relief information and update the situation of each disaster in the disaster management database in time.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) abstract
In recent years, natural disasters have occurred frequently in China, which not only brought huge losses to the national economy, but also failed to protect people's lives and property. This paper mainly aims at the current situation of disaster information management in China, analyzes the existing problems and their causes, and finally analyzes the development trend of disaster information management in China, hoping to make a modest contribution to disaster information management in China.
Master thesis of environmental engineering II
On that relationship between environmental engineer and reliability engineering
abstract:
Environmental engineering and reliability engineering seem to be two unrelated engineering technologies, but their internal relations are very close, and they complement, promote and influence each other. They are two engineering systems in a state of * * * *, and the effects produced by their organic integration are of great significance to the development of mankind, society and country. Therefore, the in-depth study of their relationship will accelerate the pace of their organic integration. This paper starts with an overview of environmental engineering and reliability engineering, and has a certain understanding of their basic contents, and then studies the relationship between environmental engineering and reliability engineering to realize the organic combination of environmental engineering and reliability engineering.
Key words:
Environmental engineering; Reliability engineering; relationship
1 Overview of environmental engineering
1. 1 environmental engineering catalogue
Environmental engineering is a science and technology to improve environmental quality, study and prevent environmental pollution, and engage in this work. It has a certain relationship with the environment in different fields, such as ecology, environmental physics, environmental chemistry, environmental hygiene, environmental medicine and other fields in biology, but it basically focuses on the treatment of environmental pollution sources. At the same time, environmental engineering is also a complex and huge technical system, which mainly includes the research on prevention and control measures to control environmental pollution and public hazards, rational utilization and protection of natural resources, waste recycling technology, development of closed-circuit production system with little or no harm, and reform of production technology. The main purpose of environmental engineering is to control environmental pollution sources, promote the popularization of good environmental effects and strive for greater economic benefits, which is also the main direction of environmental engineering development.
1.2 development of environmental engineering
19 In the early 1950s, people began to disinfect and filter drinking water from the outbreak of cholera in London, England, which really kicked off environmental engineering. At that time, environmental engineering was also called sanitary engineering, which mainly included environmental sanitation, garbage disposal, water supply and drainage engineering and water quality analysis. At that time, the establishment and implementation of environmental engineering reduced the probability of water-borne diseases such as cholera and typhoid fever, and achieved remarkable results. Environmental pollution is gradually synchronized from human activities. The natural environment itself has a certain self-purification ability, but the amount of pollutants needed to exert the self-purification ability does not exceed the range of maintaining the normal state of the environment, but once it exceeds the environmental capacity, it will inevitably lead to the imbalance of the natural ecosystem. With the continuous progress of the times, the rapid economic development and the increasing global population, the destruction and impact on the natural environment are very serious, and the environmental pollution situation is also very severe. At the same time, the adverse effects of environmental pollution on human survival and health are gradually becoming clear, which makes the nature of environmental pollution prevention and control transition from low-level health engineering to real environmental engineering. The main sources of environmental pollution are the discharge of pollutants such as waste water, waste gas, waste residue and human life. Strengthening the control and management of environmental pollution has become the most basic task of environmental engineering.
2 Overview of reliability engineering
2. 1 Definition of reliability engineering
Reliability engineering is an engineering technology related to analysis, design and testing, aiming at improving the reliability of products or systems in their life cycle time. Product reliability is the ability to effectively realize and give play to the functions in a specific standard range within a specified or limited time and under the premise of being affected by specified conditions. The main factors affecting the reliability include not only the specified service conditions, such as maintenance conditions, environmental conditions, equipment conditions, test conditions and other factors, but also the design technology, such as analysis, overall design, sub-item design and other factors.
2.2 Development of Reliability Engineering
In the early 1950s, the United States began to study the reliability of electronic equipment, which opened the prelude to organized reliability engineering research. With the rapid development of economy and the continuous innovation of science and technology, the reliability technology of electronic equipment and other products has been extended to different industries such as machinery and construction, and the application scope of technology has become more and more extensive. For example, both construction engineering and industrial production need the support of reliability engineering technology to create greater economic benefits.
