Latin name: marigold.

Variety alias: marigold

Chinese name of compositae

Name: Compositae

Chinese name: marigold.

Latin name: marigold

Domestic distribution: It is cultivated all over China. It has been naturalized in Guangdong and southern and southeastern Yunnan.

Distribution abroad: native to Mexico.

Naming source: [sp.p 1. : 887. 1753]

Flora of China: 75:389

Morphological characteristics: perennial herbs. Involucral bracts 1 layer, often connate, equal in length, with scaly crown hairs with 5-6 awns; The leaves are opposite.

Distribution: all over the country

Habitat: cultivation

Breeding method: seeds

Habit: Yang Sheng

Medicinal parts: whole grass

Medicinal functions: clearing away heat and resolving phlegm, enriching blood and dredging menstruation.

Indications: clearing heat and resolving phlegm, nourishing blood and dredging menstruation.

1. marigold cultivation techniques

Marigold, also known as marigold, is native to millet and has a plant height of 70-80 cm. After artificial cultivation, its flowers are widely used in food processing and other industries as raw materials for extracting yellow pigment. At present, this pure natural yellow pigment is in short supply in the market, and the prospect is very considerable. 1. Seedling preparation 1. Generally, the seedling shed is made 7- 10 days before sowing, and the field planting 1500 square meters requires the seedbed area 15-20 square meters. Nursery shed should be in the leeward, sunny, fertile soil and sandy loam, and it is best not to choose plots with herbicides to facilitate operation. 2. Bed soil to make enough bed soil and fertilizer in autumn. Choose humus soil on hillsides and ditches to avoid taking soil from the land where herbicides have been used. The humus soil and decomposed pig manure are sieved and mixed. The proportion is: (1) humus soil 50%+ decomposed pig manure 30%+ river sand 20%; (2) Humus soil 50%+ garden soil 25%+ river sand 25%. 3. Before the bed soil is disinfected and buckled, clean the original soil in the seedbed to 65,438+00-65,438+05 cm, apply the prepared bed soil into the bed, and mix it evenly with 50% carbendazim 4g/ m2 seedbed and 65,438+000 times of water or quintozene and zineb in the same amount, 4-5g or 3-00g per m2. 4. Seed quantity and seed treatment generally have a germination rate of 95%, and seeds with a purity of more than 98% use 20 grams per mu. Soak the prepared seeds in 50% carbendazim 250 times solution 10- 15 minutes for seed disinfection, then soak them in warm water at 25℃ for 6-8 hours, take them out and dry them, and then mix them with 10- 15 times fine sand to prepare for sowing. Second, seedling technology 1. The seedling raising period is generally 40-50 days before transplanting. The best sowing date is April 8-April 12, and the seedling age must reach 40-45 days. 2. Sowing method: First soak the seedbed with bottom water, then fill the seedbed with fine soil, and then spread the treated seeds evenly on the bed surface, so it is advisable to cover the seeds with fine soil. After sowing, cover the bed with a film to increase temperature and keep moisture, and remove the film immediately after emergence. 3. Seedbed management (1) Temperature management: From sowing to emergence, the temperature in the shed should be kept at 25-30℃. When the seedling height is 4-6 cm, the temperature in the shed should be kept at 20-25℃. If it exceeds the above temperature, it should be ventilated and cooled in time to prevent excessive growth, and gradually filtered to the same temperature as the external environment before transplanting.

