Su Shi and Su Dongpo were writers and painters in the Northern Song Dynasty. He was one of the eight masters in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and he was also called "Three Sus" with his father Su Xun and his brother Su. Su Dongpo abides by traditional etiquette in politics, but he has the ambition to change the four evils, so his official career is ups and downs. His personality is heroic, and his poems are bold, fresh and vigorous, which created the unrestrained school. He is open-minded, and although calligraphy is learned from the ancients, it can create new ideas and be full of childlike interest.

Keywords: representative style of Su Shi's bold and unconstrained ci

Su Shi occupies a special position in the history of China Ci. He extended the spirit of the poetic innovation movement in the Northern Song Dynasty to the field of Ci, swept away the traditional style of Ci since the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, expanded the theme of Ci, enriched the artistic conception of Ci, broke through the boundary of "poetic rhyme" and made great contributions to the innovative development of Ci. Because of this, since the Song Dynasty, people have always mentioned Su Shi when discussing Ci. When you mention Su Ci, you will also mention its "bold" style. This is almost a rule. Su Shi is the originator of the bold school, and his series of bold words are an important symbol of the formation of the bold school in the Northern Song Dynasty, which is beyond doubt. Liu Chenweng once said: "The word reaches Dongpo, which is open and aboveboard, like poetry and prose, and the wonders of heaven and earth." According to statistics, there are more than 340 poems written by Su Shi. The styles of Su Ci are diverse, which is not only a representative bold style, but also an ideal style that Su Shi deliberately pursues. He put passion and even sad feelings into his poems, and the characters he wrote were generous and heroic, and the scenes were magnificent, which best represented Su Shi's thoughts and personality characteristics. There are also "graceful words", which account for an absolute proportion in the total number of words. These words are pure and profound in feelings and healthy and lofty in style, and they are also the inheritance and development of traditional graceful words.

Based on my own understanding, combined with several representative "bold words" by Su Shi, this paper briefly discusses the tragedy, sadness, sadness and even a shallow aesthetic feature of "negative seclusion" revealed in bold words and ignored by theorists in previous dynasties. Su Shi's ci has a gradual process from "pure and bold" to "bold and sad", and there are two obvious signs that the "sad" component in his ci is obviously deepened. Once he was demoted to Huangzhou at the age of 45 because of Wutai poetry case, and once he was demoted to Huizhou at the age of 59. Among them, the latter has a stronger influence on vegetarianism. Su Shi said in his self-titled portrait: "Ask about your life's achievements, Huangzhou Huizhou Danzhou." This sentence is generally regarded as Su Shi's "self-mockery", but it is actually a profound understanding and summary made by Su Shi after reviewing his life and creative path. This at least shows that in Su Shi's own view, his experience and creation in these three places are very different from those in the past. At this time, he incorporated some unprecedented things into his poetry creation, but this change is very weak and it is difficult for readers to observe. Zhu Bian said in "Romantic Poems": "Dongpo's articles are not as good as Huangzhou's later generations, and they can compete for Huanglu's poems. Crossing the sea in his later years, although Lu Zhi also fell behind. Or it is unfortunate that Dongpo crossed the ocean, but it is also a great misfortune for Lu Zhi. " This shows from another side that since Su Shi was relegated to Huangzhou, especially after crossing the sea, certain changes have taken place in literary creation and his achievements have become more prominent. This is from the perspective of the influence of life experience on creation. My idea is that Su Ci, after experiencing two major setbacks, is more inclined to express the kind of sadness and pain that he feels inside, and more inclined to express some personal feelings. However, expressing some tragic things in life can touch people's hearts and narrow the distance with readers, which may be one of the reasons why Su Shi was highly praised by later scholars, especially those who were frustrated. These condensed many helpless sighs of Su Shi, so he did not lose his heroic and optimistic attitude towards life. But it was written with his blood and tears, which turned the pain of life into aesthetic pleasure. It's just that the author's superb skills and more optimistic elements almost cover up the sadness and make it difficult for us to observe it.

