I don't know what's going on; People in Jiguangtun wondered whether the ever-burning lamp was blown out.
Or let it gradually clear, launched a debate about life and death. As a result, everyone who advocated blowing out was beaten.
Madman, that "green" little lamp is on endlessly, which actually symbolizes feudal society.
"Long-term stability" of the conference; This tragedy is also being staged in Han Shishan, and people are
Forcing awakened people to become lonely people in collusion with each other.
And ah q was killed for no reason. Ah Q's birth is not uncommon in China, but his death is.
Strange enough to write a biography. Lu Xun's novel writing is based on the keynote of "mourning his misfortune and angering his indisputable".
Tone, this writing is also to let rescuers pay attention to farmers' problems. Embodied the leap soil and Xianglinsao.
"Sorrow" is more than "anger", but it is different for Ah Q, and the reasons here are also intriguing. Lu Xun
Although his novels satirize and castigate the ignorance of national character, they often show mercy to women.
Xianglinsao may be ignorant, but in the old society, women suffered more than men, the author
Unwilling to liquidate their historical responsibilities too much. As long as women are not like "Sister-in-law Yang Er"
""Ah Kin "as" smart "and bluffing, the author always punches. The spirit of flying over the earth
Because of his friendship with Brother Xun, Numb wrote more about his misfortune: "Many children, famine and harshness."
Taxes, soldiers, bandits, officials and gentry all make him look like a puppet. "This is undoubtedly the context of the story.
The requirement of harmony. But Ah Q's description is more anger than sadness. Aqi genus
Throughout China, Lu Xun took him as a model for dissecting the national inferiority complex, and entered the story, Ah Q.
The "local flavor" of the image was thus diluted, while its "Chinese flavor" was emphasized. Wei Zhuang
It is a virtual village, and the surnames of Zhao and Qian are also arbitrarily set. Fictitiousness of literary works
It has brought universal and typical artistic effects. Lu Xun said that his Ah Q lived in Shao.
Xing, but his image "in Shanghai, from foreign coachmen and coachmen, I'm afraid I can't find him.
As for the public scene, "I used the situation in Beijing at that time, and I was in Shaoxing."
In fact, I have never seen such a grand ceremony. ""Not only the language, background and names can be used.
This change makes the audience feel more practical. For example, if this drama is not a water town, then
Yao, the boat can be turned into a cart, and seven pounds can also be called' pigtails'. "〔 1〕P
147) deliberately weakened the local local characteristics of Ah Q and strengthened his national characteristics, just for the sake of
Realize his creative thought, that is, express the idea of transforming "national character" and creating hometown at the same time with Lu Xun.
The most common concept in local novels is fellow countryman Xu. His tears preceded Lu Xun's blessing.
I don't know if his story about Lady Huang's atonement in the temple inspired Lu Xun to write Sister Xianglin.
Aunt's "donation threshold" But we know that Lu Xun's happy family is a permission.
Ideal partner. His local novels and Lu Xun's creative thoughts are carried out in the process of "exposing illness and suffering"
There are similarities in healing attention. Like Lu Xun, he doesn't write genre paintings, but he is.
For example, Lu Zhen is cold and gloomy. His works are less cheerful and more sad to show his works at that time.
Civilian consciousness advocated by the family. There are many tragic stories in the novels created by Xu Jie, who is also a native of Zhejiang.
Anti-ethics is a social problem. Xiang Mei in the White Paper is driven crazy by unreasonable marriage.
Far away, the protagonist of "Gambler Jishun" actually pawned his wife after becoming a gambler. Xu Jie is at "
Preface to a Floating Life says that all he wrote was "life without soul". Wang Luyan's pen is cold.
And profound. He wrote about a dangerous man, a fool, self-reliant and self-reliant.
"Rat's Tooth" is mostly about the indifference of the ignorant and the wind of Lu Xun. Especially his "grapefruit"
Deeply influenced by Lu Xun. Shen Congwen also saw this. He said, "Grapefruit in Yan Lu."
The atmosphere of depression enveloped every work, and the attitude of irony and compassion was similar to that of Lu Xun.
That seems to be the season when The True Story of Ah Q occupied most people's interest, so it was Yan Lu's style.
It also developed from that way. [7] (P 180) Because of the convergence of themes, even the style is also.
Examples of coercion are not unique. Tai Jingnong's novels Red Light, Man Man and New Grave
The Wounded Soldiers and Brother Tian Er also wrote more about people's ignorance and indisputable under the oppression of ethical codes.
Gas. This is also a powerful expression of participating in the revolution of new literature, but they are refining the theme.
It is always not as profound as Lu Xun's concentration.
Among the local novelists in the 1920s, Feng Wenbing, a novelist of the Silk School, should also be mentioned.