(2) Water management: After sowing, if there is no water shortage before the seedlings, the seedlings can be properly watered according to the degree of water shortage after all the seedlings are planted, and no water can be watered 7- 10 days before transplanting to prevent the seedlings from growing white. Three. Transplanting technology 1. Plot selection: a plot with no waterlogging, convenient irrigation and drainage, abundant sunshine, high organic matter content, no sand and a sealing agent in the previous year. 2. Generally, the transplanting time and standard of chrysanthemum seedlings are after frost-free period, and it is appropriate to transplant from May 20th to May 25th, with the seedling height of 12- 18cm, and the best transplanting time is 34 leaves. 3. Soil preparation and fertilization are combined with soil preparation, and 2 tons of organic fertilizer, 30-40 kg of diammonium phosphate and 0/0 kg of potassium fertilizer are applied per mu, and sole fertilizer is applied at one time. 4. Transplanting technology: the bottom water should be poured the day before transplanting to facilitate the emergence of seedlings, and a 70 cm ridge should be used to dig holes during transplanting. In order to prevent underground pests, phoxim emulsifiable concentrate can be added to the water at the right time, with the plant spacing of 30-35cm and 2600-3200 plants per mu. Iv. site management 1. Field inspection should be carried out after transplanting, and seedlings should be replenished in time to ensure the whole seedling. 2. Weed and loosen the soil in time after transplanting slow seedlings to prevent hardening. When the plant height is 20-25 cm, it is necessary to remove the heart and ridging the soil in time. It is recommended not to bury the top center of the first branch. 3. foliar topdressing should be carried out during the whole growth period, especially after picking flowers, Tian Li chelate or potassium dihydrogen phosphate should be sprayed once to meet the nutrient supply. Five, the main pest control 1. Pest control underground pests are mainly crickets and clam tanks, and 0.75- 1.0 kg of 3% carbofuran or 5% phorate granules are used per mu. Combined with transplanting, red spider can be filled with 1.8% insects. 2. Disease control The main diseases of marigold include damping-off and leaf blight. It is necessary to adhere to the principle of putting prevention first, and prevention is more important than cure, and prevent and control various diseases in time, especially in the early stage of flower bud (before flowering). (1) Rhizoctonia solani: It mainly occurs at seedling stage. The symptom is that after the seedlings are unearthed, the oval brown spots are produced at the base of the stem, and the diseased spots gradually sag and expand and circle around the stem. Finally, the stem base shrinks and becomes thinner, and the seedlings dry up and die. The control method is: after emergence, combined with watering, use 50% carbendazim or 50% mancozeb. (2) Leaf Blight: Also known as black spot and brown spot, it is easy to occur in high temperature and rainy season, which mainly harms leaves. At first, small brown spots appeared on the lower leaves, and then expanded into dark brown circles, forming irregular spots. Small black spots will appear when the humidity is high. In severe cases, the diseased spots merge into pieces, causing the whole leaves to turn yellow or black and dry. The control method is to avoid continuous cropping, control the cultivation density, and spray 50% thiophanate methyl 800 times solution, chlorhexidine 0/000 times solution or thiophanate methyl 500 times solution every10-0/5 days. Once every 7- 10 days when the plants are transferred to reproductive growth (harvesting), it is controlled for 3-5 times according to the disease. (3) Fusarium wilt: At the initial stage of the disease, leaves turn pale yellow, wilting and drooping, the stem base turns pale brown, the vascular bundles in the transverse section turn brown, and the vascular bundles in the upward spreading branches gradually turn pale brown, resulting in root epidermis necrosis or blackening and rot. Its control method is: reasonable rotation, spraying 500 times of 50% carbendazim or 600 times of 40% polysulfide suspension at the initial stage of the disease, or choosing the above chemicals to irrigate the roots, and irrigating each plant with 0.4-0.5 liters of liquid medicine, and controlling it for 2-3 times according to the condition. Six, timely harvest 1. Mature standard petals extend from outside to inside in turn, and when all petals unfold to form a flower ball, it is mature. 2. Harvest time and standard: Generally, July 20th-September 20th is the harvest time, and the standard is that the petals are fully unfolded and the stamens of the flower core are partially open or not.

Step 2 cut marigold

Marigold is easy to rot and difficult to survive in the process of cutting propagation. After several years of exploration, the author summarizes the following experience for reference.

Preparation of 1. matrix. The substrate is 40% chaff ash and 60% river sand. Rice husk ash can not only loosen drainage, but also effectively prevent cuttings from rotting. After mixing the matrix evenly, spray water properly to make the water content of the matrix reach about 60%, and use it after spraying water for one hour.

