First of all, top-down reading methods are often used.
Top-down reading is based on the full text, focusing on obtaining information through text symbols, that is, inferring the content and meaning of the article according to the title given by the article, and understanding the meaning that the author wants to express.
The key to using top-down reading method is to cultivate students' ability to predict and infer the content and meaning of the article, so as to improve their reading comprehension.
By looking at the overall structure of the article or the title of the article to predict the content and deep meaning of the article, we can speculate from the following aspects:
1. What is the content of the article?
2. What aspects will the author elaborate on?
3. How will the content develop?
Pay attention to different English styles when reading, because styles have a great influence on the organization and arrangement of information. Training and mastering the structural features of various English styles is conducive to the summary and logical reasoning of the article. For example, a narrative must have three elements: plot, characters and background. The development of the plot is based on the transfer of time and place. Therefore, when reading the narrative, we must seize the clue of time, take the characters as the center, and make clear the occurrence, development and ending of the story. For example, there is a * * * similarity between argumentative essays and expository essays, that is, most paragraphs have topic sentences (mostly at the beginning or end of paragraphs). We should grasp the topic sentences, explore each topic and find out the central argument of the article, so as to predict the content of the article more carefully and thoroughly understand the surface and deep meaning of the whole article.
Second, correctly handle the relationship between intensive reading and extensive reading.
Intensive reading and extensive reading are two main methods in reading, which complement each other and cannot be neglected or replaced.
1. Pay attention to the choice of reading materials.
Choosing suitable intensive reading materials is an important means to improve English reading. It is advisable to choose a reading material of about 200 words, followed by exercises. The genre of reading materials should be diversified-narrative, popular science, discussion or explanation, advertising and so on. Pay attention to the practicality of the article. The difficulty of the selected materials should be 60% ~ 70%, and the number of new words should not exceed 4%.
2. Intensive reading and extensive reading are complementary.
Compared with extensive reading, intensive reading is a point. This paper analyzes some well-written and difficult articles and summarizes the author's writing intention, ideas and central arguments, so as to obtain detailed information and in-depth content. If intensive reading is a point, extensive reading is a surface. Only by reading a lot can we accumulate a large number of words, structures and sentence patterns, expand our knowledge, cultivate our sense of language and improve our ability to respond to words. In extensive reading, we should improve our ability to guess new words according to the context. Don't look up new words in the dictionary as soon as you see them, but find out the objects referred to by demonstrative pronouns and personal pronouns in the text. Read for yourself in a limited time. A reading article of about 200 words is moderately difficult, so try to complete its reading comprehension questions within 6 minutes. When reading, we should accumulate more knowledge about society, history, geography, culture and customs in Britain and America, which is conducive to improving reading level. We should cultivate good reading habits. When reading, you should look at the meaning group, don't read word for word, and don't read aloud while pointing with a pen or finger, which will hinder the understanding of the meaning of the article and affect the reading speed.
Reading is a comprehensive process, and the improvement of reading ability is a gradual process. Only by persistently improving reading methods and cultivating reading interest can students get twice the result with half the effort.
The factors that affect reading comprehension can be divided into mental retardation and non-mental retardation. Knowledge barriers include: 1. Lexical barriers II. Grammatical obstacle. Background knowledge barrier. Non-mental retardation includes: 1. Psychological disorder II. Reading habits 3. Reading speed 4. Reading skills.
(A) Pay attention to the accumulation of English vocabulary and idioms
American linguist Driller (1978) pointed out that if we recognize the 25 most common English words, we will recognize 33% of the words on each page on average. 50% if common words of 135 are identified; If 2500 is recognized, it is 78%; If you recognize 5000, it is 80%; Once you remember 10 000, you can reach 92%. It can be seen that the level of reading ability is inseparable from the size of vocabulary. At present, most students have a small vocabulary, which is the main factor affecting the improvement of reading ability. So how can we improve students' vocabulary?