In my opinion, Su Shi's masterpiece of pure beauty and boldness is "Hunting in Jiangchengzi Mizhou", not the recognized "Niannujiao Red Cliff Nostalgia". Look at his early words "Jiangchengzi";

Jiangchengzi went hunting in Michigan.

I said juvenile madness, which led to yellow on the left and pale on the right. Golden hat, mink and fur, thousands of riding rolls and leveling posts. If you want to report the whole city to the prefect, you will see Sun Lang.

After drinking wine, my chest is still open and my temples are slightly frosted. What's the harm! When will the emperor send someone down, like Emperor Han sent Feng Tang to the cloud to pardon Shang Wei? I will make my strength as full as the full moon, full as the full moon, heading northwest and shooting at the team in West Xia Jun.

In the eighth year of Xining in Song Shenzong, Su Shi was appointed as the magistrate of Mizhou. Because of drought, he went to Changshan to pray for rain. On the way home, he and the same official, Hu Mei Cao Hui, hunted in the iron ditch and wrote this hunting poem. The author's words express his ambition and heroism in serving the country and fighting aggression.

At the beginning, "the old man talks about juvenile madness" is extraordinary. This word is full of indulgence and heroism, and the word "crazy" runs through the whole article. The next four sentences describe the magnificent scene of hunting and show the heroic spirit of hunters: the poet leads the yellow dog in his left hand and the goshawk in his right, which is a magnificent gesture of hunting! The samurai below are all "golden hats, mink hair" and hunting clothes. Thousands of Mercedes-Benz, speeding off-road, what a spectacular hunting scene! Compared with Sun Quan, the author shows Dongpo's madness and high spirits. "The wine is bold and still open." Dongpo was originally bold and unrestrained, and with "wine", it was even more lofty. Reading originates from a sense of heroism.

What the author creates here is an image full of fighting spirit. There is no sadness of being demoted. It can be seen that Su Shi at this time was full of lofty sentiments and ambitions to serve the country, and paid no attention to personal unfair experiences. Even "as cold as ice" is "why not"? In an earlier book "Qin, Zhou Mi Leave Early, Send the Son Immediately", the author also expressed his life ideal of "being the most noble and obedient" and his youthful, heroic and confident spirit. Record this sentence here, readers can compare it with the following sentence, and they will find that it is very different from his demotion to Huangzhou.

Qinyuanchunmizhou morning trip was delivered immediately.

The lights in the lonely hall are green, the number of chickens in the wild shop is small, and the dream of traveling pillow is broken. Gradually, the moonlight will be closed, the morning frost will be bitter, the Yunshan will be full of brocade, and the morning dew will be moist. The world is infinite and life is limited. It's like a fresh joy in this area. Whispering, I am speechless with Saddle, and the past is a thousand times.

At that time, * * * was a guest in Chang 'an, like a teenager who had just arrived in Erlu. There are thousands of words written, and there are thousands of volumes in my chest, which is very difficult for you. Why don't you hide in my place and watch at leisure when you are using reason? He was very healthy, but he 10 died. He fought in the war before.

After Wutai Poetry Case, Su Shi began to realize the hardships of life and the vagaries of fate more truly and profoundly. The unfortunate fate of the individual began to be more integrated into the words, and its tragedy was obviously deepened (it needs to be experienced carefully to feel it). In the social background at that time, some of Su Shi's thoughts were afraid to speak directly, so they had to be expressed very implicitly (I don't know if you still remember, Liu Sanbian wrote a poem "He Tianchong": "A talented poet is naturally fluttering in white." "Love, life often. Youth is a soldier. Endure the floating name and change to shallow singing. " Rage Song Renzong, saying that "this man spent several months back and forth, so that he could sing softly, but he didn't want to write lyrics in vain". It happened some time before Su Shi for decades, so it should be clear that Su Shi learned a lot. ); Furthermore, although Su Shi felt the proposition of "Life is like a dream" again and again (see Chapter 5, Volume III of China Literature History edited by Yuan Xingpei for details), he did not deny life because of it, but tried to surpass himself, and always maintained an optimistic and tenacious belief and detached attitude towards life, so the expression of "sadness" in his words was hidden and powerless, which was not easy to be found. This phenomenon is particularly obvious after his relegation to Huangzhou, so I chose his three works since his relegation to Huangzhou as the most representative ones: Ding Fengbo (walking through the forest without listening to the sound of beating leaves), Linjiang Xian (waking up drunk after drinking Dongpo at night) and Buji (hanging trees without a moon) to make an analysis. Based on the analysis of these words and my own understanding, this paper briefly describes the "sad" atmosphere in Su Ci.