2. Prepare for cutting. The cutting time of marigold is usually from May to August. At this time, the cutting branches of marigold can be used for cutting, generally leaving 3 ~ 5 nodes, with or without terminal buds. The leaves at the bottom of the cuttings should be trimmed to avoid losing too much water. When trimming, the wound must be smooth. The wound at the lower part of the chip should be cut obliquely (inclined plane 45), and the wound at the upper part should be cut horizontally.

Step 3 cut. First, punch holes in the substrate with a small wooden stick the size of cuttings, with a spacing of 3 cm and a row spacing of 5 cm. When cutting, gently insert the cuttings into the pre-punched holes with a depth of 65438+ 0/3 of the cuttings, and gently press the sand around the cuttings with your index finger and thumb. After cutting, spray the leaves with a sprayer. Too much water can easily lead to the decay of cuttings, and then cover the sunshade net with a height of more than 80 cm. After that, spray the fog every morning 10, around 5 pm, and just spray the leaves wet.

In addition, it should be noted that the place where the cutting pieces are placed should not be caught in the rain or illuminated by the sun in the west, otherwise the previous efforts will be in vain. If the density of sunshade net is not too large, it is best to cover two layers of sunshade net.

3. The harm of lawn weeds and their control techniques.

Understanding the harm characteristics of lawn weeds is of great guiding significance for taking effective control measures. Mastering weed control technology is the key to determine the success or failure of lawn planting, especially for newly planted lawns. If weeds are not controlled in time, it will seriously affect the quality of lawn and even lead to the failure of lawn planting. In this paper, the harm characteristics of lawn weeds and the control techniques during the whole growth period from planting to harvesting seeds were systematically introduced for reference in production and scientific research.

1 Harmful characteristics of lawn weeds

1. 1 affects the growth and development of lawn.

In early spring, some weeds, such as Ixeris petiolata, shepherd's purse, and Japanese medicine. And panax japonicus. , appeared earlier than lawn grass. When the lawn grass turns green, these weeds are already ahead in height, and the lawn grass occupies a disadvantage in growth space. Weeds inhibit the growth of lawn grass in some aspects, such as the underground roots of cattail and Setaria viridis intercept water and nutrients; The deep roots of water spinach and thistle are constantly expanding, occupying the space for underground growth; The aboveground parts of Viola yedoensis and Taraxacum mongolicum grow like tiles, crowding out the lawn; Barnyard grass and cattail have strong tillering ability, flat growth habits and occupy lawn area; The root system of Polygonum aviculare can secrete some physiological metabolites and inhibit the growth of lawn grass. In short, the lawn grows slowly or even degenerates where weeds invade.

1.2 Boarding place for pests and diseases

The overground part of lawn weeds is a lodging place for some diseases and insect pests, such as the flowering period of grass from summer to sundial. Plants give off some smells to attract flying insects. Many pathogens and pests overwinter and reproduce through weeds. Lawn is infected by pathogenic bacteria in the growing season, and pests bite the roots, stems or leaves of lawn grass, resulting in slow growth or death of lawn grass.

1.3 Destroy the beautiful environment

Lawn weeds destroy the beautiful environment and cause lawn degradation. For example, dandelion, plantain and other weeds form a small area in the lawn, which is uneven from a distance and destroys the uniformity of the lawn; Weeds such as summer solstice grass and Polygonum hydropiper are very contagious. Once they invade the lawn, they will quickly form a community and attract pests. After completing their growing period, the aboveground parts will die, leading to alopecia areata.

1.4 affecting personal safety

Lawn is a place for human leisure. Once the poisonous weeds invade, it will threaten personal safety, cause trauma and induce diseases. For example, Imperata and Stipa can threaten personal safety, cause trauma and induce diseases. For example, the stems of imperata and Stipa grandis are harmful to people's health and easy to scratch people's skin; Ragweed can cause respiratory allergies and lead to asthma attacks.

2 lawn weed control technology

2. 1 physical control technology

2. 1. 1 seed quarantine

Lawn seeds should pass strict quarantine when circulating between different countries and regions to avoid buying and using lawn seeds with weed seeds.

