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What is the basic function of drugs?

The basic principle of drug action

Drugs are chemicals used in the human body to treat, prevent or diagnose diseases. Including chemicals used for family planning, killing disease vectors and disinfecting dirt. Drugs play a role through the body, interfere with or participate in the physiological and biochemical metabolism process inside the body, so as to achieve the purpose of medication. Various drugs have different properties and different action principles. To sum up, there are the following aspects:

1. Changes in physical and chemical conditions: These drugs mainly change the physical and chemical conditions around cells. For example, antacids reduce the acidity of the stomach through simple chemical neutralization reaction to achieve the purpose of treating ulcers; Mannitol hypertonic solution enters the blood and is discharged from the kidney, which can absorb water from the surrounding, thus achieving the effects of anti-brain edema and diuresis.

Second, supplement or interfere with metabolic substances: all kinds of vitamins, hormones and lack of iron, calcium, sodium and potassium in the human body will cause disease. If we can properly replenish substances, we can cure the disease. Some drugs are similar to some substances in structure, thus achieving the purpose of inhibiting cell growth. For example, sulfonamides compete with p-aminobenzoic acid to participate in folic acid metabolism and inhibit bacterial growth.

Third, the inhibition or promotion of enzymes: Many drugs work by inhibiting enzymes and are effective by promoting the action of enzymes. If neostigmine inhibits cholinesterase, it can promote intestinal peristalsis; Insulin activates hexokinase and promotes glucose metabolism.

Fourth, the effect on cell membrane: all kinds of diuretics play a diuretic role by inhibiting renal tubules from reabsorbing water and sodium. Phenytoin sodium plays an anti-epileptic and anti-arrhythmia role by stabilizing cell membrane. Penicillin can kill bacteria by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell membrane.

The role of drugs is to eliminate the primary pathogenic factors, which is called etiological treatment, that is, to cure the root cause. Such as antibiotics that kill pathogenic microorganisms in the body and antidotes that promote the elimination of poisons in the body. The role of drugs is to improve the symptoms of diseases, which is called symptomatic treatment, that is, to treat the symptoms. Symptomatic treatment is not the fundamental treatment, but it can improve symptoms and relieve pain. Such as anti-shock, anti-heart failure, anticonvulsant, antipyretic, antiasthmatic, spasmolytic and so on.

Bug, what medicine is it and what's its function?

What you are looking for: seven leaves and one flower (clearing away heat and toxic materials: medicine mainly used for fever) (rhizome of seven leaves and one flower)

Bitter, slightly cold. A little poisonous. Heart, lung and liver meridians.

Efficacy:

Clearing away heat and toxic materials, relieving spasm and pain.

Application:

1, used for fever, high fever, convulsion, or excessive toxic heat, sore throat. The former can be combined with heat-clearing and antispasmodic drugs such as Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Uncaria Uncaria and Cicada. In the latter, the names of Scrophularia, Burdock and Platycodon grandiflorum are used equally. Modern medicine is used to prevent and treat Japanese encephalitis and mumps, either alone or in combination with Radix Isatidis and Radix Isatidis.

2, for hot sores swollen poison, scrofula, snake bites. Can be used alone, coated with vinegar grinding juice or applied to the affected area on the ground. It can also be combined with other heat-clearing and detoxicating drugs, such as Xiaofure Xiaozhong Decoction, and with Flos Lonicerae, Rhizoma Coptidis and Radix Paeoniae Rubra.

In addition, modern times are also used for cancer.

[Dosage, Precautions and Contraindications]

5 to 9 grams. Appropriate amount for external use.

Precautions for use:

Taking too much can cause nausea, vomiting, headache and so on.

Research:

Contains Paris polyphylla glycoside, Paris polyphylla glycoside, alkaloid, amino acid, etc.