3 the relationship between environmental engineering and reliability engineering
Through the above analysis of environmental engineering and reliability engineering, we can sum up the close relationship between them. The improvement of reliability ability in reliability engineering will be affected by the environmental conditions in the region, thus improving or reducing the reliability of engineering construction, while the instability or non-conformity of engineering reliability will make the production or work efficiency of various industries fail to meet the standards, such as construction engineering, industrial production, water conservancy engineering and so on. It will not only directly reduce the quality of construction or production, but also increase the discharge of pollutants such as waste water, waste gas and waste residue, causing environmental pollution and affecting the effect of environmental engineering on pollution prevention and control. In addition, the strengthening of reliability performance in reliability engineering will also improve the quality of the surrounding harsh environment to some extent. Environmental engineering and reliability engineering complement each other, promote each other and influence each other, and their relationship is as follows:
3. 1 Reliability engineering is an objective requirement of environmental engineering.
A good environment is the foundation of human existence. It is not only the material source for human production and life, but also the natural environmental conditions for human production and life. The survival and development of human beings are closely related to the environment. Reliability engineering construction is the main way to improve people's material living standards. At the same time, due to the different environmental conditions in different regions, many material needs obtained from the environment can only be realized through reliability engineering construction, such as water shortage or serious water pollution. This kind of reliability engineering construction can make up for the deficiency in the natural environment and improve the surrounding environment to some extent. Reducing environmental pollution or making up for the shortage of local resources is essentially in line with the basic content of environmental engineering, so reliability engineering is the objective requirement of environmental engineering.
3.2 A good environment protected by environmental engineering is an important guarantee for reliability engineering.
From the definition of reliability engineering, it can be seen that the reliability of products is closely related to the influence of specified environmental conditions. As long as it meets the standards in a good environment, reliability can be truly realized. Environmental engineering is a science and technology with the fundamental task of improving environmental quality and preventing environmental pollution, which is of great significance to improving environmental quality and protecting the environment. Today, with the continuous destruction of the environment by human beings, the significance of environmental engineering is more prominent, and the effectiveness of improving the environment will ultimately determine the promotion and play of its reliability in reliability engineering. Therefore, a good environment protected by environmental engineering is an important guarantee for reliability engineering. For example, construction projects and water conservancy projects will conduct on-the-spot investigations in areas that need engineering construction, and will consider various environmental factors such as climate, humidity, water resources and geology of the surrounding environment.
3.3 Adverse effects of reliability engineering on environmental engineering
Although the construction of reliability engineering will make up for the deficiencies in the surrounding environment, it will also have adverse effects on other aspects of the surrounding environment, thus reducing the effectiveness of environmental engineering management and prevention. Taking the construction of water conservancy project as an example, the adverse effects of reliability engineering on environmental engineering are demonstrated. First, the impact on water resources. Throttling the reservoir in the construction of water conservancy projects will affect the flow direction of water resources in the downstream river, leading to the gradual decline of the surrounding water level. However, when redistributing water resources, the demand of ecological environment for water is not in the water resources allocation plan and is ignored by the allocator. Therefore, if water conservancy projects play an excessive role, it will directly lead to the decline of groundwater level, affect water quality, reduce the self-purification ability of rivers, cause environmental problems such as lakes and ponds drying up, and increase the workload of environmental protection projects. Secondly, the impact on soil conditions, first, change the soil texture, soil swamp, affect soil fertility, no longer conducive to the natural growth of crops; Second, the excessive discharge of sewage exceeds the environmental capacity of water body, which affects the self-purification ability of water body and leads to water pollution and soil pollution.
4 conclusion
Through in-depth understanding of the relationship between environmental engineering and reliability engineering, we can fully see the interaction and influence between them. Therefore, in the future development process, the organic integration of the two will give full play to their respective functions and advantages, improve environmental protection, develop the benign construction of modern reliability engineering, and promote the sustainable development of mankind, society, country and environment.
References:
[1] Chen Chao, Liang Yusheng, Yang Kun, et al. Destruction of ecological environment caused by coal mining in sandstorm area and its control countermeasures [J]. Coal Technology, 20 16(05).
[2] Cong Liu, Ma Limin. Eco-environmental problems and countermeasures faced by China's sustainable development [A]//2006 China Forum on Sustainable Development, China Sustainable Development Research Association, 2006 Annual Academic Conference Young Scholars Forum Album [C].2006.
[3] Guo Qinggong. Study on the Rational Governance of Rural Ecological Environment in China [A]// Proceedings of the Symposium on the Coordinated Development of Political Industry-University-Research Integration (I) [C].20 15.
Qin caixia. On the Coordinated Development of Highway Construction and Ecological Environment [J]. Jiangxi Building Materials, 20 16( 15).
Zhou zhibang Analysis on the Interaction between Hydraulic Engineering and Geological Environment [J]. China High-tech Enterprises, 2009(24).
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