2. 1.2 soil treatment

Removal of straw and other sundries from lawn planting plots, combined with deep ploughing in spring and autumn, can make weed seeds buried deep underground and inhibit weed germination.

2. 1.3 Weed control technology

Seed propagation: When planting lawn, the sowing time should avoid the season that is beneficial to weed seed germination. For example, sowing in summer and autumn is better than sowing in spring, because sowing in summer and autumn is suitable for lawn seeds to germinate and avoid competition with weeds. In addition, if the covering material for sowing is straw curtain, crop straw, etc. Care should be taken not to bring in weed seeds, which will adversely affect the establishment of lawn. Asexual reproduction: There are many methods of asexual reproduction, such as directly laying turf rolls, planting in plug, creeping branches and so on. When using asexual reproduction to build a lawn, it is necessary to strengthen the management after planting, such as timely fertilization and watering, in order to shorten the recovery time of lawn grass and build a lawn as soon as possible. Seed coating technology: use seed coating agent which can adjust the germination time of lawn seeds to coat lawn seeds. For example, you can choose a seed coating agent that can promote the germination of lawn seeds, so that lawn grass can grow on the ground before weeds and occupy the growth advantage; Seed coating agent can also be used to delay the germination of lawn grass. Chemical herbicides can also achieve good results after weeds grow on the ground.

2. 1.4 Management after leveling

After lawn planting, pay attention to reasonable watering, fertilization and pruning, replant empty space in time, enhance the competitiveness of lawn grass and weeds, and inhibit the growth of weeds.

2. 1.5 seed harvesting

As a breeding ground lawn, try to avoid mixing weed seeds when harvesting.

2.2 Chemical control technology

Using chemical herbicides is a quick and effective method to control weeds, including chemical weeding in soil, seeds and lawn during the growing season.

Treatment of soil

Before planting lawn by sowing or asexual propagation, sterile herbicide should be applied in the soil, and the time of planting lawn should be determined according to the residual period of herbicide.

2.2.2 Seed coating technology

In order to prevent the damage of herbicides to lawn seeds, it is a simple and easy method to use activated carbon coating to eliminate the influence of herbicide residual period before sowing, or directly use herbicides as coating material to reduce environmental pollution.

2.2.3 Chemical weeding in lawn growing season

Lawn uses a lot of herbicides during the growing season. For example, 2,4-D and broadleaf herbicides are commonly used herbicides to remove broadleaf weeds; Dichlorvos can effectively control gramineous weeds on white clover lawn, and the use of chemical herbicides should be based on the principle of economy and efficiency.

Lawn weeds are a big problem that hinders the development of lawn industry in China and even in the world. At present, physical control of lawn weeds in China is still the main method.

4. Cultivation techniques and application of marigold

Marigold, also known as marigold, stinky hibiscus and honeycomb chrysanthemum, is an annual herbaceous flower. It has been widely used in aquaculture and food industry, and is also paid attention to in urban greening. This paper introduces its cultivation techniques and application.

First, raise seedlings

1. Seedling time, area and seed consumption. Seedling raising time can be determined according to transplanting time. Generally, spring marigold is raised about 40 days before transplanting, and every 667 square meters of spring marigold needs 20-25 square meters of seedbed and 30 grams of seeds.

2. Seedling raising method

Spring-sown marigolds are kept in sunny beds or small arched sheds, mostly in small arched sheds. The seedbed should be leeward and sunny, and the east-west direction is better. The width and length of seedbed shall be subject to the membrane size and convenient management. Generally, the width shall not exceed 1.3m, and the height of arch shed shall be about 60cm. It is best to choose a drip-free film with good temperature rise and heat preservation performance.

3. Full border fertilization

Marigold has low requirements on soil, so it is necessary to choose deep and loose soil with good drainage and ventilation. The rake depth is 20-25 cm, so that the surface soil is soft and delicate and the field surface is flat. 200 kg of soil miscellaneous fertilizer and 2 kg of chrysanthemum special fertilizer are applied to every 667 square meters of seedbed. Turn the soil miscellaneous fertilizer into the soil, spread the fertilizer evenly on the border, then plow it into the soil with a hoe and rake it flat.