1. Word formation mnemonic method
It is estimated that there are 6,543.8+0,000 to 6,543.8+0.2 million English words, but most of them are formed by word formation. Word formation includes derivation, synthesis and transformation. In teaching, let students master the meaning and usage of common prefixes (un/dis/im/il /super. ) and suffix (ly/ less/ ful/ ment…), so that they can guess their derivatives from known words, so as to expand their vocabulary. For example, the prefix "super" has the meaning of surpassing and surpassing. You can guess the meanings of the words "supermarket", "supernatural", "superman" and "superstar". .
2. Associative memory method
Connect a word with related or unrelated words, such as seeing the life of live vi, and connecting it with other parts of speech and usage, such as live broadcast and live.
3. Extensive reading and memory
The famous saying "to read well, you need a strong voice ... to build a strong vocal music, you need to read well." Talk about the relationship between reading and vocabulary. To read fluently, you must have a rich vocabulary. Reading a lot can enrich your vocabulary.
(B) a firm grasp of grammar knowledge
In recent years, the sentence structure of NMET reading comprehension essays tends to be complex, and grammar knowledge plays a prominent role in reading. If you encounter a long and difficult sentence that is difficult to understand in reading, you can analyze the sentence properly with the help of grammar, and make clear the relationship between the parts, so as to accurately understand the meaning of the whole sentence. Take decision-making as an example-thinking is not like playing poker-it is not only about your thoughts, but also about what others think of your thoughts and what you think they think of your thoughts. (NMET 2000) as an example. The 29 words in this sentence include subject clause, object clause, compound sentence and additional explanation of dash connection. Among them, there are complex sentences in complex sentences and complex sentences in complex sentences. Only by sorting out the components of a sentence one by one can we grasp its meaning.
(3) Accumulate certain cultural background knowledge and life knowledge.
The improvement of English reading ability requires not only certain language knowledge, but also certain cultural background knowledge and life knowledge. For example, NMET2003, Reading Comprehension A involves geography and introduces two farthest/farthest inhabited islands, one is Tristan da Cunha recognized by Guinness Book of Records; On the other hand, there are many proper nouns in the articles on Easter Island, which will interfere with students who are inexperienced in reading, but it will be better for students who know Easter and other background knowledge. In addition, in chapter C, there is a book number. If you are familiar with these, you will reduce a lot of reading difficulties.
(4) Develop good reading habits and master effective reading skills.
Developing good reading habits requires reading more books and reciting more wonderful paragraphs and articles to cultivate a sense of language. In addition, some students read aloud, click or read back when reading, which will affect the reading speed and understanding of the article. Therefore, we should overcome these bad habits, do not read back, do not read silently, and do not click to read. Only in this way can we speed up reading and improve the accuracy of understanding.
Besides good reading habits, we should also master correct reading skills. Teachers should guide students to form correct thinking methods. General reading should pay attention to the following points:
1. Skimming is to quickly browse the full text, grasp the main idea and topic sentences of the article, and clarify the author's attitude and intention.
2. Skipping is to quickly find a relevant information, look at ten lines and pass irrelevant content.
3. Guess new words. In the process of reading, you will inevitably encounter new words. If you look up a new word in the dictionary or skip it, it will affect your understanding of the article. So we have to guess the meaning of new words. Words have different meanings in different contexts. So we should guess according to the context clues and word formation.
"Rome wasn't built in a day" Improving reading ability is not a one-off event. As long as we adhere to the correct reading methods, cultivate interest, read extensively, accumulate vocabulary and develop good reading habits, our reading comprehension ability will be gradually improved.
English reading comprehension skills
The new English syllabus for senior high school clearly stipulates: "Pay attention to improving reading ability". Looking at NMET's English test questions in recent years, we can easily see that reading comprehension ability is the focus of NMET, occupying a dominant position from beginning to end, and has a rising trend year by year. It is no exaggeration to say that reading comprehension is the key to getting high marks in college entrance examination English!
The main requirements of reading comprehension test are:
1. Read the main idea and general idea of the material, and the facts and details used to explain the main idea and general idea.
