As one of the main sources of China literature, The Book of Songs has always been highly praised by scholars. After more than 2,000 years, it has become a cultural gene, which has been integrated into the blood of Chinese civilization. The Book of Songs is based on reality, which expresses the real feelings caused by real life and has strong and profound artistic charm. No matter in form and genre, language skills, artistic image and expression techniques, it shows the great artistic achievements of the earliest poetry works in China.
(A) Fu, Bi, Xing techniques
Fu Shuo's truth is that the poet expresses his thoughts and feelings and related things in a straightforward way. For example, "July" describes the life of farmers for twelve months a year, that is, using the Fu method. Fu is a basic expression and foundation.
Bixing means, for example, comparing one thing with another, and the poet has the ability or emotion to use one thing as a metaphor. Among them, the whole poem expresses feelings in a metaphorical way, such as "Qi Feng?" Hey, "Feng Wei? Storytelling, Xiaoya? Heming is unique; In The Book of Songs, there are various methods of metaphor, such as simile, metaphor, metonymy and metaphor. Simile is? Than? Both in the sentence? That thing? Another one? This thing? Is there a connection between the two? Like what? The word is used as a metaphor. For example, "Qin Feng? Xiao Rong:? Speaking of a gentleman, he is as gentle as jade. ? "Xiaoya? Chang di:? A good wife is like a harp. ? So Kong said:? A thousand words are not worth a word, right? . What is the metaphor? That thing? With what? This thing? There is no between? Like what? A related word. For example, "Feng Wei? Self-protection? In the nest, there is no mulberry. I am a girl, so I don't have to worry about it. Wait a minute. Metaphor is just saying? That thing? Don't say? This thing? . For example, "Feng Wei? Self-protection? Mulberry fell, yellow and dead. Self-pity, poor at the age of three? . Metaphor is a string? That thing? How about one? This thing? . For example, "Xiaoya? Natural forest protection? Mountains are like hills, hills are like tombs, and rivers are like squares. Why not? There are five metaphors, which means that the business is booming. " Daya？ On the board? The mediocrity of heaven, such as Yu, Zhang, Gui, Cheng and Zai? , even out of six metaphors, metaphor helps others. In a word, the extensive use of metaphors in The Book of Songs shows that poets have rich associative power and imagination, and can express their thoughts and feelings in specific poetic language.
Xing is a touching thing to promote Ci, while objective things set off the poet's feelings and cause the poet to sing, so it is mostly at the beginning of the poem. ? Xing? The application of "Xing Sentence" is complicated, and some of them only play the role of regulating rhythm and Astragalus emotion at the beginning, but the connection between Xing Sentence and the following is not obvious. For example, "Xiaoya? Yuanyang chapter 2:? Yuanyang is in the beam, slapping its left wing, and a gentleman will be happy for a thousand years. ? Xing sentence and the last two greetings only coordinate the rhyme of the first poem. what's up Xing? If you want to be emotional, what you say first must be related to the following in some sense. This kind of connection, either manifested in that what was said in front can be a metaphor for the below, or that what was said in front can render the atmosphere and set off the below, or both, constitutes an indispensable part of the artistic realm of poetry. For example, "Zheng Feng? Wild weeds, Nan Zhou? Guan Yu. ? Xing? Its artistic taste and charm mainly lie in that it often creates vivid images, vivid pictures, harmonious scenes, natural euphemisms and profound artistic conception for poetry by touching the scene, seeing things or setting colors according to the situation, and borrowing things from things. Bixing is an indirect way to express feelings. Later generations often refer to Bixing as Bixing, which refers to the creative technique of expressing thoughts and feelings in the Book of Songs through association and imagination.
In poetry, Fu, Bi and Xing are often used alternately, and * * * shapes the artistic image of poetry and expresses the poet's feelings. In The Book of Songs, Fu, Bi and Xing are the most skillfully used works, which have reached the artistic realm of blending scenes, things and me, and have a direct enlightening effect on the creation of poetic artistic conception in later generations. For example, "Qin Feng? Jia Xu, with the narration of Fu, combines the sad autumn scenery with the sentimental artistic conception, forming a lonely and intriguing artistic realm.
(b) Judgment and composition
The basic sentence pattern of The Book of Songs is four words, sometimes ranging from two to eight words. The proportion of miscellaneous sentences is very low, and only a few poems are mainly miscellaneous, such as Vatan. Based on the four sentences, it can be inferred that the musical melody of singing the Book of Songs at that time was relatively stable and simple.
The Book of Songs often adopts the form of overlapping words, with only a few changes in word meaning and literal meaning, resulting in the effect of singing and sighing. This is a feature of folk songs, which can strengthen the expression of feelings. Therefore, it is most commonly used in folk songs such as "National Wind" and "Xiaoya", but rarely appears in political poems such as "Ode to Ya" and "Xiaoya". For example, "Nan Zhou? Goose flies:
Pick slugs, pick them with fine words. Pick slugs, fine print. Select slugs and make a short comment. Pick slugs and smooth them with fine print. Pick slugs and talk about them. Pick slugs, pick from fine print.