4. Seed treatment

First, select seeds, remove impurities and chaff seeds, and ensure that the seeds are full. Then the selected seeds are dried to kill germs, enhance seed vitality and improve germination rate. Before sowing, soak the seeds in warm water at 35-40℃ for 3-4 hours, then take them out and filter them with clear water, and then control the water to dry them before sowing. In order to prevent seedling diseases, seeds can be dressed with thiophanate methyl or chlorothalonil.

sow seeds

Sowing should be carried out on a calm sunny day. Water the seedbed on the day of sowing, and sow after the water seeps down. When sowing, the treated seeds are mixed in fine sand and sprinkled on the seedbed for 2-3 times. After sowing, cover 0.7- 1 cm with screened soil.

6. Seedbed management

Spring-sown marigold can emerge 6-7 days after sowing. After the seedlings come out, it should be noted that the temperature of the seedbed should not exceed 30℃ to avoid burning the seedlings and rotting the roots. When the seedlings grow to about 3cm, after the first pair of true leaves are unfolded, attention should be paid to ventilation to prevent white growth. The temperature of seedbed should be kept at 25-27℃, and the ventilation time should be at 8-9 am. Ventilation is not allowed at high temperature at noon to avoid seedling flash. In case of strong wind and cooling weather, stop ventilation. When the outdoor average temperature is stable above 65438 02℃, the film should be uncovered on a sunny and windless day to remove weeds in the seedbed. If there is water shortage, spray water, cover the film and increase the ventilation. In order to keep the seedbed dry and moist, it is not advisable to water the seedbed frequently.

When the outdoor temperature is stable at 15℃, the film should be uncovered and the seedlings should be tempered, and the watering should be stopped about 7 days before transplanting, and the seedlings should be well supported before transplanting to prepare for transplanting.

Second, transplantation.

1. transplant time

When the stem diameter of marigold seedlings is 0.3cm, the plant height 15-20 cm, and 3-4 pairs of true leaves appear, it can be transplanted.

2. Planting method

Planting in wide and narrow rows, with large rows of 70cm, small rows of 50cm and plant spacing of 25cm, with 4,500 plants per 667 square meters, and planting in branches.

3. Plastic film covering

Plastic film mulching is used to improve the ground temperature and promote the early maturity of flowers.

water

After transplanting, flooding irrigation should be carried out to promote early emergence and rooting.

Third, on-site management

1. Farming and soil cultivation

Use a shallow hoe to conserve moisture after transplanting. When the height of seedlings is 25-30cm, a few branches will appear. The soil should be taken out of the furrows and cultivated at the base of plants to promote adventitious roots, prevent lodging and inhibit the growth of weeds under the film.

water

According to the soil moisture after soil cultivation, the amount of watering should not be too large each time to keep the soil dry and wet.

3. Topdressing outside the roots

When the flowers are in full bloom, topdressing should be applied outside the roots. After 6 pm, 30g urea and 30g potassium dihydrogen phosphate should be sprayed every 667 square meters.

4. Pest control

There are few diseases and insect pests in marigold, mainly virus disease, Fusarium wilt and red spider. Viral diseases are controlled by virulence and bacterial toxins, and Fusarium wilt is controlled by 75% chlorothalonil, carbendazim, ethyl phosphate and thiophanate-methyl; In order to control red spider early, 40% omethoate 1000- 1500 times or 50% malathion EC 1000 times was sprayed every 7 days, twice in a row.

Fourth, the application of marigold in urban greening

1. Application of short marigold varieties

Dwarf varieties have strong branches, dense flowers, low plants, neat growth and completely double spherical flowers. It can be placed in flowerpots as needed, or transplanted into flower beds to assemble figures.

2. Application of medium-sized marigold varieties

Medium-sized varieties have large and colorful flowers, long flowering period and extensive management. They are one of the main varieties of flowers for lawn decoration, which are mainly manifested in the uniformity after group planting, and can also be used for people to appreciate their bright colors and plump plant types.