2. Understand both concrete facts and abstract concepts.
3. Understand both the literal meaning and the deep meaning, including the author's attitude and intention.
4. We should not only understand the meaning of a sentence or a paragraph, but also understand the logical relationship of the whole article, and make reasoning and judgment accordingly.
We can't only understand according to the information provided, but also combine the common sense that middle school students should have. According to these five requirements, we can divide reading comprehension multiple-choice questions into the following types: detail comprehension questions, word comprehension questions, theme and theme questions, guessing word meaning questions, and reasoning and judgment questions. In the following, the author talks about the skills and strategies of doing English reading comprehension questions based on his usual teaching experience.
First, look at the problem first and read the article with the problem.
That is, read the test questions first, and then read the article. To read the stem, we must first master the question type and distinguish whether it is an objective information question or a subjective judgment question. Objective information questions can be found directly from the article; Subjective judgment questions examine the emotional tone of the article, the author's unspoken views and the understanding of the central theme that runs through the whole article. This kind of question must go through the attitude and intention of the author and the deep reasoning of the whole article. Secondly, we should know the stem of the test questions and the information contained in each option, then scan the article in a targeted way to quickly locate the relevant information, and then integrate, identify, analyze and compare the relevant information, so as to eliminate interference items and choose the correct answer. This method strengthens the pertinence of reading, improves the accuracy of doing problems and saves valuable time. Especially suitable for the understanding of graphics and tables.
Second, read the full text quickly and understand the main idea and theme.
The purpose of reading is to obtain information. A person's reading ability determines whether he can absorb useful information quickly and efficiently. Reading ability generally refers to reading speed and understanding ability. Reading speed is the most basic ability of reading. Without a certain reading speed, it is impossible to input information smoothly, let alone use English. In recent years, the reading speed of college entrance examination is about 40 words per minute. Candidates must use skimming, scanning, skipping and other skills to read quickly in a very limited time, search for keywords and topic sentences, capture time and space, order, plot, characters and opinions, sort out the context of the article and grasp the essence of the text.
Grasping the topic sentence is the main way to grasp the main idea of the article quickly. Topic sentences generally appear at the beginning and end of an article. In an article written by induction, the sentences expressing details come first, and the summarized sentences come last. At this point, the topic sentence is the last sentence of the article. Articles usually written by deductive method mostly follow the writing procedure from general to individual, that is, there is an overview first and then a detailed explanation. At this time, the topic sentence is the first sentence of the article. Of course, there are also some articles without topic sentences, which need readers to summarize themselves. Topic sentences often play the role of prompting, enlightening, summarizing and summarizing the full text. Themes, generalizations and central ideas can often be found directly from topic sentences.
Just try it. Can you find the topic sentence in the following article?
Panda is a popular animal. The story about the panda in Washington Zoo is always an important topic in front-page news and TV news. The plush panda is one of the most popular toys for children, and there is always a demand for panda postcards in the zoo gift shop.
It is not difficult to see that the first sentence of the article is a topic sentence, and the following sentences are all around this sentence.
Third, read the details carefully and straighten out the train of thought and the context of the article.
An article is by no means a bunch of unrelated sentences. The author is a text with pulse. For example, the narrative takes the characters as the center, takes time or space as the clue, and unfolds the story according to the occurrence, development and ending of the event; The discussion type includes three elements: argument, argument and conclusion, and expounds the point of view through explanation and examples. According to the characteristics of the article, we can read the details carefully, find out the keywords with verbs, time, place, events and cause and effect as clues, and draw a complete and clear cognitive map of the theme and details of the article by using the "drawing list method".
Fourth, logical reasoning and deep understanding.
In actual reading, sometimes the author does not express his intention. Readers should study the hints of details according to the literal meaning and through the logical relationship of the text, scrutinize the author's attitude and understand the meaning of the article. This is what is usually called deep understanding. In-depth understanding mainly includes induction and generalization questions (central idea, adding titles, etc. ) and reasoning questions, which are difficult in reading comprehension. Deep understanding is a creative thinking activity. It must be faithful to the original; Based on the facts and clues provided by the article, we can infer the unknown based on the known, and we can't imagine it out of thin air and guess at will; It requires readers to analyze, mine and logically reason the surface information of the text, and can only generalize. Only by thoroughly understanding the literal meaning of the article can reasoning have the premise and foundation.
