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The theory of multiple intelligences was put forward in 1983 by howard gardner, a psychologist from Harvard University School of Education. Gardner found the difference of learning ability from the study of patients with brain trauma and put forward this theory. Traditionally, schools only emphasize students' development in logic-mathematics and Chinese (mainly reading and writing). But this is not the whole of human wisdom. Different people have different combinations of intelligence. For example, architects and sculptors have a strong sense of space (spatial intelligence), athletes and ballerinas have a strong physical strength (physical operation intelligence), public relations has a strong interpersonal intelligence, and writers have a strong introspective intelligence.

Chinese name

Multiple intelligence theory

Foreign name

Multiple intelligence theory

Applied discipline

psychology

applied range

educational psychology

theory

Research and popularize the application of multiple intelligence theory.

According to Gardner's theory, while developing students' intelligence in all aspects, schools must pay attention to the fact that each student will only stand out in one or two aspects. And when students can't catch up with the progress in other aspects, don't let them be punished for it.

Howard gardner, the Father of the Theory of Multiple Intelligences

Howard gardner is a world-famous educational psychologist, and his most famous achievement is the theory of multiple intelligences, which is known as the father of multiple intelligences. He is currently a professor of psychology and education at Harvard University Graduate School of Education and a professor of psychiatry at Boston University School of Medicine. As the host of the Zero Plan Institute of Harvard University, he has published more than 20 monographs and hundreds of papers. The New York Times called him the most influential developmental psychologist and educator in the United States today. Professor of Harvard Business School said, "Gardner is one of the most dazzling superstars of this era, and he shows the different wisdom of human success." The president of the American Trait Teaching Alliance said that "Gardner, the chief scholar who promoted American education reform, deserved it."

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Howard gardner

The emergence of multiple intelligence theory;

In the early 20th century, Binet.Alfred. French psychologist Alfred created an intelligence test to measure people's intelligence.

19 16 years, the German psychologist Stellen put forward the concept of "IQ": IQ is IQ, which is an important concept to express intelligence level by numerical values. 1935, Alexander first put forward the concept of "non-intellectual factors". The so-called "non-intellectual factors" refer to all psychological factors except memory, attention, observation, imagination and thinking, mainly including motivation, interest, emotion, will and personality. These non-intelligence factors are intentional factors that directly affect and restrict the development of intelligence factors. However, after this theory was put forward, it did not get people's attention.

From 65438 to 0967, the United States established the Zero Project in the Graduate School of Education of Harvard University, which was presided over by the famous American philosopher Gorman. The main task of "Zero Plan" is to study the problems of strengthening school art education and developing human brain thinking in images. In the next two decades, the United States invested hundreds of millions of dollars in this project, 100 more than scientists and educators participated in this research. They have conducted experiments in more than 0/00 schools in/kloc, and some have been tracking and comparing research for more than 20 years since kindergarten, publishing dozens of monographs and thousands of papers. The theory of multiple intelligences is an important achievement of this project in 1980s. Howard gardner, a professor at Harvard University, first re-examined a large number of hitherto unrelated materials, that is, the research on prodigies, patients with brain injuries, people with special skills and mental disabilities, normal children, normal adults, experts in different fields and individuals in different cultures. Through the analysis of these studies, he put forward his own unique viewpoint of intelligence theory. Based on many years' experimental research on human potential, Gardner first put forward and emphasized the basic structure of his theory of multiple intelligences in the book "The Structure of Intelligence" published by 1983. He believed that the theory of multiple intelligences was supported by eight kinds of intelligences that existed relatively independently in individuals and were related to a specific cognitive field or knowledge category, which laid a theoretical foundation for the theory of multiple intelligences.

Stellen's Concept of IQ

theoretical research

Traditional intelligence theory holds that language ability and mathematical logic ability are the core of intelligence, and intelligence is a kind of ability that integrates them. Since 1970s, researchers have re-examined the concept of intelligence from different fields of psychology, the most influential of which is the ternary intelligence theory (analytical intelligence, creative intelligence and practical intelligence) put forward by Yale University psychologist Robert Steinberg.