3. Application of high marigold varieties

High-type varieties have huge flowers, bright colors and long pedicels, which can last for a long time after being cut into flowers. They are excellent materials for fresh cut flowers, and can also be used as strip planting and background materials instead of fences.

5. Marigold is directly inserted into the pot.

Marigold, Millet, Marigold in Compositae, 20-35cm high. The stems are stout, the leaves are feathery, the whole plant is opposite, and the edges are serrated. The first flower, yellow or orange, blooms from June to 165438+ 10, which is an important holiday flower. In several years of production practice, the author broke the traditional mode of "cutting first, then planting" and explored the rapid propagation technology of "straight into the pot" in summer and autumn, which took only 30 ~ 35 days from "straight into the pot" to flowering. Greatly shortened the production cycle and saved manpower and financial resources. This process is briefly described as follows.

The choice of basin soil is loose and fertile sandy loam. The soil is required to be as fine as powder and free from pests and diseases.

When the temperature is 15℃ to 30℃ in summer and autumn, it is appropriate to "directly insert pots" in the afternoon.

The cutting standard selects the tender lateral branches which are robust and free from diseases and insect pests as cuttings. The length is 8- 10 cm, and the number of nodes is 2-3. There are 2 leaves at the top, and the incision should be smooth.

Treating 5g of rooting powder with liquid medicine, adding 1-2kg of water with a concentration of 2.5‰-5‰, adding 800 times of 50% carbendazim wettable powder and mixing to obtain seed soaking solution. Immerse12 drill cuttings in the liquid medicine for 5 to 10 seconds.

Insert the cuttings that need to be soaked with medicinal liquid directly. They should not be left for a long time, but should be inserted with soaking. Cuttings buried 1/2, one for each pot, located in the center of the flowerpot. Immediately after insertion, pour enough water.

Shading management after transplanting: after transplanting, put the flowerpot under the shade shed 10 ~ 15 days, and then put it in the open air. Spray: in hot weather, spray 2 ~ 3 times a day to keep the soil moist. Five days later, gently lift the seedlings with two fingers. If it can't be lifted, it means it has taken root. Stop spraying and water as usual. Topdressing: after the flower seedlings are removed from the shade, foliar fertilizer should be sprayed first, and then root fertilizer should be applied. The quick-acting fertilizer should be topdressing 1 ~ 2 times. In addition, attention should be paid to the prevention and control of pests such as red spiders and twill burglars.

6. Off-season cultivation of marigold

We usually see the flower posture of marigold in summer and autumn, but through anti-season cultivation, we can enjoy the flowers 3 ~ 4 months in advance, which will improve the utilization rate and commodity value of marigold. Material sources and preparation materials should use high-quality varieties. Buy12cm×116cm black nutrition bowl, peat, garbage soil, plain soil, slag, cow dung and other chemical fertilizers, pesticides and production tools.

Seeding and seedling raising 65438+1in the middle of October, a sunny plot of 1m× 8m was prepared in the greenhouse. The substrate is a mixture of decomposed soil and peat (the ratio is 2: 1), which is soaked in water, and the seeds and fine soil are evenly mixed, then sown, covered with fine soil with a thickness of 0.4cm, covered with plastic film, and kept warm and moist. After 10 days, the emergence rate reached 90%. At seedling stage, the greenhouse temperature should be controlled at 16℃ ~ 2 1℃, the relative humidity of air should be kept at 70% ~ 90%, and proper irrigation should be carried out to exercise healthy seedlings.

The low temperature in winter can't fully meet the needs of marigold seedling. On the one hand, we should try our best to raise the temperature and increase sunlight radiation; On the other hand, in rainy days, iodine tungsten lamp should be used to supplement light to meet the demand of plants for light and temperature.

In order to prevent the seedlings from aging, the experiment of spraying fertilizer on the leaves of seedlings was carried out on February 12. Among them, 0.05% urea has the best effect and can be used twice. In late February, when the seedlings are 5 cm ~ 9 cm high, 6 ~ 8 leaves long, dark green and healthy, and start to branch, topdressing organic fertilizer and preparing for the pot.

