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Known data
The data of 1. shows that the input intensity of agricultural scientific research in China (that is, the proportion of agricultural scientific research input to agricultural GDP) is 0.77%, while that of the whole country is 1.7% in the same period. The international average level of the input intensity of agricultural scientific research is 1%, which is generally 3%~5% in developed countries. According to the survey, the stable support funds of national agricultural research institutes in China are only 20%~30%. Due to poor scientific research conditions and low pay, in recent years, the outflow rate of scientific researchers in some agricultural academies is about 3%~5% of the total number of employees, and most of them are scientific research backbones and technical reserve forces with associate professors or above. At present, there are more than 7,000 agricultural scientific and technological achievements in China every year, but only about 40% of them are transformed into real productive forces, and the transformation rate of agricultural scientific and technological achievements in some developed countries abroad can reach more than 80%. The division of labor among national ministries, research institutes and project implementation agencies is not clear, and there are often repeated courses and inefficient use of funds. Due to the long period of agricultural scientific research, the existing scientific research management system is difficult to ensure the continuity of agricultural scientific research projects.
Since the opening of domestic seed market, multinational seed companies have come to China to carry out seed business. Foreign-funded enterprises such as American M Company and X Company take advantage of the cooperation with universities and research institutes in China, relying on their agricultural R&D technology and strong innovation ability. Screening and improving seeds to quickly occupy the seed market in China. For example, the corn variety "Xianyu 335" of American X Company has occupied a large market share in Jilin for four years. The R&D investment of foreign multinational seed companies generally accounts for about 10% of sales revenue, and some of them are as high as 15%~20%. On the other hand, in China, the number of domestic seed enterprises with R&D innovation ability is less than 1.5% of the total, and most enterprises' R&D investment accounts for 1% of their sales, but some enterprises still can't reach this figure.
During the planned economy period, China once established a relatively complete agricultural technology popularization system, which played a great role in the rapid popularization of agricultural technology from scientific research units to agricultural administrative departments at all levels, and then to counties, townships and villages. It turns out that all kinds of institutions in towns and villages are very sound, commonly known as "seven stations and eight stations", including veterinary stations and agricultural technology stations. After 1992, the market of agricultural means of production was opened, and these stations were gradually cancelled. Li, an expert in agricultural technology, told reporters: "The small-scale peasant economy with one household is the basic national condition of agriculture in China. It is necessary to rely on a large number of agricultural technicians to guide farmers to intensively cultivate and improve the output and quality of agriculture. However, the current situation of grassroots agricultural technology promotion is not optimistic. "
"Agricultural technology stations are generally' three noes', and agricultural technology promotion is difficult!" On the rural road in Longxian Town, wengyuan county, the stationmaster of the town agricultural technology station who had just given technical guidance to farmers simply stopped his motorcycle and talked with reporters in detail. "There are four people standing there, but there is not even an office. I can only go to the town government to rub other people's tables. Usually, there is no car to promote agricultural technology in the countryside, so I can only buy a motorcycle at my own expense and go to the village. Not to mention the so-called experimental demonstration base and instruments and equipment. Although the grass-roots agricultural extension workers have achieved the quota and guaranteed income, they are in a dilemma of "having money to raise soldiers and having no money to fight". Our county agricultural extension station's annual working expenses are only 50,000 yuan, which is basically negligible for so many towns and villages. Usually, it costs money to popularize agricultural technology. If farmers have no feelings, many people will be lazy. "
2. The agricultural outlook 20 13-2022 jointly issued by FAO and OECD in early June this year pointed out: "With the constraints of rapid economic growth and limited resources, the task of food supply in China is arduous." Relying on the global agricultural market is one way, but to meet the annual food demand of more than 600 million tons, China must maintain the self-sufficiency rate of major food crops. China people's rice bags must be in their own hands. 20 13 In April, Minister of Agriculture of China Han Changfu said at the "Food Security" Roundtable of Boao Forum for Asia: "The supply of major agricultural products in China is sufficient and the prices are generally stable. The self-sufficiency rate of rice, corn and wheat is 98. 1%, which should be said to be1300 million people in China.
From 1978 to 20 12, the grain output in China increased by 93%. In the past nine years, the curve of grain output has been rising. Not surprisingly, there will be a miracle of "ten consecutive increases" this year. However, even in the year of bumper harvest and the best period of food security, a social science expert reminded with anxiety: "The task of agriculture in the future will still be very arduous. On the one hand, agriculture is growing, on the other hand, the growth of supply cannot keep up with the growth of consumption. " According to the data of the Ministry of Land and Resources of China, from 2003 to 20 1 1 year, the grain output increased by 33%. In the same period, consumption increased by 4 1%, and the growth rate of consumption was 1.24 times that of production.