In 1980s, Gardner, a cognitive psychologist at Harvard University, put forward the theory of multiple intelligences, which defined intelligence as a person's ability to solve problems and create in specific situations. He believes that each of us has eight kinds of main intelligence: language intelligence, logic-mathematics intelligence, spatial intelligence, sports intelligence, music intelligence, interpersonal intelligence, introspection intelligence and natural observation intelligence. He put forward the concept of "intelligence-based evaluation", which expanded the basis of students' learning evaluation; He advocated "situational" evaluation and corrected the functions and methods of previous educational evaluation. Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences is a powerful challenge to the traditional view of "unitary intelligence", which gives people a refreshing feeling. Especially in the current new curriculum reform, when most teachers are confused about students' evaluation, his theory will undoubtedly give us a lot of inspiration.

Theoretical content

Specific introduction

Gardner believes that the definition of intelligence in the past was too narrow and failed to correctly reflect a person's true ability. He believes that a person's intelligence should be an index to measure his ability to solve problems. According to this definition, he proposed in the book "Mental Framework" (Gardner, 1983) that human intelligence can be divided into at least seven categories (later increased to eight categories):

1. Language (oral/language)

2. Mathematical logic (logic/mathematics)

3. Space (vision/space)

4. Body movement (body/kinesthetic)

5. Music (music/rhythm)

6. Interpersonal/social

7. Introspection (personal introspection/introspection)

8. Natural exploration (naturalist, added by Gardner in 1995)

9. Existentialist wisdom (Gardner later added)

In addition, other scholars have separated "spiritual intelligence" from introspective intelligence.

The contents of these nine categories are as follows:

1. Language Intelligence

This kind of intelligence mainly refers to the ability to effectively use spoken and written words, that is, the ability to listen, speak, read and write, which is manifested in the ability of individuals to describe events, express their thoughts and communicate with others smoothly and efficiently. This kind of intelligence is more prominent in writers, speakers, journalists, editors, program hosts, broadcasters, lawyers and other professions.

2. Logical mathematics intelligence

People who deal with numbers especially need this kind of intelligence to use numbers and reasoning effectively. They study by reasoning, like asking questions and conducting experiments to find answers, looking for the laws and logical order of things, and are interested in the new development of science. Even other people's speech and behavior have become a good place for them to look for logical defects, and it is easier to accept things that can be measured, classified and analyzed.

3. Space intelligence

Spatial intelligence emphasizes that people are highly sensitive to color, line, shape, shape, space and their relationships, and have strong ability to feel, distinguish, remember and change the spatial relationship of objects to express their thoughts and emotions, which is manifested in their sensitivity to line, shape, structure, color and spatial relationship and their ability to express through plane graphics and three-dimensional modeling. Can accurately feel the visual space and show what is perceived. This kind of person thinks with images and images when he studies.

Spatial intelligence can be divided into image spatial intelligence and abstract spatial intelligence. The spatial sense of images is a painter's specialty. Abstract spatial intelligence is the specialty of geometricians. Architects are good at image and abstract spatial intelligence.

4. Physical operation intelligence

Good at expressing thoughts and feelings with the whole body and the ability to skillfully make or transform things with both hands. It is difficult for such people to sit still for a long time, like to build things by hand, like outdoor activities, and often use gestures or other body language when talking to people. When they study, they think through their physical feelings.

This kind of intelligence mainly refers to the skill of adjusting body movements and changing objects with dexterous hands. It is characterized by being able to control one's body well, being able to respond appropriately to events, and being good at expressing one's thoughts with body language. Athletes, dancers, surgeons and craftsmen all have this intellectual advantage.

5. Musical intelligence

This kind of intelligence mainly refers to people's sensitive perception of tone, melody, rhythm and timbre, which is manifested in their sensitivity to music rhythm, tone, timbre and melody and their ability to express music through composition, performance and singing. This kind of intelligence has outstanding performance in composers, conductors, singers, musicians, musical instrument makers, music critics and other personnel.

