Anatomical morphology of lung
1. Anatomical position of the lung: the lung is located in the chest, one on the left and one on the right, above the diaphragm, connected with the airway, and the throat is the portal, covering other viscera, which is the highest of the five internal organs, so it is called "Gai Hua", which is the length of the five internal organs.
2. Morphological structure of lung: The lung is a white lobulated organ with loose texture and gas. It is "empty as a beehive", "floating" and "mature and thick", so it is called "the dirty of clearing the void".
Physiological function of lung
1. Lung governing qi: Lung governing qi is the general term for lung governing breathing and lung governing the whole body. "The lung hides the spirit, belongs to gold, and always brings one.
Qi of Body (edited by Zhou Yi, Prescription of Viscera Specimen). The qi of the human body is dominated by the lung, so it is called "all qi belongs to the lung" (Su Wen's theory of the formation of five internal organs) and "the lung governs the qi of the whole body" (medical method: the method of penetrating the atmosphere in the chest). Lung governs qi, including qi governing breathing and qi governing the whole body. (1) Lung governs breathing gas: Lung governs breathing gas, which means that the lungs inhale clear gas from nature and exhale turbid gas from the body through breathing movement, thus realizing the function of gas exchange inside and outside the body. "The lungs ... inhale and exhale, which is connected with the weather" (one yuan). The lung is a respiratory organ with respiratory function. "When the weather is clear, it depends entirely on breathing, and the fulcrum of breathing is mainly the lungs. "
The lung is the place where gas exchange takes place inside and outside the body. In a word, "the lung is a respiratory organ. When inhaling oxygen, it is an important function of the human body to exhale carbon gas and ventilate the blood" (China Medical Huihai on the Function of the Lung). Chinese medicine believes that respiratory movement depends not only on the lungs, but also on the cooperation of the kidneys. Lung governs qi, kidney governs breathing, and kidney governs air intake, so that breathing can be completed. The respiratory function of the lung system is normal, the airway is unobstructed and the breathing is even. If the disease invades the lung and affects its respiratory function, it will present symptoms such as chest cough, shortness of breath and difficulty breathing.
(2) The lung governs the qi of the whole body: the lung governs the qi of the whole body, which means that the lung has the function of presiding over and regulating the qi of various organs of the whole body, that is, the lung participates in the generation of qi and regulates the movement of qi through breathing. "The qi of the human body is determined by the lung, and if the lung qi is clear, the whole body's qi will not be satisfied and move forward" (The Method of Medicine: Lung Abscess, Lung Flaccidity).
2. Lung-dominated water circulation: Lung-dominated water circulation refers to the dredging and regulating effects of lung expansion and decline on the transportation, operation and excretion of water and liquid in the body. Because the lung is the canopy and the highest, it participates in regulating the metabolism of water and liquid in the body, so it is said that "the lung is the source of water, and the lung gas circulates in shellfish water" (blood syndrome in "Swelling").
Function of lung controlling water circulation: Water and liquid metabolism in human body is completed by lung, spleen, kidney, small intestine, large intestine, bladder and other viscera. The physiological function of lung controlling water is realized by the rise and fall of lung qi. Lung qi is transmitted. First, the chemical liquid is quickly transported outward, spread all over the body, and reach the outer fur to nourish, moisten and protect various tissues and organs. The second is to make the water metabolized by the lungs, that is, the waste water and excess water used by the body, excrete through breathing and evaporation of skin pores. The decrease of lung qi makes the water metabolized in the body drop to the kidney continuously, and urine is generated by the gasification of the kidney and bladder and discharged from the body, thus keeping the urine unobstructed. This is the role of the lung in regulating water-liquid metabolism, that is, the physiological function of the lung in regulating water channels. If the lung qi drops abnormally, it loses the function of running water, and the waterway is not harmonious, there may be obstacles such as phlegm and edema in water and liquid transport and excretion.