Pot loading and management after pot loading: Pot loading began on February 26th, and the substrate was mixed with garbage soil, peat and slag (according to the ratio of 2∶3∶ 1), and each pot was 1 seedling. Some of the potted seedlings are put in the greenhouse and some are put in the greenhouse. Greenhouse temperature is 8℃ ~ 22℃, humidity is 70% ~ 80%, and it grows well. The greenhouse temperature is 5℃ ~ 24℃ and the humidity is 80% ~ 92%. If you are a little angry, opening the door at noon on a sunny day can strengthen ventilation and grow better.

At the beginning of March, apply diammonium phosphate compound fertilizer, delimit in the middle and apply organic fertilizer once. Heating will be stopped in early March. At the same time, proper ventilation and cold-resistant exercise are carried out on sunny days to prepare for entering the open field for cultivation.

In March 13, at the budding flowering stage, some seedlings sprouted, and the plant height was 15 cm ~ 18 cm. When potassium dihydrogen phosphate with the concentration of 1% was sprayed on the leaves, the plants were robust and grew faster. On March 25th, the diameter of all pregnant buds was about 65438±0cm, and some plants were bare.

On March 15 ~ 26,1.10,000 marigold plants all went out of the garden and were planted in the field, with row spacing of 15 cm× 30 cm. It is better to plant flower beds and flower diameters. April 10, plant height 25 cm, 2 ~ 4 buds per plant, maximum flower diameter 7.5 cm. It is honeycomb-shaped, with double petals, bright and pure colors and very neat plant height. On April 18, it entered the full flowering period, with 4 ~ 7 buds per plant, and the flower diameter was 6 cm ~ 8 cm, which lasted until early June. After mid-June, the flowers gradually withered. Comparatively speaking, the marigold transferred to greenhouse in the later period was slightly less plump due to insufficient temperature compensation, but it was not much different from the greenhouse seedlings. Both seedlings are free from pests and diseases.

Because the temperature and light in winter and spring are quite different from those in summer, the seedlings cultivated in winter and spring are slightly worse than those in summer in terms of flower stems, plant types and flower numbers, but they are still dominant in terms of flowering duration and flower shapes.

7. Environmental conditions for cutting and rooting

The environmental conditions that affect cutting rooting are mainly climate and soil, including temperature, humidity, sunshine, oxygen and soil quality.

◆ Temperature

Different kinds of flowers need different cutting temperatures. Most flowers should be cut at 20-25 degrees, tropical plants can be cut at 25-30 degrees, and temperate flowers and trees generally need a temperature of about 20 degrees.

Soil temperature (including other rooting substrates such as sand, soil, peat soil, etc. If it is 3-6 degrees higher than the temperature, it can promote the rapid occurrence of roots.

◆ Humidity

Pay attention to keep the seedbed (or cutting basin) wet after cutting, but it should not be too wet, which will cause the cuttings to rot. In general, the relative humidity of air should be kept above 80%. Water spraying is one of the most important management contents, usually spraying water on blades to increase air humidity. Spray water once before 9: 00 a.m. and once after 4: 00 p.m. on sunny days, spray less on cloudy days and not on rainy days. If conditions permit, it is best to change the water spray to fog, and the number of sprays per day can be increased appropriately, which not only keeps the air humidity, but also avoids excessive soil humidity.

◆ Sunshine

Soft material cuttings should have leaves for photosynthesis in the sun. Promote rooting. However, strong sunlight is unfavorable to the survival of cuttings, so moderate shading should be given at the initial stage of cuttings, and sufficient light can be gradually given after a large number of roots.

◆ Matrix and oxygen

Cutting the substrate requires that the material has good air permeability, easy to keep wet and good drainage, which is especially important for cutting soft materials.

