Although later civilizations (such as the Greeks) can learn from them, these ancient civilizations must create everything by themselves.
The ancient Egyptians invented mathematics, geometry, surveying, metallurgy, astronomy, accounting, writing, paper, medicine, ramps, levers, plows and grain mills.
Around 3000 BC, the Egyptians discovered that bronze could be made by mixing a small amount of tin ore and copper ore.
Bronzes were harder and more durable than other metals at that time. This archaeological period is called the Bronze Age. Bronze tools, weapons, armor, building materials and decorations were found.
The ancient Egyptians were one of the first people to write and keep records. The earliest form of Egyptian characters is hieroglyphics, which combines geographical, syllabic and alphabetic elements. * * * There are about 65,438+0,000 different characters.
Later, like Greek and Arabic scripts, hieroglyphics originated from Egypt and noble Egyptian scripts. This makes Egyptian hieroglyphics the ancestors of most of the characters used today.
The ancient Egyptians turned papyrus pith all over the Mediterranean into thin sheets that could be rolled up.
The earliest evidence of papyrus was unearthed in Wadi al-Jarf, an ancient Egyptian port on the Red Sea coast in 20 12, dating back to 2560-2550 BC. The papyrus scrolls found there describe the last years of great pyramid of giza's construction.
So far, the only surviving ancient Egyptian library is the Tebtunis Temple Library, which is hidden in the University of California, Berkeley and contains famous crocodile mummies.
The history of these 45 private documents can be traced back to the first half of the first century BC. They were found in five crocodile mummies buried next to each other.
Without the invention of ink, it is useless to write with papyrus. The ancient Egyptians mixed vegetable gum, soot and beeswax to make black ink. In the end, they used other materials (such as red stone) instead of soot, thus producing various colors of ink.
The earliest cow plough first appeared in Egypt in 2500 BC. They are made of bronze, and it is easy to carve grooves in the soil. Then, the workers break the clods with their heads and sow seeds. Along the fertile banks of the Nile, the ancient Egyptians planted wheat and various vegetables.
Sickles with curved blades are used to cut and harvest grains, such as wheat and barley.
The Egyptians were the first people to use canals and irrigation channels to introduce Nile water into farmland far from the river. They built gates in the canal to control the water flow and reservoirs to adapt to the water supply during the drought.
The ancient Egyptians used waterwheels and invented one of their inventions, called "Shadow". It consists of a long rod and a heavy object at one end.
Put the bucket in the Nile River, fill it with water, and then lift it with a water truck. Then, the cow dropped the pole and poured water into the canal used to irrigate the crops.
The Egyptians designed a highly accurate solar calendar by recording the annual reappearance of Sirius in the eastern sky. When Sirius rose, it coincided with the annual flood of the Nile.
The Egyptian calendar contains 365 days, divided into 12 months. There are 30 days in each month and five days off at the end of each year.
However, the solar year of the earth is actually 365.25 days, and today we use with year to calculate it. Gradually, the Egyptian calendar became incorrect, but Ptolemy III solved this problem, and the Ptolemaic calendar in Ptolemy III increased by 365 days every four years.
The Egyptians used their famous obelisk as a symbol of the day by observing how the shadow cast by the obelisk moved during the day. From this, the ancient Egyptians were able to determine the longest and shortest days of the year.
An inscription with a water bell dating back to the 6th century BC was found in the tomb of a court official named Amenemhet. This clock is made of a stone container with a small hole in the bottom.
Water drips from the hole at a constant speed, and the passage of time can be determined by the mark placed on the container for collecting water. The priests of Karnak Temple used water clocks at night to determine the time for holding various religious ceremonies.
Bracket arch is a construction method that uses bracket to cross the space or gap in the structure. Arch includes shifting continuous stones or bricks so that they protrude towards the center of the arch and finally meet at the apex of the arch.
Arch arch is not as efficient as "real" arch, which can better support all tensile stresses of the structure through compression.
Around 1500 BC, Egyptian craftsmen began to make colored glass ingots and utensils. Glass manufacturers shape the body of a container around a core of similar ceramic material by winding hot colored glass filaments around the core.
Then, they added handles and edges to cool the container and removed the core. Most early containers with cores were small flasks filled with essential oils, so they were essentially the earliest perfume bottles in the world.
When you watch the picture of howard carter opening the tomb of King Tutankhamun in 1923, you will see that the ancient king had a lot of furniture when he was buried. The ancient Egyptians built beds, tables and stools.
Early tables were used to store things on the ground, and later they were used to eat and play games. SENET is one of the oldest known board games, and its ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics can be traced back to 3 100 BC.
Edwin Smith's papyrus can be traced back to BC 1600, and it is the oldest surgical paper. It describes 48 surgical cases of injury, fracture, trauma, dislocation and tumor, and details the types of injury, examination, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of patients. Head, neck, shoulders, chest and chest injuries.
Papyrus paper includes a list of instruments used in these operations, instructions for wound suture and instructions for using cotton swabs, bandages, plasters and cauterization.
The papyrus paper is written in black ink, and the instructions are written in red ink. It even contains a chapter on gynecology and cosmetics, as well as five prescriptions. Cairo Museum has a collection of surgical instruments, including scalpels, scissors, copper needles, tweezers, spoons, The Lancet, hooks, probes and pliers.
The ancient Egyptians invented toothpaste, one of which contained cow's hoof powder, ashes, charred eggshells and pumice powder. Another recipe that may taste better includes rock salt, mint, dried iris and pepper.
The latter formula carries an advertisement, promising "white powder and perfect teeth". This may come from any advertisement in 2 1 century.