3. Lung Indication Festival: Treating the festival, that is, conditioning. The main lung segment refers to the role of lung in assisting heart treatment and regulating the physiological functions of qi, blood, body fluid and viscera. The heart is the official of the monarch and the master of the internal organs. The lung is the relative organ, and it is the main indication. "Both the lungs and the heart live in the diaphragm, and it is high and close to the king, and it is still slaughtered." The heart is the king and the lung is the auxiliary phase. The reason why the organs and tissues of the human body move according to certain laws depends on the control and regulation of the lung-assisted heart. Therefore, the lungs are called "rich officials".
The role of lung in the joint: the role of lung in the treatment of joint is mainly reflected in four aspects.
⑴ Lung governs breathing: The breathing movement of lung breathes and sucks rhythmically, and the turbid gas is absorbed clearly, which plays an extremely important role in ensuring the even breathing.
(2) Regulating Qi-flowing: the lung governs Qi, regulating the up-and-down movement of Qi, and making the whole body's Qi-flowing smooth. As the saying goes, "lung governs qi, and qi regulates the camp and defense of viscera." (Jing Lei Zang Xianglei).
(3) Help the heart and promote blood circulation: the lung can pulse, help the heart and promote blood circulation, assist the heart, and promote and regulate blood circulation throughout the body. "Qi belongs to lung", and qi also benefits blood.
(4) Declaring descending: Declaring descending lung, controlling and regulating the transport, operation and excretion of body fluid. Therefore, the lung ginseng is actually a high generalization of the main physiological functions of the lung.
4. Su Xuan, the master of lung: Fa Xuan means Xuantong and Sanchakou. "Qi passes through the lungs, and the qi of the viscera and meridians is all announced by lung qi" (Yi Yi). Sue means Su-down, which means Qing -down. The lung is characterized by clearing away deficiency, mainly descending in nature, and clearing the spleen and descending smoothly. The lung should be clear and declared to descend, while the body is clear and empty, so it should be declared to descend. Specific manifestations of lung qi ascending and descending movement. The lung is normal in the apical position, and it is declared healthy, mainly descending. Lung qi must be able to maintain its normal physiological functions, such as controlling qi, regulating breathing, helping the heart to promote blood circulation, dredging waterways, etc.
(1) Feizhubo Powder: Feizhubo Powder refers to the function of lung qi rising and emitting outward. Its qi is ascending and descending. Its physiological function is mainly reflected in three aspects:
First, absorb turbidity. Through self-gasification, the lungs breathe the clean air of nature, exhale and transport the polluted air in the body, and discharge sputum from the lungs and respiratory tract to keep the respiratory tract clean and promote the breathing of the lungs.
Second, fluid transport is subtle. The lung disperses the body fluid and Shui Gu transmitted by the spleen to the whole body and reaches the outer fur to moisten and nourish the fur of internal organs, limbs and muscles.
Third, spread the defensive spirit. The lung regulates the opening and closing of acupoints by activating qi, and converts the metabolized body fluid into sweat, which is excreted from sweat pores. Therefore, when lung qi fails to propagate, there will be symptoms such as dyspnea, chest tightness, cough, stuffy nose, sneezing and anhidrosis.
(2) Lung governing descending: Lung governing descending refers to the function of clearing and descending lung qi, and the movement form of qi is descending. Its physiological function is mainly reflected in four aspects:
First, it breathes people. The lungs absorb the clear gas from nature through breathing, the lungs can exhale the turbid gas in the body, and the lungs can descend to absorb the clear gas from nature. Therefore, it's advisable to publicize and complete the functions of clearing the air and calling out turbidity, expelling the old and absorbing the new.
Second, fluid transport is subtle. The lungs transmit the inhaled clear gas, body fluid and Shui Gu from the spleen down to the lungs and distribute them all over the body for the physiological functions of the viscera.
Third, the waterway is connected. The lung is the source of water, and the decline of lung qi can dredge the passage of water and transport the metabolites of water and liquid to the bladder.
Fourth, clean and tidy. The shape of the lung is "empty as a honeycomb", clear, light and clean, and foreign bodies are not allowed. When the lung qi drops, foreign bodies in the lungs and respiratory tract can be eliminated to keep the respiratory tract clean. Therefore, when lung qi loses to depression, shortness of breath, shortness of breath, expectoration and other symptoms of lung qi ascending.