Food is the most important thing for the people. The price of agricultural products is related to everyone's life, and agriculture has a decisive influence on price stability. The weight of food composition in China's consumer price index (CPI) has always been high, and the impact of food prices on the whole price is 60%-80%. If the price increase of agricultural products is out of control, it will lead to a series of price transmission effects, such as the price increase of industrial products and the increase of transportation costs, and make national consumption fall into chaos.
3. "The land is out of control!" A famous expert on hybrid rice said, "In recent years, the central government has adopted the strictest and strictest policy, protecting the red line of 65.438+08 billion mu of cultivated land. However, at the county level and then at the township level, the situation is not so optimistic. Most of these places are engaged in urbanization and industrialization according to the needs of local economic development. The most difficult thing to control is the village level, especially the economically developed Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta. " At present, there is no contiguous farmland over 1000 mu from southern Jiangsu, northern Jiangsu and northern Zhejiang, but it was still 10,000 mu before 10. Now, fertile land has become a house. The expert also said frankly: "We only have 700 yuan's profit in growing rice, with 8,000 yuan for vegetables and fruits, 80,000 yuan for flowers and millions of industries."
"No matter how fast the GDP grows and how much investment is introduced, if the food for ordinary people is a problem, then everyone will definitely be unhappy." A CPPCC member said. But China, a huge agricultural country, now more and more farmers leave the land where they were raised. When did farming on the land become a tasteless and regrettable thing?
19 years ago, American scholar Brown put forward a proposition that once caused a sensation in the world. Who will feed China? Today, this proposition still warns us all the time that without food, the country will be unstable. If farmers have no enthusiasm for production and prefer to work in cities far away from home rather than farm, raise pigs and chickens in their hometown, then our agriculture will be unstable, agriculture will be unstable and everything else will be unstable. Experts pointed out: "If the basic ration is less than 10%, social unrest may occur;" A shortage of 30% will be safe. "
It is reported that nearly 30 million mu of land is abandoned in China every year. Abandonment of land is spreading. During the National "Two Sessions" this year, some deputies discussed the relevant issues as follows:
The county magistrate of Wuxian County in Guangxi said: "In a remote mountainous county like ours, the rural labor force is not enough now. The county has a population of more than 380,000, but there are 654.38+10,000 migrant workers. At present, every spring tea picking season, migrant workers can only be invited from neighboring counties and districts such as Guizhou and Hunan to help pick tea, especially young people born in the 1980s and 1990s, who are getting farther and farther away from the land and can't even farm at all!
Wang Zhishu, the village party secretary of Hebei Province, said: "In many places, in the fields, agricultural production is undertaken by a' miscellaneous army' composed of women, children and the elderly. How can these miscellaneous brands compete with the labor force? How much land can they plant? If you have 20 mu of land at home, you can plant 5 mu of land! "
Zhang, another NPC deputy, said: "I found that the rural students' willingness to return to their hometown is very low. On the one hand, parents let their children go to college in order to stop their children from working as hard as themselves; On the other hand, many rural students have watched their parents come and go in the wind and rain since childhood, their clothes are dirty all day, and sometimes they will be treated with special respect when they go out. They would rather earn less outside than go back to their hometown to farm. According to farmers, people who farm at home can't even find a wife, and only those who don't have skills will go home to farm. After all, others still look down on rural people, so that we all look down on ourselves! "
An Anhui representative said: "I went to several remote counties last year, and I saw a lot of abandoned farmland along the way." A farmer friend calculated an account for me; Only wheat and rape can be planted in this season, and the yield per mu is 1000 kg. The current purchase price is per ton 1.900 yuan. After five months' hard work, the net income is 2000 yuan after deducting the production cost. Now the city is a' labor shortage' and does not need any special skills. Finding a construction job with a monthly salary of 2000 yuan is not a big dream. If there is no' money' and the loess is facing the sky, who else will farm? "
A farmer representative in Chongqing said: "Our village has about 400 mu of cultivated land, and there is about 100 mu of abandoned land. In the abandoned land, 60% is sloping land and scattered land, and the output is very low. It turns out that there is an agricultural technology station in the township, which can tell us some scientific knowledge and provide technical services, and can improve many crops! But now, 80% of the rural agricultural technicians have switched to business activities, and the activities of agricultural science and technology going to the countryside organized by the province and the city have not played much role. We have encountered some new problems in farming and we don't understand them. No one will serve us, so it will be gradually abandoned! "
5. Although the household contract responsibility system can arouse farmers' enthusiasm for production, the average per capita is only one mu. No matter how intensive the contracted management right is, it is forbidden to transfer the land by force to ensure that the rights and interests of farmers are not harmed, the land use is not changed, and the comprehensive agricultural production capacity is not destroyed. "