There are similarities and differences between his local novels and those of the same period. This function
It made him one of the local novels which was dominated by Silk Road School in the 1920s and Beijing School novels in the 1930s.
The middle man. Lu Xun said that Fei Ming's novels began with The Story of Bamboo Forest published by 1925.
Only then did I see that I was dressed very thinly, but as the author said, I could still sort out my sadness from them.
Works. Unfortunately, it is about "[1] (P223). If we don't understand, we also
Xu didn't pay attention to the boy leap in Lu Xun's novel "Hometown" and a group of lovely people in "social drama"
The relationship between dolls and novels of Beijing school. Because of Lu Xun's unique artistic choice, he wrote it in the May 4th period.
The novels of that period mostly wrote the tragedy and pain of life, but he also painted China through children.
The simple beauty of farmers' human nature: the vitality of leaping over the soil and the beauty of nature blend so well
Just right; The simplicity, innocence and wisdom of the children in Social Drama are very primitive farmers.
The inherent good qualities of the people. This theme did not continue in Lu Xun's novels. I
It seems that only in his reminiscence prose can children get a general understanding of his pursuit. But the silk school
Feng Wenbing did a good job in his article on this subject.
In fact, as long as you are careful, you will find that there are two kinds of literary creation of Yusi School from the beginning.
Tendency: One is the "life tendency" represented by Lu Xun who intervenes in reality and is keen on social criticism.
; One is the "humanistic tendency" represented by Zhou Zuoren who pursues tranquility, calmness and innocence. What the hell is this?
China traditional literati's two tendencies of "entering the WTO" and "being born" are moving towards a new modern style. "people
Although it is anti-Confucian, it has the core of Confucianism and is "doing something"; "human nature
Tendency "does not mean inheriting Taoism, and their literary artistic conception is somewhat calm and Zen."
The taste of liberation, to them, is "complacency." Except writers with "human nature tendency"
Among Zhou Zuoren, the most concentrated performance is Feng Wenbing. This is also acknowledged by Zhou Zuoren. It's also hard
All the books accusing Feng Wenbing are prefaced by Zhou Zuoren. Feng Wenbing was in contact with many people during the May 4th Movement.
His novels are conceived from different directions, emphasizing the purification of human nature through literature, which is the traditional literature of China.
The most easily revived literary consciousness. Since then, it has been stubbornly affecting the creative thinking of modern literature.
Yes Feng Wenbing later developed into a Fei Ming. The "human tendency" in the main line of discourse has also become Beijing-style literature.
Main melody.
Third, the concept and nature of local literature
In the study of local documents, first of all, we put local culture on time, space and content.
The limitation of literature is too narrow. Secondly, local literature is often regarded as folk literature. This recognition
Knowledge is not conducive to our literary research.
First of all, I don't think local literature can be just a literary phenomenon in a specific environment after the May 4th Movement.
To study this problem, we can only identify it from the theme and take this theme phenomenon into account.
Only by unfolding can we accurately grasp the problem.
Furthermore, local literature cannot be regarded as folk literature. Local literature is different from folk literature.
Two concepts of.
Due to the above misunderstanding, it is easy to find that "local literature" and "local culture" are interlinked to some extent.
To some extent, there are three phenomena: the name is not true, and the name is not true:
The first phenomenon, there is no doubt that local literature is the product of the writer's local complex. however
Judging from the authors of local literature, most local literature is not written by fellow villagers. This is a bit like Lu Xun's.
The concept of a hermit. Lu Xun said that the real hermits are farmers in the countryside, who "chop wood,
Farming during the day, watering vegetables at night and knitting shoes at night ",there is no time to smoke, drink tea and recite poems, which is called.
Hermit, not so "hidden". [1] (P223) The word local literature comes from
Literally, it is a bit like "local products", and so are ordinary people.
In fact, this understanding is incorrect. Because native products refer to geography, climate,
Native products formed by long-term inheritance and accumulation of human conditions. literature
If it is really like a local product, it is not called local literature, but should be called folk literature. May 4
Almost all writers of "local literature" were born in the local area, but they left their hometown and lived alone outside the local area.
Only when I started writing, did I have at least a feeling of fleeing from the countryside in my mind, and then I could have a real countryside.
Literature. This fact shows that most local literature writers come from the new cultural trend outside the local culture.
Excited or entangled, so as to care about the world inside the country; So as to care about the world outside the country.
Boundary. Just like the members of the creative society abroad, they care about the political bureau at home with strong patriotic feelings.
Potential changes. Therefore, when we study local literature, we must take this nature into account. this
This phenomenon can be called "looking back from home". On the other hand, it is actually a reflection. pure
It is impossible to produce local literature in the sense of literary history by clinging to one's own local culture. Because a place is a stage.
Independent closed environment. In a closed environment, people are used to a way of life.