The expansion and decline of lung qi are complementary contradictory movements. Under physiological conditions, interdependence and mutual restriction; Under pathological conditions, they often interact. Therefore, without a normal announcement, there can be no good depression; If there is no normal depression, it will also affect the normal announcement. Only when the spreading and descending of qi is normal can qi appear as a person, the airway is smooth, the breathing is adjusted evenly, the gas exchange inside and outside the human body is maintained, all viscera and tissues are nourished by qi, blood and body fluid, and the troubles of stagnant water and phlegm are avoided, so that lung qi cannot be dissipated too much, and the normal state of clearing and descending is always maintained. If their function is out of order, there will be lung failure or lung failure. The former is characterized by cough, while the latter is characterized by asthma and qi reversal.
Physiological characteristics of lung
1. Lung is canopy: canopy is umbrella. Gai Hua originally referred to the car cover of the ancient emperor. The lung has a canopy, which means that the lung is the highest in the body cavity and has the function of protecting the viscera and resisting external evils. The lung is located in the thoracic cavity, ranking first among the five internal organs, and has the function of covering the five internal organs. The lung also governs the exterior of the whole body, which prevents the internal organs from outside, so it is called Hua Gai. The lung is covered with a canopy, which means that the lung is very high, just like an umbrella cover protecting the organs below. The so-called "lung occupies the highest position of the five internal organs, so it is called cover because of its height." Because of the main qi, it is an integrated procedure. Just as flowers bloom and fall, colors flow, the body is light and clear, the lung qi is gorgeous, and the flowers on the lung are like flowers, which is a high summary of the role of the lung in protecting the viscera, resisting external evils and commanding the qi of the whole body.
The lungs communicate directly with the outside world through the trachea, throat and nose. Therefore, the physiological function of the lung is most easily influenced by the external environment. For example, natural wind, cold, heat, dampness, dryness, fire and other pathogens invade the human body, especially wind-cold pathogens, which mostly enter the lungs first, leading to lung diseases such as lung defense failure and unfavorable lung orifices. Because the lungs and fur coincide, fever, aversion to cold, cough and other symptoms are common in the early stage of the disease. Nasal congestion and other symptoms of lung health dysfunction.
2. lungs are delicate: lungs are delicate and vulnerable to evil. Jiao means delicate. The lung is the body of clearing away deficiency, which is in a high position, and it is the canopy of all dirty organs. All the veins are here, and they are connected with fur, and they are directly connected with the nose and the weather. The invasion of six evils into the human body, whether from the nose or mouth or encroaching on fur, is easy to cause diseases. Cold and hot lesions in his internal organs often spread to his lungs. Because he can't stand cold and heat, he is susceptible to evil. "His nature is cold, hot, dry and wet, and he is most afraid of fire and wind. Pathogen must lose the order of clearing away evil, so arthralgia can't prevent the spirit from clearing away (Guide to Clinical Medical Records, Volume IV), so it is called scorching viscera, the highest lung position, the evil must be injured first, the lung leaves are delicate, the lung is clear and empty, and the evil can't do it; Therefore, regardless of exogenous diseases, internal injuries or other visceral diseases, the lungs can be involved and become diseases.
3. Lung qi corresponds to autumn qi: lung is the body of clearing deficiency. Like to be clean and moist, which corresponds to the clear climate and clean air in autumn. Therefore, lung qi is the most vigorous in autumn, and lung diseases are more common in autumn: lung qi is vigorous in autumn, lung is autumn, western, dry, golden, white and pungent. They are intrinsically related, for example, in autumn. When dryness is in season, dryness can easily invade the human body, damage the yin and body fluids of the lungs, and cause symptoms such as dry cough and dry skin, nose and mouth. Another example is when exterior syndrome such as aversion to cold, fever, strong headache and floating pulse occurs, ephedra, cassia twig and other drugs are used to remove exterior syndrome, so that the evil on the muscle surface can relieve exterior sweat.