20 1 1 In July, villagers and village collectives in Taiping Village, Qiling Street, Z City signed a land transfer agreement. 16 1 1.9 mu of cultivated land was transferred to the village collective and handed over to the villager Wang Yong for cultivation. According to the agreement, if the transferred land is planted uniformly, everyone can get 800 kilograms of wheat. If there are profits, they can participate in dividends. Wang Yong planted the land of a village by himself, but he was full of bitterness and excitement when talking about the experience of growing grain. The allocation scheme of land circulation has not been unanimously recognized by the villagers. Farmers with more people and less land expressed support, but some farmers with more people and less land disagreed. According to rough statistics, Wang Yong has invested 4-5 million yuan in aquaculture in the past two years. "The land is planted by ourselves, but the land contracting right belongs to others. With so much money invested in farming, it is impossible to mortgage the bank and get a penny loan from the bank. " In a storm on 20 12, the wheat in the village fell, which caused Wang Yong to lose several hundred thousand yuan, but the insurance company finally only compensated 20,000 yuan. Wang Yong said frankly that at present, farmers who grow grain can get financial support, and each mu of grain is directly subsidized by 125 yuan, while large grain growers subsidize 230 yuan. If the weather is favorable, it should be profitable to grow grain, but the initial investment in drilling wells, repairing canals and buying agricultural machinery will take more than 10 years to recover. Moreover, despite the signing of the transfer agreement, large grain growers may still face risks such as government land acquisition and villagers' breach of contract.
In W County, Henan Province, Han Xiang Ecological Agriculture Professional Cooperative is a household name. In September, 2006, 32 farmers from Zhai Village, Ma Xuan, the county initiated the establishment of a green rice professional cooperative. Today, the cooperative has its own green rice trademark, with a registered capital of 10 million yuan and 226 members. The land transfer area has also increased from 654.38+0700 mu to 60,000 mu, covering surrounding counties and cities. Recently, the reporter came to Ma Xuan Zhai Village to find out. Sun, a villager interviewed, said: "In the past, the ethnic rice in the village was the only one, but now they have basically joined the cooperative, which is much better than before. When planting, planting, managing, collecting and selling, you don't have to worry as before. Everyone can cooperate with cooperatives. "
Y township is surrounded by green hills, and green water flows forever. However, agricultural production is backward and it is difficult for farmers to increase their income. As a pilot project for industrial and commercial enterprises to lease agricultural land, since 2008, H Group, a central enterprise, has joined hands with the local government to set up professional cooperatives. 20 1 1, the cooperative invested 500 mu of land management right and established a joint venture with Wufeng Agricultural Development Company under H Group to establish Hope Farm. After land transfer, farmers are not only landowners, but also cooperative shareholders, and can also become employees of Hope Farm. Someone calculated an account: "At present, farmers' income consists of three parts, namely, land rent, shareholder dividends and labor wages. Before the land transfer, each household had an average of 3.8 mu of land, and the income was about 36.5438+0 million yuan. Now the land is handed over to Wufeng for management. If two laborers work on the farm, the three incomes can add up to at least 42,000 yuan. "
6. In May 2009, many farmers in Yangcun Town found that the wheat and rape they were responsible for planting were pushed beyond recognition by bulldozers. Seeing that their young crops were shoveled and their homesteads occupied, the villagers who could no longer hold their breath went to the village committee and township government with the land contract or land use certificate to ask about the compensation and land occupation of young crops, but were told that there was no policy basis for applying for compensation.
Since 2008, the township has carried out comprehensive agricultural development, and the township has implemented projects in two villages first, with good results. In 2009, six villages, including Yangcun, began to implement this project, but they did not want to fall into an embarrassing situation. The villagers interviewed said: "Why do people I don't know shovel my wheat seedlings? No one told me beforehand, and no one said afterwards, "What I still can't figure out is why the village Committee didn't hold a meeting in advance to introduce it to the villagers clearly." When the reporter asked Murakami what project he was going to do, dozens of villagers said they didn't know because the project occupied farmland. The reporter interviewed the village director on this matter. The village director said that the meeting would definitely be held, and the content of the project was made clear at the meeting. These villagers said that it is unreasonable not to know. Shi, secretary of the township party Committee, is full of grievances. He said: "Through hard work, the township finally won this comprehensive agricultural development project, which is a real project to benefit farmers. After the project is completed, it can realize' fields, trees, canals and roads' and improve land use efficiency. " Secretary Shi believes that some people don't cooperate mainly because they hurt the interests of some people in the process of project construction. Without compensation, they will be unhappy and start making trouble. Some villagers think that the land used for project construction has destroyed their geomantic omen, but they disagree.