The commonly used words in reasoning questions are: inference, suggestion, suggestion, instruction, etc.
For example, college entrance examination questions:
heat treatment
Annealing is a method of softening metal by heating it and then letting it cool slowly. If a metal is heated and then cooled quickly, for example, it will be hard but brittle, that is, it will break easily. The annealed metal is soft, but it is not easy to break. By annealing, metals can be made hard or soft. The metal is heated and slowly cooled for a certain period of time. The longer the heated metal cools slowly, the softer it becomes. Annealing can also be used for other materials, such as glass.
1. Why do people put hot metal in water?
A. make it harder. B. make it soft.
C. Make it cool. Make it brittle.
2. In the process of annealing, the required hardness of metal depends on _ _.
A. Amount of water B. Temperature of metal
C. Softness of metal D. Timing of operation
As suggested in the text, how can we make the glass less fragile?
A.it can be heated and then cooled quickly.
B. you can cool it first and then heat it slowly.
C. it can be heated and then cooled slowly.
D. it can be cooled and then heated quickly.
1, the answer is a, this question belongs to reasoning and induction. The second sentence of the article says that if the metal is heated and then quickly put into water to cool, it will become hard, but it will also become brittle. Effort is the subjective purpose of the process. Brittleness is the accompanying objective result, so it is obviously wrong to choose a instead of d and b; Item C is a means, not an end, and can be excluded.
2. The answer is D, which is a general inductive question. Timing is the choice of time. The answer is based on five or six sentences, "The metal is heated, ... for a long time." And "the longer it takes ... the softer it becomes." The cooling time can be controlled, and the longer the time, the softer it is, that is, the lower the hardness. It can be concluded that the hardness of metal is affected by the cooling time during annealing.
3. The answer is C, which is entitled Inference and Judgment. The article mentioned "metal". The last sentence says that the annealing process can also be used for other materials, such as glass. In this paper, we know that "annealing" means "heating" and then "slowly cooling". Inference c is correct.
Fifth, guess the words to understand the meaning and remove the obstacles in reading.
Word guessing is an important ability in English application, and it is also a common question in college entrance examination. Not only do you need to understand the context accurately, but you also need to read extensively, master or know more extracurricular vocabulary. We should learn to "follow the trail" and determine the meaning of words through clues such as word formation, grammar, definition, apposition, comparison, cause and effect, common sense and context.
A. Definition method
For example, annealing is a method of softening a metal by heating it, and then slowly cooling it.
The sentence gives a clear definition of annealing, which is "annealing".
It will be hard, but it is also brittle, that is, it is easily broken.
From the following explanation, we can know that crisp means "crisp".
This herdsman earns about 650 yuan a year.
Taking care of the sheep in the attributive clause shows that herdsman means "shepherd"
Collocation method
For example:
They walked a long way and finally reached a castle, an old building.
The appositive part of ancient large buildings gives the exact meaning of castle, that is, "castle".
We are working the night shift this week-from midnight to 8 am.
The phrase between the two dashes clearly shows that night shift means "night shift".
C. comparative law
She is usually punctual in class, but today she arrived in the middle of the first class.
But the word has a turning point, so the meaning before and after is just the opposite. The second half of the sentence means that she is "in the middle of the first class" today, so it can be concluded that she is always "punctual" through reverse reasoning.
D. Word formation (prefix, suffix, compound words, derivatives, etc. )
Perhaps, we can see some possibilities in the next 50 years. But what about the next hundred years?
Possibility is synonymous with possibility, so it can be judged that the definite possibility is "possibility".
E. Causality method
Lack of exercise leads to muscle weakness. Sometimes this weakness is permanent. So this athlete can no longer take part in this sport.
Forever can be inferred from the later result "Never exercise again".
References:
/question/ 1805973.html
Hypertension is a high-incidence disease in the world. In China, with the continuous improvement of people's living standards, the incide