And way of thinking. Without the change of air pressure, there would be no storms and rapids, and there would be no modern significance.
Literature. Local literature is actually just literature written with local themes. These literary works,
They are more loyal to a certain era in China than to their native land. Browse the modern countryside of China.
Literature, in each period, the literary tasks carried by local literature are different.
The second phenomenon, from the perspective of the recipients of the works, most local documents are not written for fellow villagers.
Read it. At that time, reading to intellectuals was mainly considered to arouse their excitement and thinking about reform.
. This feature comes from the influence of the Enlightenment in the late Qing Dynasty. We know that in the Enlightenment in the late Qing Dynasty,
One of the most unsatisfactory phenomena in China's literature is that the articles at that time were: vulgar people abused but didn't.
Elegant, elegant but not vulgar. A large number of vernacular novels flooded in the late Qing Dynasty, which can be said to have happened at that time.
A vernacular movement, but these works are antique, lacking modernity and unable to take root.
This has replaced the dominant position of classical Chinese. As a new trend of thought, the "new style" of Liang Qichao and others,
Radical and enthusiastic, they can represent the enlightenment consciousness at that time, but their works use several.
Almost all of them are written and written in half, and this style can't replace classical Chinese. Pioneer of new literature
Drive, so vigorously promote the vernacular is also out of such a dilemma, they
Write in a popular way, but also in a new way. Both of them made great efforts, but they were also very popular.
It is still open to intellectuals. If their works are stubbornly shown to fellow villagers, most people will.
Not necessarily interested. His mother doesn't like reading novels written by Lu Xun either. She said that she still loved them.
Read Zhang Henshui's novels. When talking about this issue, Lu Xun said: "There is no way now, so we have to do it."
From the intellectual class-in fact, China does not have the so-called Russian intellectual class, this is too much to say.
Dragon, let's go with the flow-give it a try first, and then the people will talk about it. ”〔8〕P
24) Zhao Shuli's two Zhuge-style fathers not only do not like reading Lu Xun's novels, but also do not like reading Zhao.
Li Shu's novels. This clearly shows that local literature has a special pursuit other than local literature. This one
Point, advocates of new literature is actually very understand. Lu Xun's books certainly have a strong peasant complex
But he wrote to the farmers, not them. Hometown didn't write it at all.
For leap soil, but for intellectuals. Therefore, literature has been advocated since the May 4th Movement.
Popular saying. It seems that popularization and localization are really two fundamentally different concepts.
Third, from the perspective of creative thinking, the conception of local literature is not limited to local culture, but often
The pen is in the countryside and the heart is in China. In other words, the "peasant problem" that writers care about is different.
Its capital is a problem that farmers care about. What do farmers care about? Q, every day's attention is to
Defend the scab on your head, whether you can win catching lice with Wang Hubi, and whether you can win fighting with Xiao D.
Close interests (? ); Moisten the soil, care about food and clothing, care about children and care about sacrifice; Aigu cares about her, too.
The problem of divorce, more precisely, is to care about her and not let her husband come out. Authors and lords
The difference between people's thinking and people's thinking, as Lu Xun expressed in "Hometown": "He wants to be close, I am.
Desire is far away. "The two are not the same. We noticed that Zhou Zuoren belongs to Liu Dabai at 1923.
There is a very important sentence in the preface of the poetry collection "Old Dreams": "I despise those traditional patriotism.
However, fake literature likes local art very much: I believe so does strong local interest.
An important part of "world" literature. Have a variety of interests, but not conflict, together.
Harmonious whole is the value of "cosmopolitan" literature, otherwise it is "uprooted tree"
, not only can't delimit into the forest, will soon wither. [9] (P 1 17) This is related to Lu.
Xun said that "those who have local colors are apt to become cosmopolitan" [10] (P39 1) has a general meaning.
Consistent. What they mean is not to insist on the theme of literature and art in the countryside, but to let the countryside go.
To the world. This is something we often misread.
Therefore, local writers pay attention to local issues. In the final analysis, they care about life at the same time.
Pay attention to human nature. Understanding this feature will help us to grasp the foundation of May 4th literature as a whole.
This spirit. Therefore, we can accurately understand the scientific position of local literature in the history of modern literature. no
However, to understand the basic laws of literature, we must remove obstacles from many aspects. First, we must learn from
The limitations of the author's self-report; The second is the prejudice from historians. In other words, historical phenomena are sometimes compared.
Concealed, sometimes more exposed; Some are direct, some are not so direct.
Answer the phone. We can't judge a writer's literary thoughts only by his own publicly acknowledged creations.
Intention, though always considered as the most reliable and authoritative. In fact, except for this layer,
In addition, we should also pay attention to the unchanging shadows deposited in the minds of writers and the public.
It sounded the writer's collective cultural consciousness. This is not just the writer's creative purpose when he picks up the pen.