9. What are the marigold cultivation techniques?

(1) light. Marigold is a light-loving plant, which is not tolerant to shade and must be planted in sunny flower beds and other plots; Potted marigold must also be maintained and managed under light conditions. Otherwise, the plant will be weak or the stems and leaves will be tender and long, and the flowers will be few and small. ② Water and fertilizer. Water should not make the soil too wet, just keep the soil wet; Because marigold has a long flowering period, it needs topdressing to supplement nutrients, but it can't be fertilized more, and nitrogen fertilizer must be controlled, otherwise the branches and leaves will flourish and will not bloom. Generally, 1 decomposed rare organic liquid fertilizer or nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound liquid fertilizer is applied every month. ③ Picking and pruning. In the process of maintenance and management, seedlings should be uprooted in time after they are planted or put into pots to promote branching and flowering. In order to make the flower big, the long branches, dead branches, weak branches and branches after the flower should be drained or strengthened in time, and the over-dense branches should be drained to improve the illumination and keep the strong branches, but the buds at the top should be fully developed. In windy season, the height of plants should be controlled by pruning and coring to avoid lodging. Otherwise, posts will be erected to prevent the wind from falling down. ④ Pest control. In dry and hot weather, red spider is easy to damage leaves, so it is advisable to spray 1000~ 1500 times of net leaf treasure.

10. What is the ecological habit of marigold?

Marigold belongs to the genus Marigold in Compositae, Millet, also known as smelly hibiscus and longevity lamp. Sexual preference is warm, humid, sunny and rich in humus, thick and well-drained sandy loam. But it is adaptable, drought-tolerant, cool and semi-cloudy, and can reproduce itself. The suitable growing temperature is about 20℃, and the flowering period is 5-65438+ 10 month.

1 1. How to breed marigold?

Marigold can generally be propagated in open seedbeds in March and April, but in rainy areas, it is necessary to have shading facilities or greenhouse for seedling raising. Seedbeds must be carefully prepared, disinfected, and underground pests eliminated, and then bed surfaces must be built. Water it 1 times first. After the water permeates, the seeds are evenly spread on the border, covered with fine soil with a thickness of 0.6 cm, and then watered 1 time to keep the soil moist. At the temperature of 20℃, the seeds can germinate and be unearthed within one week. After digging, interplant seedlings in time, and keep the distance between seedlings at 4cm, or transplant and cultivate when three real leaves grow, and water them 1 time during interplanting or after transplanting. Propagation methods can also be carried out in rainy season, but the quality of seedlings is poor. When the seedlings grow seven true leaves, apply 65,438+0 times of thin fertilizer water, and take the seedlings to pots filled with soil or plant them in green spaces such as flower beds. The row spacing of flower beds is 30 cm.

How to dwarf marigold?

In order to dwarf marigold, the specific technical measures are as follows: ① pruning and shaping. Marigold is generally propagated by sowing and cutting. It is not advisable to apply too much fertilizer after planting, otherwise the branches and leaves will grow white and the leaves will bloom badly. If weeds are found, they should be trimmed and trimmed in time to control their height. ② medication. Calendula grows rapidly with strong branches. In order to dwarf marigold, B9 with 300 times of liquid can be prepared and sprayed on leaves and growing points. Generally, when the plant grows to a height of 20 cm, it is repeated for 3~4 times until buds appear, and the dwarfing effect is better.

13. How to make marigold bloom in summer and autumn?

① Flowering in summer. Sow indoors from late March to mid-April, and the room temperature after sowing should be kept at about 20℃ in order to quickly emerge. When the seedlings grow three true leaves, they should be immediately divided into pots or transplanted into flower beds for normal maintenance and management, and they can bloom in June. ② Flowering in autumn. If marigold is to bloom in autumn (that is, National Day), it must be planted in late July, and it will bloom completely in about 2 months. ③ Flowering from July to August. Cut shoots with a length of 65,438+00 cm from plants sown in spring, insert them into fine sand, keep them in shade for 65,438+00 days, plant them in pots or on the ground after taking root, and they will bloom after 65,438+0 months. ④ Flowers bloom twice a year. After the spring sowing seedlings bloom, the residual flowers should be removed in time, the dense stems and leaves should be loosened and cut off, and the management of fertilizer and water should be strengthened. After beginning of autumn, new branches will sprout and blossom.