It has a strong inhibitory effect on influenza virus, and has inhibitory effects on Shigella dysenteriae, Paratyphoid Bacillus, Salmonella, Paracolibacillus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, hemolytic streptococcus, meningococcus, etc. The decoction has anti-inflammatory effect on aseptic inflammation caused by dextran. Paridin has sedative and analgesic effects. The decoction also has antitussive and antiasthmatic effects.

What is the significance of drug analysis?

In the long-term medical practice and drug production, it is realized that to realize the safety, rationality and effectiveness of drug use, we must first conduct total quality management of drugs from management and production technology, and fully ensure the quality of drugs from the material.

What are the functions of these two drugs?

NORFLOXACIN CAPSULES, English name norfloxacin capsules. It belongs to capsules, and its contents are white to light yellow powder. It is a fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent with broad-spectrum antibacterial effect. Suitable for urinary tract infection, gonorrhea, prostatitis, intestinal infection, typhoid fever and other salmonella infections caused by sensitive bacteria. You should take it on an empty stomach and drink 250 ml of water. For patients with renal insufficiency, the dosage should be adjusted according to renal function. Moderate and severe photosensitive reactions may occur when fluoroquinolones are used. Therefore, excessive sunlight should be avoided, and the drug should be stopped if there is photosensitive reaction. At the same time, patients with glucose -6- phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency may have hemolytic reaction if they take this product. It can aggravate the symptoms of myasthenia gravis and respiratory myasthenia gravis and endanger life. Patients with myasthenia gravis should be especially cautious. When liver function declines, if it is serious (ascites due to liver cirrhosis), the clearance rate of drugs can be reduced, and the blood drug concentration will increase, especially when liver and kidney function decline. It is necessary to weigh the advantages and disadvantages and adjust the dosage before application. Patients with original central nervous system diseases, such as epilepsy, history of epilepsy, etc., should avoid application, and weigh the advantages and disadvantages carefully before application if there are indications. It should be noted that taking it by pregnant women will lead to miscarriage.

CEFRADINE CAPSULES, English name cefradine capsules. It belongs to cephalosporins and carbapenems, and its contents are white to off-white or yellowish powder or granules. It has good antibacterial effect on some Gram-positive cocci strains that do not produce penicillinase or produce penicillinase, such as Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Group A hemolytic Streptococcus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus viridis. It has certain effect on Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and also has activity on enzyme production of Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Its activity against Haemophilus influenzae is very low. It is suitable for acute pharyngitis, tonsillitis, otitis media, bronchitis, pneumonia and other respiratory tract infections, urogenital tract infections and skin and soft tissue infections caused by sensitive bacteria. It is an oral preparation and should not be used for serious infection. Those who are allergic to cephalosporins and have a history of anaphylactic shock or immediate reaction to penicillin are prohibited. It can enter the fetal blood circulation through the placental barrier and also enter the milk. Pregnant women and lactating women should use it with caution.

What is the classification of drugs?

Classification principle: 1. According to the national drug classification policy, drugs are classified according to their composition, function (curative effect), dosage form, specifications, storage requirements and adverse reactions.

2. Conducive to commodity management, satisfying customers' consumption demand, embodying the company's commodity combination strategy, facilitating the deployment and display of goods in stores, facilitating the automation of information management, and facilitating the performance appraisal and business classification of stores;

3. It is beneficial to procurement management, the introduction of new products, the requirements of stores for goods, and the procurement classification.

Commodities are divided into drugs and non-drug signs: drugs, food, cosmetics, machinery, disinfection and health.

Commodity classification: commodity attribute 1, drugs: (1) OTC) ① internal medicine ② external medicine.

(2) Prescription drugs (Rx)① Internal medicine ② External use

2. Medical devices: medical devices

3. Non-drug:

(1) (oral) food and health food

(2) (non-oral) "make-up", "elimination" and "health"

The core part of commodity procurement classification (category management) can leave a message for communication separately.