6. Interpersonal intelligence

Interpersonal intelligence refers to the ability to effectively understand others and their relationships and communicate with others, including four elements. ① Organizational ability, including group mobilization and coordination ability. Negotiation ability refers to the ability of arbitration and dispute resolution. (3) Analytical ability refers to the ability to be keenly aware of other people's emotional trends and ideas, and to easily establish close relationships with others. (4) Interpersonal communication refers to the ability to care about others, be considerate and be suitable for group cooperation.

7. Introspective intelligence

This kind of intelligence mainly refers to recognizing one's own abilities, correctly grasping one's strengths and weaknesses, grasping one's emotions, intentions, motives and desires, planning one's life, self-respecting and self-disciplined, and absorbing the strengths of others. I will know my own advantages and disadvantages from various feedback channels, always want to plan my own life goals, love to be alone, and think in my own way. I like to work independently and have room for self-choice. Politicians, philosophers, psychologists, teachers and other people with excellent intelligence all performed well there.

Introspective intelligence can be divided into two long levels: event level and value level. Event-level introspection points to the summary of the success or failure of the event. Introspection at the level of value links the success or failure of an event with value.

8. Natural exploration intelligence

Be able to identify plants, animals and other natural environments (such as clouds and stones). People with strong natural intelligence are more prominent in hunting, farming and biological sciences. Natural exploration intelligence should be further simplified as exploration intelligence, including the exploration of society and nature.

9. Become smart

People tend to ask questions about life and death and ultimate reality and think about them.

Other types of intelligence

Human intelligence can also be classified from other angles:

Memory: the memory of things, including short-term memory and long-term memory, image memory and abstract memory.

Image power: the ability to form an image on the basis of memory. It can also be said to be perceptual cognitive ability.

Abstract ability: the ability to form abstract concepts on the basis of images. It can also be said that it is rational cognitive ability.

Faith: the ability to form a general concept of life and the world on the basis of image and abstract thinking.

Creativity: the ability to form new images, theories and beliefs.

Cultivation of development

In the past, the development of multiple intelligences was mainly concentrated in kindergartens, because education experts believed that the development of students' multiple intelligences should start from childhood and be gradually extended to other levels. However, in a broad sense, the framework of multiple intelligences theory can be popularized not only in primary schools and kindergartens, but also in middle schools, universities, even research institutes or on-the-job training. In recent years, many international MBA courses have added creative thinking courses to strengthen students' adaptability and creative development in the new era, which is one of the categories of multiple intelligences proposed by Gardner.

For primary and secondary school students, because the theory of multiple intelligences helps teachers to better understand students from their intelligence distribution, we can apply it to two aspects:

1. The theory of multiple intelligences can be used to explore gifted students and further provide them with suitable.

Develop opportunities for them to thrive;

2. The theory of multiple intelligences can be used to help students solve problems and adopt more suitable methods to study. At present, there are several middle schools in Hong Kong that allow some students with low language level to hand in their homework via video.

Application in teaching

1. Change the previous view of students.

In the view of talents, the theory of multiple intelligences holds that almost everyone is smart, but the category and nature of intelligence are different. I was born to be useful. Students' differences should not be a burden of education, on the contrary, it is a valuable resource. We should change the previous view of students, treat students with appreciation and discovery, change the standard of measuring students with a ruler in the past, and realize that every student is a genius again. As long as we guide and dig them correctly, every student can become a talent.

2. Relocate the teaching concept

In terms of teaching methods, the theory of multiple intelligences emphasizes that the most suitable method should be selected according to each student's intellectual advantages and disadvantages. Confucius believed that we should consider individual differences and teach students in accordance with their aptitude. "Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" was founded by Confucius and successfully implemented in individual teaching environments. We should inherit this precious educational heritage and implement it better under the premise of applying the theory of multiple intelligences. We should pay attention to and treat students' differences well. In teaching, we should use diversified teaching modes according to students' differences, promote the development of students' potential, and finally promote each student to become his own Excellence.

Teachers should change their teaching objectives.

In terms of educational goals, multiple intelligences do not advocate training all people into all-round talents, but believe that the development path that is most suitable for each student should be determined according to the different situations of students. Generally speaking, the theory of multiple intelligences does not allow students to cross a wooden bridge with thousands of troops, nor does it simply require students to build another bridge, but advocates laying a bridge for each student and making "each in his place" a reality. This is what our school advocates: "Let every student learn something, learn something, and learn something." Man is a means and an end. The value of education lies not only in cultivating talents who are useful to society, but also in developing and releasing people themselves.

