There was also an exciting time, which restored the golden age of physics in the early 20th century and 1930s, including the brilliant achievements of modern physics. From Rutherford to Bohr, Planck put forward quantized energy to explain blackbody spectrum, from Michelson interferometer to Einstein to establish special relativity, and from Minkowski to Einstein to establish general relativity. Schrodinger proposed wave quantum mechanics, Heisenberg proposed matrix quantum mechanics, and Dirac established relativistic quantum mechanics. A long list of dazzling names shines brightly in the book. If you read this book, you will really feel that you are there. You are in that exciting time.
The following comprehensive ranking 1 A Brief History of Time (this is the first book I bought, and the global sales are self-evident, which is highly recommended) and the second place "A Brief History of the Universe-The Essence of Hawking's Lecture Series" (this book is more exquisite and colorful. By the way, A Brief History of Time also has an elite edition, which is more expensive. I suggest you buy a paperback version. ) No.3 The Universe in the Shell belongs to the Department of Astrophysics and Theoretical Physics. In no particular order, I personally recommend it. Let everyone know the theory of relativity. There are many books about relativity, but this one is more suitable for the public to read. Of course, the quality is not high and there are some unprofessional explanations in it. Magnificent design. This book is the latest one. I haven't finished reading it. However, due to some people's poor evaluation of this book. Mainly continue to discuss The Theory of Everything, or Hawking fried leftovers, but it is still worth seeing. Strings of the Universe (USA) Green ~ God and New Physics in Astronomy Department (UK) paul davis ~ Subatomic Particle Discovery in Physics Department (USA) S Weinberg ~ Physics Department
Isaac Newton, the mathematical principle of natural philosophy.
The Principle of Mathematics is a three-volume work published by Newton on1July 5,687. Probably the most influential of all published scientific works, it contains not only Newton's law of motion as the basis of classical mechanics, but also his law of universal gravitation. He deduced Kepler's laws of planetary motion, which used to be empirical formulas. In expressing his physical theory, Newton also developed a mathematical field called calculus.
Before this book was published, mathematics was only used to describe nature. This is the first example of using mathematics to explain nature. A practical way was born here, which is so standard now that we regard it as something like science. This way explains nature by assuming mathematical axioms and showing that their conclusions are observable phenomena. In other words, the greatness of the principle lies not only in the development of some basic theories of physics and mathematics, but also in the first and most thorough connection between science and mathematics (fully demonstrated from this topic). The influence of this book is so profound that today we feel that this connection is so obvious that we can't imagine that science may have any other way.
Theory of relativity
Einstein, on electrodynamics of moving objects, yearbook of physics. 1June 30, 905. [ 1]
The special theory of relativity was founded in 1905, and only the observer in the inertial system with uniform motion was considered. When establishing this theory, Einstein wrote to mileva (his wife mileva) and talked about "our work in relative motion". This paper introduces the special theory of relativity, a theory about time, distance, matter and energy. The theory assumes that the speed of light of all observers is constant in a vacuum. The special theory of relativity solves the problem that has become obvious since the Michelson-Morey experiment, which does not show that light waves are propagating through any medium (other known waves propagate in media-such as water or air). The theory that light waves do not actually propagate through any medium is deduced: therefore, the speed of light is constant and does not change relative to the observer's movement. This is impossible in Newton's classical mechanics, and Einstein provided a new system to make it possible.
quantum mechanics
Planck, On the Law of Energy Distribution in Normal Spectrum, Yearbook of Physics, Volume 4,553, 190 1. [2]
Planck first gave this law in 1900 (published in 190 1 year), trying to give an interpolation between Rayleigh-Jenkins law (effective for long waves) and Wayne law (effective for short waves). He found that the above function matched the data of all wavelengths very well.
This paper is regarded as the beginning of quantum theory.
Dirac, (Principles of Quantum Mechanics), 1st Edition 1930.
This book summarizes the concept of quantum mechanics by modern notation (most of which was developed by Dirac himself), and at the end of the book, it also discusses the electronic relativity (Dirac equation) that he first pioneered. The writing of this book does not involve any works related to quantum mechanics [3]. This book has an important position in the history of science.
thermokinetics
Benjamin Thomson, "Experimental Study on Heat Source Excited by Friction", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (1798), p. 102.
The observation of the heat generated by gun drilling made Thomson deny the theory of thermal element and advocate that heat is a form of motion.
statistical mechanics
Josiah Gibbs, On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Matter, 1878.
Between 1876 and 1878, Gibbs wrote a series of papers, collectively called "On the Balance of Heterogeneous Matter", which is considered as one of the greatest achievements of physics in 19 century and the basis of physical chemistry. In these papers, Gibbs applied thermokinetics to the explanation of physical and chemical phenomena, and proved the explanation and correlation of phenomena that were previously considered isolated and unexplained. Gibbs' thesis on heterogeneous equilibrium includes: some concepts of chemical potential, some concepts of free energy, some typical Gibbs ensemble (the basis of statistical mechanics) and a phase law.