From the sales point of view: antibacterial and anti-inflammatory drugs, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular drugs, diabetes drugs, urinary system drugs, gastrointestinal drugs, about 28 categories, 100 more than a small category.

Interaction between drugs

In the prevention and treatment of diseases, the intensity and time of drug action that may occur when two or more drugs are used together have synergistic or antagonistic effects, alleviating side effects or producing undue toxic side effects. The so-called synergistic effect means that the effect (therapeutic effect or adverse reaction of the same nature) of two or more drugs when used together is greater than that when used alone; On the other hand, antagonism means that the effect of a drug is weakened or offset by a combination of drugs. The purpose of combined medication is to produce beneficial interactions through combined medication, including enhancing drug efficacy and weakening or reducing dosage. Compound anesthesia is an example of combined medication. There are many kinds of systemic * * * used in clinic, but they are not ideal. In order to enhance the safety and effectiveness of * * * and reduce adverse reactions, combined medication is generally used. If barbiturates, morphine and pethidine are given before anesthesia, the patient's nervousness can be eliminated, the anesthetic effect can be enhanced and the dosage of * * * * can be reduced. However, the combination of drugs often increases the side effects of drugs. Many drugs used in modern times are highly effective and toxic, and more attention should be paid to the possible adverse reactions when multiple drugs are used together. If digitalis is combined with chlorothiazide, the toxicity of digitalis can be enhanced by potassium excretion. The more kinds of combination drugs, the more adverse reactions may occur. However, the interaction of most drugs can be predicted, so it is necessary to understand the pharmacokinetic characteristics and drug action mechanism of combined drugs and use drugs reasonably on the basis of familiarity with pharmacological effects. Adverse reactions caused by drug interactions vary in degree, and serious ones can be life-threatening. The better the rational use of drugs, the lower the incidence of adverse reactions of drug interaction. In addition, individual differences also have a significant impact on the incidence and severity of drug interactions. According to the nature of action, the interaction between drugs can be divided into two categories: physical and chemical interaction mainly refers to the compatibility changes of drug preparations due to the interaction of physical and chemical properties, such as reduction or precipitation reaction when drugs are mixed. Pharmacological interactions mainly include pharmacodynamic interactions and pharmacokinetic interactions. Pharmacodynamic interaction includes the addition, enhancement or antagonism of drugs to the same receptor site or the same physiological system. Among them, such adverse reactions are the main part in clinic, such as: the wrong combination of central depressants and stimulants, the combination of anticonvulsants and drugs that may cause convulsions, the combination of beta blockers and agonists, and the interaction between alcoholism and psychotropic drugs. Or the curative effect is weakened or abnormal effects and toxicity are generated. 1, the interaction on the same receptor. The action of drugs can generally be considered as the result of their interaction with receptors or effectors existing in the body. Drugs with different properties may have two opposite effects on the same receptor. Therefore, the combined application of drugs acting on the same receptor can produce different results of strengthening or weakening, such as the interaction of aminoglycoside antibiotics, whose antibacterial effects add up, but ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity also add up; The combination of rifampicin and isoniazid can prevent drug resistance of tuberculosis. However, due to their hepatotoxicity, their combination aggravated liver injury; The combined application of metoclopramide and atropine directly antagonizes and counteracts each other in efficacy. In addition, some drugs can also change the sensitivity of receptors. For example, after taking guanethidine for a long time, the sensitivity of adrenaline receptor increases and the pressor response to norepinephrine is greatly enhanced. 2. Interaction of the same physiological system. The interaction of these drugs is to reduce or enhance the efficacy through parts other than the receptor or the same physiological system. For example, the effects of sedatives and sleeping pills can be enhanced by the combination of antihistamines, narcotic analgesics and antidepressants. 3. Interaction of some drugs. It may be due to the change of body fluid composition and water-electrolyte balance. Long-term application of potassium-expelling diuretics may cause hypokalemia, and combination with non-depolarizing muscle relaxants may cause persistent muscle paralysis. Pharmacokinetic interaction combined medication changes the absorption, distribution, excretion and biotransformation of drugs, which leads to the increase or decrease of the available dose to produce pharmacological effects, thus affecting the efficacy. 4. Change gastric emptying and intestinal peristalsis. Most drugs are mainly absorbed in the intestine, and the speed at which drugs are discharged from the stomach into the intestine is the speed-limiting step for drugs to reach the absorption site, which affects the gastric emptying and makes drugs enter the intestine ahead of time or later, which will strengthen or reduce the absorption and enhance or weaken the efficacy. Metoclopramide can strengthen gastrointestinal peristalsis, promote drugs to enter the intestine in advance, accelerate absorption and increase curative effect. For example, paracetamol can be caused by metoclopramide. ......