7. "Lentil Girl" Xiao Wang is a peasant girl born in 1986. On July 20 10, she resigned from a bank in Shanghai and went home to plant green lentils, serving as the chairman of Shanghai Honggang green lentil production cooperative. In recent years, Xiao Wang introduced advanced management methods into cooperatives and opened standardized and efficient agricultural materials distribution and agricultural products settlement centers. Agricultural products testing room and other service windows. Cooperate with Fudan University and other universities to develop the interplanting technology of green lentils with high-yield rice and high-quality strawberries, and cultivate a new variety of "Honggang three generations" green lentils. She also pays attention to brand cultivation and marketing, and "Honggang" green lentil has been rated as a brand product in Shanghai and a famous trademark in Shanghai. 20 1 1 year, the total output value of green lentils reached 3180,000 yuan. The cooperative was awarded the honorary title of "National Demonstration Society of Farmers' Professional Cooperatives". The annual net income of cooperative growers exceeds 654.38 million yuan.
Tang Xiao is a young man who grew up in the city. In 2007, he resigned and contracted more than 200 mu of inefficient forest in Wendeng Village, and founded Mu Yushan Ecological Agriculture Co., Ltd. ... after years of hard work. Results have been achieved: planting more than 200 mu of economic trees, planting more than 20 thousand eucalyptus trees and more than 40 thousand tung trees; The overall economic benefits of building more than 3,000 pig houses are negligible. In 20 13, the "No.1 Document" of the Central Committee continued to emphasize: "Adhere to the principle of voluntary compensation according to law, and slaughter more than 3,000 pigs every year; Build a fish pond of 8 mu with an annual output of fish 10000 kg. " Pig manure is used for fermentation to produce biogas, and part of it can also be used for fertilizing, planting trees and feeding fish, forming a green ecological resource recycling model of' pig-biogas-forest'. "Tang Xiao said:" What I want most now is how to teach everyone technology, drive everyone to get rich together, let villagers live the same life as city people, and make farmers an enviable and respected profession. "
Some experts pointed out that in the past, "farmer" not only meant his occupation was farming, but also a social class, an identity, a living state, a social organization model, a culture and even a psychological state. Now, "farmers" should return to their original professional attributes and significance-that is, people who have been engaged in agricultural production for a long time. "Farmer" should be a profession, and be treated equally as doctors, teachers and engineers. Now, farmers should change from social members to economic and industrial occupations. In 20 12, the No.1 document of the Central Committee put forward vigorously cultivating new professional farmers for the first time. At the same time, it emphasized that with the rapid development of urbanization and industrialization, the countryside should also become a thriving and prosperous community, and a large number of new professional farmers appeared, such as large planters, professional farmers, large breeders, farmers' brokers and farmers' entrepreneurs.
Answer a request
One, 20 points
Please summarize the challenges faced by China in agriculture, especially food (that is, some contradictory problems that must be solved) according to "given data 3~4". (Requirements: comprehensive and accurate: use concise sentences expressing "contradictions between them", with a total of no more than 200 words. )
Second, 15 points
"given data 6" introduces three modes of rural land contractual management right transfer in China at present. Please name these three modes respectively and summarize their main characteristics through comparative analysis. (Requirements: accurate naming and concise feature analysis; The three modes are stated separately, named first and then summarized, with a total word count of no more than 250 words).
Three, 20 points
If secretary Shi of the township party committee in the given data 7 wants to report what happened in Yangcun to the county party committee and county government, please combine the given data 7 (1. Write only the main content of the report material, forming a complete essay, regardless of the publishing format such as title, address and signature; 2. Accurate positioning and strong pertinence; 3. The content is comprehensive and the thinking is clear; 4. Choose well and be concise.
fifteen to five/a quarter to five
Farmers are the main body of agricultural production. Please write an argumentative essay of 800- 1000 words with the topic of "making farmers an enviable and respected profession" in combination with the given materials.
(Requirements: 1. Profound thinking, strong arguments, well-founded and persuasive; 2. Clear hierarchy, fluent structure and language, and neat writing!