Ding Fengbo

On March 7th, it was raining on Hu Sha Road. The rain gear went first, and the peers were all in a mess. I couldn't feel it alone. It has cleared up, pretending to be the word. Don't pay attention to the beating rain in the forest. Mei sings a long whistle and walks leisurely. Bamboo poles and sandals are more dexterous than riding horses. What's to be afraid of? A raincoat and hemp fiber, despite the wind and rain, still live my life.

The coolness of spring breeze awakens my wine, and the cold begins to be cold, and the peak of the sun is the sun, but it is satisfied in time. Looking back at the place where I met the wind and rain, going back, for me, there is no wind and rain, but it is still sunny.

This should be an important sign that Su Shi's ci turned to the inner world (personal opinion, open to question, welcome to question). When reading this word, we can imagine a lonely old man hobbling in the rain. Can bamboo sticks and sandals really beat riding? That's just helpless self-comfort. Close your eyes and imagine the old man suddenly turning around. How can his firm eyes not reveal a trace of desolation or sadness? Who knows whether it is rain or sour tears flowing out of the corner of the eye? Oblique photos come into view, and we know the old man's wishful thinking better. The following song "Linjiang Fairy" upgraded this feeling:

Linjiangxian

I drank Dongpo in the evening and woke up drunk. It seemed like midnight when I came back. The child is short of breath. You shouldn't even knock at the door, but lean on your cane and listen to the sound of the river. I have hated this body for a long time. When will I forget the camp? The night was calm and the lines were flat. Since then, this ship has passed away, and Jiang Hai spent the rest of his life.