What medicine is San Xuan and what role does it play?

Name: Scrophularia

Category: antipyretics

Pinyin: Xuanshen

Latin: Scrophularia

Alias: black ginseng, wild hemp, and original ginseng.

Medicinal part: root

Characteristics of medicinal materials: this product is cylindrical, slightly thicker in the middle or thinner at the top, slightly curved in some parts, 6 ~ 20 cm long and 1 ~ 3 cm in diameter. The surface is grayish yellow or grayish brown, with irregular longitudinal grooves, transverse lenticels and sparse transverse cracks and fibrous root marks. Solid, not easy to break, black section, slightly shiny. It smells like caramel, sweet and slightly bitter.

Key points of cultivation: strong adaptability, loose requirements for soil, suitable for cultivation in sandy loam with deep, loose, fertile and good drainage. Propagation through seeds, buds, ramets, cuttings, etc.

Origin: Average output of Yangtze River valley in China.

Harvesting and processing: digging when the stems and leaves wither in winter. Remove rhizome buds, fibrous roots and sediment, dry or dry until semi-dry, and pile up for 3-6 days, and repeat several times until dry. The buds, fibrous roots and sludge are dried in the sun or dried until they are semi-dry, and stacked for 3-6 days, and repeated several times until they are dry.

Authentic evolution: Scrophularia was first seen in Shennong Materia Medica Classic and listed as a national medicine. "A Bielu of Famous Doctors" says: "You are born in rivers and valleys, and you are unjustly imprisoned". Materia Medica Essence: Authentic Jiangzhou, Hengzhou and Xingzhou. "Differentiation of Drug Production" said: "It was produced in Hangzhou, Zhejiang". Today, it is mainly produced in Pan 'an and Yoichi Higashi, Zhejiang Province, and is called Zhejiang Scrophularia.

Sexual taste: slightly cold; Sweet, bitter and salty; Lung, stomach and kidney meridians

Meridian tropism: meridian tropism of lung, stomach and kidney.

Indications: cooling blood and nourishing yin, purging fire and detoxifying. It can be used for treating yin injury caused by fever, conjunctival congestion, sore throat, scrofula, diphtheria, carbuncle, etc.

Usage and dosage: oral decoction, 9 ~15g; I still took the pills and dispersed them. Appropriate amount for external use, tamping or grinding.

Taboo: loose stool with spleen deficiency or spleen and stomach dampness are forbidden to take. Does not apply to veratrum nigrum.

What are the functions of antibiotics?

Hello, there are many kinds of antibiotics. Some inhibit the growth of bacteria, some kill bacteria, some destroy the DNA of bacteria and so on. Its main function is anti-inflammatory, sterilization and treatment of various diseases. For example, if infected with Staphylococcus aureus, it will fester and be infected, which can be killed with some cephalosporins and penicillin. But those who can't be killed will continue to reproduce and have immunity. It may not work to use the same anti-inflammatory drugs in the future. This is why the country should restrict the use of antibiotics.

Ofloxacin, cephalosporin, erythromycin, tetracycline, gentamicin and other drugs we usually eat are anti-inflammatory drugs, that is, antibiotics.