Much more important. Therefore, criticism can often be an unexpected excavation. This is our research.
Aspects that literature often ignores. Wellek and Warren said in their book "Literary Theory"
However, it is very wrong to regard the writer's "creative intention" as the history of literature. "A work of art.
The significance of the novel is not only limited to, but also not equal to its creative intention. As examples of various values
System, a work of art has its own unique life. The whole significance of a work of art lies in that it not only
It can only be defined by the author and his contemporaries. This is the knot of an accumulation process.
Fruit, that is, the result of countless readers' criticism of this work. Historical reconstruction theory claims that
The whole accumulation process has nothing to do with criticism. We just need to explore the significance of the beginning of the original work, that is,
Yes This seems unnecessary, and it is actually impossible. We are experiencing criticism.
It is impossible for the works of past dynasties not to have a man of the twentieth century: we can't
We can forget that our own language will cause all kinds of associations and our newly cultivated attitudes and
The influence of the past on us. We won't be readers of Homer and Chaucer, and it's impossible.
As an audience of Dionysus Theatre in ancient Athens. Historical reconstruction and actual formation of imagination
In the past, the views were completely different. [1 1] (P35) to examine the modernity of local literature.
Its essence is not only an accurate judgment of the existence of local literature, but also of contemporary significance.
The problem.
/kloc-Although the local novels in the 1920s have their own temperament, they all obey the May 4th Movement.
The overall thinking of the New Literature Movement is a fact that cannot be ignored. Behavioral intuition and its relationship
It is normal that it is always difficult to establish a suddenly open channel between destinations.
Cultural phenomenon. Based on the expression of personality liberation, personality independence or solving social problems, of course,
It is the most intuitive expression of the May 4th spirit. But based on the writing of local humanities and economic backwardness.
The situation of backwardness and interweaving is also a hidden worry of the May 4th ideological revolution. As the historian Crowe said
On "History is Contemporary History", Modernity Theory and the History of Structuralist Anthropologist Levi
The anthropological theory of barbarian thought written by Strauss
, but also to study contemporary world culture. However, in the novel creation, a kind of subjective consciousness is strengthened.
Or sense of mission, may not be the creative tendency that young readers and critics are interested in today.
We can discuss this problem separately. But Mr. Wang Yuanhua is talking about it
This question quotes Dobrolyubov: "A work of art may be an idea.
Performance, not because the author listened to this idea when creating, but because of that.
The author of the work was conquered by the realistic fact, and this idea naturally derived from this fact.
The book reveals. Then he said: "writers should also consider social effects when writing."
However, this consideration must first respect the truth of life and not violate the laws of art. have only
Only when the writer's thoughts and feelings adapt to and obey the authenticity of the artistic image can he make himself
The consideration of social effects is on the right track, otherwise it will appear, which is sometimes difficult for successful writers to do.
Avoid the disturbing dual tendency, that is, the writer unconsciously reveals it in the artistic image.
Potential thoughts and feelings and exposed thoughts and feelings imposed on works in pursuit of social effects.
Thoughts and feelings form a mixture of true and false, and contradictions between the outside and the inside produce thoughts and feelings themselves.
Between divisions. This will inevitably destroy the harmony and consistency of art.
P73) Fortunately, most writers in the early days of the literary revolution had rich life experiences. they
Even though his creation is a little simple, there is no such "anxiety".
Date of receipt:1999—12—01
References:
[1] Complete Works of Lu Xun: Volume 6 [M]. Beijing: People's Literature Publishing House, 19 1.
[2] Complete Works of Lu Xun: Volume 4 [M]. Beijing: People's Literature Publishing House, 198 1.
[3] Li Dazhao Colected Works: Volume 1 [M]. Beijing: People's Publishing House, 1984.
[4] Li Dazhao. Morning bell mission, morning bell newspaper. Beijing, 19 16-8- 15. (Zhuang
Issue number).
[5] Collected Works of Li Dazhao: Volume 1 [M]. Beijing: People's Publishing House, 1984.
Zhou Zuoren. Ideological revolution [J]. Beijing Weekly Review: 19 19 (3): 1 1.
[7]' Works of Shen Congwen': Volume 1 1 [M]. Guangzhou: Huacheng Publishing House, 1984.
Complete Works of Lu Xun: Volume 3 [M]. Beijing: People's Literature Publishing House, 198 1.
[9] Zhou Zuoren. The old dream sequence has its own back garden [M]. Changsha: Yuelu Bookstore, 1987.
[10] Complete Works of Lu Xun: Volume 12 [M]. Beijing: People's Literature Publishing House, 198 1.
Wellek Warren. Literary theory [M]. Beijing: Sanlian Bookstore, 1984.
Wang Yuanhua. Literary meditation [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing House, 1983.