Einstein, on the motion of small particles suspended in still liquid-required by the theory of thermomolecular motion (? What is W's molecular biology theory? I want to find a girl with a sling. ), Physical Yearbook17,549, 1905. [4]
Einstein included his research on Brownian motion in various papers and presented empirical evidence of the existence of atoms.
Leo Kadanov, scaling law of Ising model near T_c, physics 2, p. 263 (1966).
The real space viewpoint of renormalization group is introduced, and the relationship between several scale indexes of Ising model is explained by this concept.
Kenneth Wilson, renormalization group: critical phenomenon and Kondo problem, Rev. mod. phys.47,4, pp. 773-840 (1974).
Application of renormalization group in solving kondo problem. The author won the Nobel Prize of 1982 for this article.
electromagnetism
On Faraday's Line of Force, Maxwell and James, On Faraday's Line of Force, University Press, 1856.
Maxwell compared Faraday's field lines to streamline lines in fluid mechanics, and then borrowed some mathematical frameworks of fluid mechanics to derive a series of preliminary electromagnetic theories.
On the line of physical force, Maxwell, James, on the line of physical force, 10, Journal of Philosophy. 186 1:PP . 1 1-23，doi: 10 . 466638366
Maxwell expounded the concept of "molecular eddy current theory" and electric displacement, which can be compared with various electromagnetic phenomena, and discussed the definition of light wave as electromagnetic wave. Maxwell integrated various laws describing electromagnetic phenomena into Maxwell's equations.
Electromagnetic field dynamics theory, Maxwell, James, electromagnetic field dynamics theory, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 1865, 155: 459–5 12
Maxwell systematically demonstrated Maxwell's equations for the first time. Maxwell applied the concept of displacement current put forward in the last paper "On the Line of Physical Force" to derive the electromagnetic wave equation. This guidance combines electricity, magnetism and optics into a unified theory.
hydromechanics
Osborne Reynolds, "The experimental study of circulation determines whether the movement of water is direct or complex, and the damping law of parallel channels" (the experimental study determines whether the movement of water should be direct or complex. Law of resistance in winding and parallel channels, Journal of Philosophy, Volume 174, (1883).
The dimensionless Reynolds number is introduced to study the critical Reynolds number from laminar flow to turbulent flow.
Andre Andrey Kolmogorov, Local Structure of Turbulence in Incompressible Viscous Fluid with Maximum Reynolds Number, Dokl. Akkad Nak. SSSR 30, page 4 (194 1). Reprinted in the process. Roy. SOC.a434, page 9 (18).
The only turbulence quantitative theory that can stand the test of time is introduced.
A.S. Monin, A.M. Yaglom, Statistical Fluid Mechanics, MIT Press (197 1). The first edition is in Russian, published by Nauka (1965).
Turbulence is the most important review text.
Nonlinear dynamics and chaos
Edward lorenz, determining aperiodic flow, Journal of Atmospheric Science, vol. 20, p. 130- 148 (1963).
This paper introduces a wired system for determining nonlinear ordinary differential equations, which is used to represent forced dissipative hydrodynamic flow and simulate simple phenomena in the actual atmosphere. All the solutions found are unstable, and most of them are aperiodic, which leads to the re-evaluation of the feasibility of long-term weather forecast. In this paper, the Lorentz attractor first appeared, and the so-called butterfly effect was given.
quantum field theory
Richard P. Feynman, Space-time method of quantum electrodynamics, Physical Review, Vol.76, No.6, p.769 (1949).
The Feynman diagram method of quantum electrodynamics is introduced.
cosmology
E.W. kolb, M.S. Turner, Early Universe, Addison Wesley, 1990.
Cosmology is the most important reference material, discussing observation and theoretical problems.
Condensation physics
John bardeen, Leon Cooper and John schrieffer, Superconducting Theory, Physical Review 108 (5), 1 175 (1957).
The general superconducting BCS theory relates the electron interaction with the phonons of the grid. The writer won the Nobel Prize.
Isoparticle physics
Irving langmuir's Works of Langmuir (196 1 year) Volume III: Thermionic Phenomenon: 19 16- 1937 Volume IV: Discharge: 1923-657.
These two volumes of works by Nobel Prize winner Langmuir include his early papers on experiments with ionized gas (i.e. plasma). These books summarize many basic characteristics of plasma. Langmuir invented the word plasma around 1928.
Hannes alfven, Karl Gunnar Felsama, Cosmic Electrodynamics, 2nd Edition (1963).
Hannis alfin won the Nobel Prize for developing magnetohydrodynamics (MHD, the science of modeling plasma as liquid). This book lays the foundation, but it also shows that MHD may not be enough for low-density plasma like space plasma. Almost 20 years later, Alvin's book "Cosmic Plasma (198 1 year)" is based on his 20 years' work, explaining why particles such as space will produce more complex phenomena, such as birkeland flow (current) and double layer, and why we should use the knowledge of circuit theory and current to model it.
I can check it myself. I also copied and pasted it for a long time. Take it for my sake! ! !