This word was written in Yuanfeng five years, and Dongpo Huangzhou fell for three years. Critics have always praised the style of the whole poem as "open and elegant", but they have never seen its sadness. Here's a brief introduction to this poem: It describes the scene of the author drinking in Dongpo Tang Xue on the night of late autumn and returning to Lingao's residence after drunkenness, which shows the poet's life ideal, attitude and desire to be completely detached from the world. Shangque's first sentence, "Drinking Dongpo drunk at night", pointed out the place of drinking at night and the degree of drunkenness from the beginning. Drunk, drunk, when he returned to Lingao apartment, it was naturally very late. Words such as "coming back like midnight" and "as if" vividly paint the poet's drunken and hazy modality. The first two sentences, first "sober up" and then "as if", show the exhilaration of his binge drinking to the fullest. Then, the following three sentences describe the scene that the poet has stopped at the door of the apartment: "The child's breathing is like thunder. You shouldn't knock at the door, just lean on the stick and listen to the sound of the river. " At this time, a handsome figure, a broad-minded, independent "Youren" jumped out of the paper and stood out. What permeates it is a philosophical attitude towards life, a super open spiritual world, a unique personality and true feelings. Going to the cabinet, the movement sets off the silence, and the sound sets off the silence. By writing about the family's snorting and the author's listening to the sound of the river, the realm of the dead of night is set off, and the broad mind and loneliness of the poet who has experienced the ups and downs of his career are set off, which makes people think, thus paving the way for the author's reflection on life in Xiating. At the beginning of Xiaque, the poet generously sighed: "I have hated this body for a long time. When can I forget the camp? " The deep sigh of this strange peak is not only straightforward but also full of philosophical meaning, and it is the most important and pivotal part of the whole word. The above two incisive words are based on Zhuangzi's two words: "You are not yourself" and "You are in shape, you are in life, and you should not think about management". With thorough philosophical speculation, they sighed deeply about the whole existence, universe, life and society. These two sentences, full of philosophy and emotion, express a kind of life confusion and sadness that can't be freed but needs to be freed, which is shocking. The poet meditated at night and suddenly realized that since he could not control his fate, he should be free from disaster. Looking at the scenery on the river in front of us, it is "the quiet pattern at night is flat", the heart meets the scenery, and the gods swim with things, deeply intoxicated by such a quiet and beautiful nature. As a result, he couldn't help but have a romantic reverie that was divorced from the real society and sang: "Since the ship died, Jiang Hai has sent the rest of his life." He wants to take advantage of this beautiful scenery, drive a gondola, go with the flow, anything, and he wants to integrate his limited life into the infinite nature. On the surface, "the night is quiet and the line is flat" is just a sentence in general landscape writing. In fact, it is not pure landscape writing, but the product of the combination of the poet's subjective world and the objective world. It triggered the release of the author's mental pain and the transcendence of spiritual contradictions, symbolizing the ideal realm of tranquility and far-reaching pursued by the poet, followed by the word "boat", which is logical. After suffering a heavy political blow, Su Dongpo's thought changed several times, from entering the WTO to being born, pursuing a spiritual freedom and a natural ideal of life. In his complicated outlook on life, some thoughts of Zhuangzi and Zhuangzi were blended, which created his broad-minded and uninhibited character in painful adversity. "The ship has passed away since then, and the rivers and seas will last forever." This lingering pause expresses the poet's broad mind, which is his dissatisfaction with the world and his yearning for freedom. There is a legend in the notes of the Song Dynasty. After Su Shi made the above words, he "hung his crown and served the riverside, and went to the boat to shout." Xu Junyou, the county magistrate, was surprised and scared. He thought that the country had lost its sinner and was anxious to drive to mourn. Then my son snored like thunder, but he was still unhappy. He never went to Jianghai to spend the rest of his life. This legend vividly reflects Su Shi's life experience of seeking detachment without success. It is here that the sadness in his poems contains people he has never met in his life. This soothsayer:

Bu Zuzi's Residential Works of Dinghuiyuan in Huangzhou

The curved hook moon hangs on the sparse buttonwood; In the dead of night, the water from the water clock has been dripping. Who saw the solo dance, like a wild goose in the sky.

At night, it suddenly becomes afraid, suddenly flies and comes back frequently, but no one always understands its infinite inner feelings. It kept wandering among the cold branches, but refused to perch on any tree, and finally landed alone on the cold shoal.

This word was written by Su Shi in December of the fifth year of Yuanfeng (1082) when he demoted Huangzhou to Dinghui Garden. It is generally believed that the image of moonlit night in Ci expresses the poet's self-esteem and contempt for the world. I agree.

The first two sentences of Uptown create a lonely atmosphere in the dead of night, and the moonlight hangs on the tree, paving the way for the appearance of you and peace. These two writers are extraordinary, rendering a state of being born alone. In the next two sentences, first of all, I pointed out the image of a lonely person with many worries, and then the image of the lonely person flew from the lonely person to the lonely person, which made the two images correspond to each other and fit each other, making people think: Isn't the lonely mood of the lonely person just like the shadow of the lonely person? These two sentences are not only true writing, but also through the correspondence and grafting of human and bird images, which greatly strengthens the transcendence of "wandering" and has symbolic significance and poetic beauty.