4. The change of ideas leads to the change of teaching behavior.

Our teachers can no longer prepare lessons and attend classes just to meet the requirements of the syllabus, but more from the perspective of paying attention to students, developing their potential and promoting their all-round development. We should adopt various ways and methods, put forward the teaching strategy of "multiple intelligences", realize the purpose of "teaching for multiple intelligences", improve teaching forms and links, and strive to cultivate students' multiple intelligences. Paying attention to group cooperative learning and discussion in teaching form is conducive to the cultivation of interpersonal intelligence. Pay attention to the last reflective link in teaching and cultivate students' reflective intelligence. Strive for rich and colorful classroom teaching, diverse forms of classroom interaction, and more obvious students' dominant position.

IQ theory

1. IQ

(IQ):

It is an expression of people's intelligence level, and it represents a potential ability, which provides the ability necessary for survival, such as the ability to remember, operate and solve problems, that is, the value measured by intelligence tests.

6Q

2. Emotional intelligence

(EQ):

This quotient refers to the degree of emotional stability in the face of multiple social changes. The higher the quotient, the stronger the ability to withstand change, which not only adapts to the changing environment, but also adjusts the environment, thus generating positive emotions towards the environment.

emotional quotient (EQ)

3. Judgment quotient JQ

(judging quotient):

Good analysis will lead to good judgment, otherwise it will become judgment or bet. Therefore, to cultivate good judgment quotient, we must cultivate analytical ability. If you have good judgment, you are unlikely to make mistakes in your decision. The future is a race against time, so to make a good decision, we must rely on a high judgment quotient.

4. adversity quotient AQ

(adversity quotient):

Adversity quotient refers to the different responses of individuals or organizations to adversity in their own way. The higher a person's AQ is, the more flexible he will be to face adversity, be positive and optimistic, accept difficulties and challenges, be more frustrated and brave, and finally perform well. On the contrary, people with low AQ will feel depressed, lost, complain everywhere, avoid challenges, lack creativity, often give up halfway, and eventually accomplish nothing.

Adversity quotient AQ

5. Creative quotient CQ

(creator):

Being different is creative. There are new ways and new ideas to deal with all kinds of affairs in life and solve all kinds of problems in work, and the treatment effect is better than other old methods. The ability of this new idea and new method is called creativity.

Creative quotient

6. Jianshang Headquarters

(health quotient):

Health quotient includes physical and mental state, understanding of health knowledge and appropriateness of living habits, that is, the higher the degree of "physical and mental health", the higher the quotient. The more correct the "health knowledge cognition", the higher the quotient, the better the "living habits" and the higher the quotient. These three regular meetings influence each other, and any positive development will affect the positive development of the other two. To maintain a high health quotient, it is necessary to constantly check the physical and mental state, absorb more relevant knowledge and maintain good habits.

Jianshang head office

7.FQ financial quotient

(financial quotient):

Different people pursue wealth in different ways, but how to measure a person's financial ability? Financial quotient provides a new direction for measuring a person's financial management ability and wisdom of creating wealth. Refers to a person's financial quotient, that is, the wisdom of financial management. Financial quotient includes two abilities: one is the ability to correctly understand money and its laws; The second is the ability to use money and money rules correctly.

Financial quotient

8. Psychological quotient

(mental quotient):

People not only exist in the physical way, but also exist in psychology, emotion, socialization, intelligence and so on, and the most important thing is spiritual existence. Whether a person is happy, successful or unhealthy often has little to do with IQ, and is not necessarily closely related to EQ (people who are full of EQ are not necessarily happy, successful and healthy), but the relationship with SQ is the most direct-SQ is high, and life is the happiest, most successful and healthiest.

9.DQ development quotient

(development quotient):

Development represents development and display, and it is an ability of generation and evolution. Developer refers to a person's ability to promote the change of material state or situation, which is also the source of human social progress. The constant transformation and change of the situation can interweave a new social environment, so the higher the developer, the more ways people have to change and create the environment.