Only six verbs have been changed in the three chapters, describing the whole process of picking up slugs. The structure of the stack, a variety of words, put the different links of picking up slugs in three chapters, complement each other, and form a whole in the sense, singing and sighing, which is very graceful. Reduplication in The Book of Songs is also called tautology. ? Logging Ding Ding, birds singing? ("Xiaoya? Log "), to? Tintin? 、? Hey? Imitate logging and birdsong. In The Book of Songs, there are many double rhymes, such as? Uneven? 、? Passion? 、? Li Lie? Wait, rhyme? What did you do wrong? 、? Difference pool? 、? Plan ahead? 、? Live late? By analogy, there are also some disyllabic feet used in the first word, the third word or the second word and the fourth word of a poem. Like what? Hey hey? ("Qi Feng? Putian), What's the point? ("Feng Wei? ), Joe? The burning of the gun? ("Xiaoya? Leaves ") and so on.
There are various rhyming ways in The Book of Songs. It is common that a chapter only uses one rhyme part, rhymes every other sentence, and rhymes on even sentences. This is the most common rhyme in China's later poems. There are also rhymes that are not common in later poems. There are also some poems in The Book of Songs that have no rhyme to the end, some poems have more than two rhymes, and even some poems have no rhyme.
(C) different language styles, elegance and praise
The Book of Songs is divided into three categories according to style, elegance and vulgarity, and fu. Poetry? At first, they were all music songs, but because of the loss of ancient music, later generations could not understand the musical characteristics of wind, elegance and praise. Wind is the tune of music, and national wind is the tune of music in every region. Countries refer to regions and territories. The 15-nation Wind 160 articles include Nan Zhou, Zhao Nan, Qifeng, Zhu Feng, Feng Wei, Feng Wang, Zheng Feng, Qifeng, Wei Feng, tang style, Qin Feng, Martin, Qifeng, Cao Feng and Zhuifeng. ? Huh? Righteousness means court music, and elegance and vulgarity are divided. Daya 3 1 is a work of the Western Zhou Dynasty, while Xiaoya 74 * * * is a work of the late Western Zhou Dynasty, except for a few works of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. Ode is the joy of ancestral temple sacrifice, many of which are dance music, and the music may be more soothing.
The language of The Book of Songs not only has the beauty of music, but also has a good effect in ideographic and rhetoric. From the abundant nouns and accurate action descriptions in The Book of Songs, we can see that the poet has a full understanding of objective things and the ability to observe and control language carefully. In a word, the language form of The Book of Songs is vivid and colorful. However, elegance, ode and national style are different in language style. Most of the chapters in Ya and Song adopt a strict four-character style, with few miscellaneous words, but many national miscellaneous words. In "Xiaoya" and "National Style", repeated chapters and sentences are often used, but they are rare in the aspect of appealing to both refined and popular tastes. Many modal particles are used in national style. Like what? Hey? 、? What? 、? Stop? 、? Think? 、? Huh? 、? And then what? 、? Hey? 、? What else? And so on, these modal particles have also appeared in Ya and Ode, but they are not as varied as those in National Customs. The clever use of modal particles in The Wind has enhanced the vividness and vividness of poetry, and reached a vivid situation. The differences in elegance, ode and national style reflect the changes of the times and society, and also reflect the differences in creative themes. Ya Song is mostly written and reflected by the Western Zhou Dynasty works and nobles. Yala? "National Customs" are mostly works in the Spring and Autumn Period, and many of them are based on folk materials, which more embodies the freedom and boldness of the new voice and is closer to the spoken language at that time.
? Elegant? The ideological content was established by later poets, while Bi Xing provided a model for later writers in artistic expression. The Book of Songs also had a far-reaching influence on the genre structure and language art of China's poems in later generations. The four-character poems written by Cao Cao, Ji Kang and Tao Yuanming directly inherited the four-character sentence pattern in the Book of Songs. Therefore, The Book of Songs has a profound influence on the development of China literature for two thousand years, and it is also very literary.
Ancient historical materials with academic and historical value.
The Artistic Achievements of The Book of Songs
The Book of Songs is the foundation work that occupies an extremely important position in the history of China literature. As a collection of music songs, it has different authors, different regions, different contents and diverse artistic styles. To sum up, his artistic achievements are mainly reflected in the following four aspects:
(1) Strong realistic spirit. Most of the poems in The Book of Songs are a portrayal of slave social life. The authors have a profound knowledge and understanding of social life, and can express it through perfect artistic images, expressing their direct feelings about real life. For example, July, by telling the truth, shows the real picture of the miserable life of ancient serfs. This poem not only describes the whole labor process in a general way, but also reveals the social injustice through sharp contrast and expresses the people's dissatisfaction with the ruling class. "Cutting Tan" and "Shuoshu" show the consciousness and resistance of slaves under heavy suffering and exploitation and oppression; Gentlemen in Service and Dongshan reflect the sufferings brought by war and corvee to the people. Dream and White Boat reveal all kinds of joys and sorrows of love and marriage. These poems not only profoundly reflect social life, but also grasp and reveal some essential contradictions of social life at that time with amazing artistic generalization. Through the concrete description of real life, they truly and vividly reflected the social outlook at that time and expressed the ideals and aspirations of the broad masses of people.