Xia Kun wrote about Gu Hong's misfortune, and he was deeply resentful and fearful. He refused to live after picking up all the cold branches, so he had to stay in a lonely and cold sandbar. Here, the poet uses symbolism and ingenuity to look back, hold a grudge and choose a place to cross the loneliness of Hong, expressing the lonely situation of the author during his relegation to Huangzhou and his noble and confident state of mind that he does not want to go with the flow. The author and Gu Hong appreciate each other, personify Gu Hong's psychological activities and objectify their subjective feelings, showing superb artistic skills. I thought of his favorite pupil Huang Tingjian's evaluation of this first word: "I am high-minded, like I am out of touch, I have no thousands of books in my chest, and my writing is not tacky. How can you be here! " A man named Su Huang once commented that "Ziggy is very eloquent". This lofty, free and easy, detached from the secular realm, of course, benefits from superb artistic skills. Su Shi "sings stories with the spirit of nature", digressing from the theme of god, setting the scene in his mind and supporting people with things; The narrative of scene selection is concise, ethereal, implicit and vivid (this sentence is from Su Shi, Baidu Post Bar, I think it is very good, so I record it here), which is beyond the reach of ordinary poets. But won't Su Shi have unspeakable sadness in his heart? Isn't "not hating anyone" a great sorrow? "People are at a loss" is hard to do. Although Su Shi has done it, there is still a kind of bitterness in his heart. He can only "pick up all the cold branches and refuse to live", but lonely sandbar's coldness really lingers!

Let me briefly mention the song Niannujiao Red Cliff Nostalgia, written in Huangzhou. In this first word, vegetarianism reveals more melancholy and uses its own part in court. He especially worships Zhou Yute, who has achieved something at a young age, and thus laments that his age is the boss and he is very frustrated. He has no talent to help the world and no ambition to serve the country, but he can't show it. In addition to his positive attitude towards life, he reveals a trace of imperceptible sadness, which is different from the aforementioned "Jiangchengzi Mizhou Hunting". Therefore, I choose to use the word "desolate and tragic" to describe this word.

If my above discussion can't convince everyone, you can also refer to many other poems, ancient prose and ci fu of Su Shi. There are many works that can explain the subtle changes of Su Shi's attitude towards life and creative style after countless life tempering, that is, lamenting the increase of life components. After analyzing a few words, I want to quote a passage from Su Shi's "Xie Liang moved to Ruzhou Table", so that we can understand the sorrow of this master: "I only regret for myself and live in the rivers and lakes; In shock, sleepwalking Gaunt and inhuman, puffed up and lost will. My wife snickered, but my relatives and friends broke up. After years of illness, everyone was declared dead; Hunger and cold combine with the sun, and I am tired of the rest of my life. " I don't know if you appreciate the sadness of this life. With this feeling, it will inevitably be reflected in poetry creation.

To sum up, what Su Shi did in his later period was mostly "putting himself in calligraphy and reading". Su Shi, who is loyal to the words of good history and does not rely on the trend of flying, seems to be the only way. Generally speaking, "seeing sadness in luxury" is an overall aesthetic feature of Su Shi's many bold words, but it has always been ignored. More recently, it is said that "there is a macro perspective behind the word (Su Shi), and then the sadness and misfortune of life can often be added and surpassed to save Chen, who is different from the five pronouns in the late Tang Dynasty, from being sentimental." Let's make it clear first that Guan's attitude towards life and heroic writing are the mainstream of Su Shi's life, and "sadness" is only a small part of his implicit expression, which can't hide Su Shi's high-spirited and optimistic theme. The "sadness" here is a lament from the deepest part of life, which can never be described by a word of "sadness", let alone "pessimism". My overall understanding of Su Shi's bold and unconstrained ci is that he sees sadness in arrogance and is sad and tireless.

Even if Su Shi's philosophical thinking is detached, he is still a flesh-and-blood person and an ordinary person's feelings. He is a Confucian scholar deeply influenced by Buddhism and Taoism, but he is still brilliant and devoted to helping the world. Therefore, although Su Ci is quite bold, it is inevitable that it sometimes reveals a kind of sadness. This will not only affect Su Shi's character and literary achievements, but also strengthen his position in the eyes of ordinary people and bring him closer to us. Among the ancient literati in China, I admire Su Shi the most.