(2) Fu Bixing is the most prominent artistic expression method in The Book of Songs, and they are also called poetic with Feng Ya's songs? Liu Yi? . Bixing, in particular, is an artistic law summarized by the ancients when they studied the Book of Songs. The ancients generally thought that it was xing, that is, the expression method of elegant praise was body, that is, the content and system of expression. Talk here? Fu Bixing? The artistic effect of three artistic expression methods. ? Fu? It is a straightforward way of narration. What are the characteristics of its writing style? Straight man? Without metaphor, describe the content to be expressed in different levels, giving people a clear and complete impression. For example, in July, according to the changes of seasons and phenology, the poet described the working process of serfs from spring to winter for one year, expressed their sufferings directly and laid out everything, which reflected the real face of serfs' production and life as a whole. Fu is a form of expression, mainly in the overall aspect of poetry. Its reflection on social life can give people a sense of wholeness, which is both profound and general. ? Than? , is a metaphor and analogy. It uses figurative things as metaphors to make figurative things vivid, give people a sense of realism and image, and enhance the appeal of poetry. For example, the Shuo people in Feng Wei used six metaphors to describe the beauty of the Shuo people's hands, skin, collar, teeth, head and eyebrows, and vividly praised the appearance and manners of Wei Zhuanggong's wife Zhuang Jiang, which impressed readers vividly. The expression method of proportion grasps the essential characteristics of things and the internal relations between things, similar characteristics or the same attributes, writes the spirit in the form, and appeals the abstract things to the image, thus deepening the theme. ? Xing? , is to hold things up. It is a thing that depends on nature. Start first, then associate, thus leading to the expression of the poet's inner feelings. Lines are usually placed at the beginning of a poem or chapter. "Xing" in The Book of Songs sometimes plays the role of symbol, association and analogy, such as? Guan pheasant, in harmony with pheasant, causes the following association of courtship between men and women; Nan Zhou? At the beginning of the peach blossom? Peach flies away and burns its glory? In a word, the gorgeous peach blossoms in full bloom symbolize the gorgeous beauty of married girls. Sometimes it plays a role in creating artistic conception and setting off the atmosphere, such as "Qin Feng? At the beginning of Jiaqu? Is the Millennium frost? In two sentences, it depicts a bleak and cold artistic conception and renders a strong atmosphere of expressing sadness and disappointment. Sometimes it plays a role in coordinating the rhythm, such as Qin Feng? The beginning of the yellow bird? Cross the yellow bird and stop at the spine? These two sentences have nothing to do with the martyrdom system complained below, but only play a role in coordinating the rhythm. Good arousal, through the lyricism of scenery and the blending of scenes, can lead readers into the artistic conception of poetry. There are 300 poems, with more fu than xing, and they are used together.
(3) Overlapping is a remarkable feature of the poem's 300 chapters. Reduplication is also called reduplication or overlapping, that is, the words and expressions in each chapter are basically the same, only a few words are changed in the middle, and the chorus is repeated. Its function is to deepen the impression, render the atmosphere, deepen the theme of the poem, enhance the musicality and rhythm of the poem, and let the feelings be fully expressed. For example, in "Cutting Sandalwood", all three chapters of the poem are in the form of repeated chapters, and the changing words in the poem play a role in expressing the theme of the poem layer by layer: cutting sandalwood, cutting wheels radially? , showing that slaves have endless jobs: Three hundred clothes. Three hundred clothes? And then what? County, county, county, county quail? Expose the cruel exploitation of slave owners:? Hu take food? , showing the great anger of the slave owners. Every chapter is based on? Vegetarian meal. Vegetarian meal? This conclusion is a great irony to the rulers. By using the above methods, the poem reproduces the labor scene and deepens the theme. At the same time, it strengthens the power of accusation, highlights the lyrical image of workers, makes the form of poetry neat and perfect, and is easy to sing and remember.
(4) Four-sentence style and rich, vivid and vivid language. The basic sentence pattern in The Book of Songs is four words and one sentence, but many poems have broken through the four-word freeze. Among the four words, two, three, five, six, seven and eight are mixed, which shows the beauty of unevenness in neatness. The Book of Songs is a treasure house of poetry, with rich and colorful vocabulary and vivid and accurate words. The Book of Songs also uses a large number of disyllabic words, reduplicated words and reduplicated words, which not only enriches vocabulary, but also writes landscapes and imitations, making poetry more beautiful in image and rhyme.