In A Dream of Red Mansions, a waiter from Shen Ying and a vermilion fairy made a fairy marriage by the Sansheng Stone Bank of Xiling River. In my previous life, the crimson pearl grass moistened by dew became Lin Daiyu, and the waiter in Shen Ying who was diligent in irrigation that day also formed the present Jia Baoyu. Because of irrigation, the promise to repay my tears in my life was slowly written into a beautiful story of "returning tears" in the "Grand View Garden".

Looking at China's ancient novels, I'm afraid Cao Xueqin was the first person to construct a story with the theory of "tears returning". How did Cao Gong draw Alin Daiyu, who showed her performance art with tears in her eyes, and how did she achieve the poetic realm of A Dream of Red Mansions by "crying"? We might as well savor it once.

In the first eighty chapters of A Dream of Red Mansions, Lin Daiyu described by Cao Xueqin cried 37 times. From the perspective of language description, there are 18 ways to express these 37 times of crying-tears farewell, tears stop, tears eyes, tears from the face, tears without words and tears. My eyes turned red again, I sobbed sadly, I shed some tears, my eyes were full of tears, I cried so sadly, my eyes were swollen like peaches, and my face was full of tears. Cao Xueqin used this Chinese expression 18 to describe Lin Daiyu crying in all directions. However, the description of the state can't create a vivid three-dimensional figure, so it is necessary to refine the "state" into a kind of "performance art". Looking at the 37 descriptions of Lin Daiyu's "crying art", Cao Xueqin used five creative methods:

First: a straightforward description, a brush.

For example, on the 23rd, Lin Daiyu leisurely overheard the lyrics of the opera, which was "Flowers falling into the water, full of worries" in The West Chamber. Suddenly, she felt something, and suddenly remembered the two sentences in an ancient poem the day before yesterday, "Flowers fall into the water mercilessly" and "Water falls into the spring, and it's all in the world", so she remembered them for a moment and put them together. When I think about it, I feel heartache and tears in my eyes.

In fact, it is not difficult to see that Lin Daiyu's crying at this time is the touch of her soul, and her tears are straightforward. In such a scene, tears are not important, what matters is the perception of life. Therefore, for "crying", Cao Xueqin only used "tears in eyes" as a brush.

Second: the dark line is outlined and others report it.

The so-called "dark line sketch, others report" means that Lin Daiyu's crying process is not directly described, but is relayed by people around her or people around her. This way of writing has one advantage-not only can you know the fact that Sister Lin is crying, but you can also observe the attitude of people around you towards her crying.

For example, in the sixty-seventh session, Xue Baochai gave Lin Daiyu something local in the south. When Daiyu sees things in her hometown, it hurts when she touches them. She remembered that her parents were dead, she had no brothers, and she lived in a relative's house, and she felt very hurt. When nightingale saw this, she advised, "The girl is very ill. She takes medicine sooner or later. These two days look a little better than those days. Although the spirit is a little longer, it is not very good. These things sent by Miss Bao today show that Miss Bao has always attached great importance to her. The girl should like it, but why did she break her heart? Isn't it annoying for Miss Bao to send things? It's just that when Miss Bao heard this, she didn't look good. Moreover, the old ladies here try their best to ask good doctors to prescribe medicines for the girl's illness. Much better now. If you cry like this again, isn't it that you have been trampled on and the old lady is annoyed? Besides, the girl's illness was originally excessive anxiety, which hurt her blood. The girl's daughter is precious, don't underestimate yourself. "

Judging from this passage, "crying" is Zi Juan's description of Lin Daiyu's crying. Obviously, "crying" is hidden between the lines of the author. Through Zi Juan's narration, we know the motivation behind the words. The most important thing is that this "retelling" not only highlights the process of crying, but also shows the views and attitudes of Lin Daiyu's personal maid on this matter, which can be described as one go.

Third: performance art, poetic rendering

The 27th time, Daiyu buried flowers, which is a classic passage in A Dream of Red Mansions, and Lin Daiyu became an eternal three-dimensional painting. It is a natural phenomenon that the four seasons change, the sun and the moon alternate, and flowers bloom and fall, but it has become a sad guide in Lin Daiyu's heart. She stepped on the gorgeous sunshine in the Grand View Garden, picked up the residual red with silk bags, buried the once spring scenery with tearful eyes, and lamented all kinds of leisure with the poem "Flowers fade all over the sky, and the red disappears." So when Jia Baoyu turned the hillside, he heard "a whimper, the thread was cursing, and he cried very sadly."

This is not so much a "Daiyu burying flowers" as a beautiful "performance art". Because at this moment, falling flowers, flowing water, spring scenery, poetry, language and movements are all gathered under Lin Daiyu's crying. With her heart shattered, she then shed tears from her heart, fell on flowers, fell on the ground and fell on clothes ... At this time, the crying became an inner solo, and with the rhythm of burying flowers, it was rendered into a poetic scene, rippling away and endless.

Fourth: develop the plot and add fuel to the fire.

In the first eighty chapters of A Dream of Red Mansions, Lin Daiyu began to cry from the third "farewell with tears" to the seventy-sixth "mourning for the moon". Her crying played a role in pushing the story forward. For example, on the 26th time, because of Jia Baoyu's joke, "Good girl (Zijuan),' How can you make the bed if you are affectionate?' "Lin Daiyu thought it was Jia Baoyu who listened to the dialect in the village and read the bloody book to make fun of her. She cried. I don't know how many stories this "crying" leads to. Before Jia Baoyu could "apologize", he was picked up by Xiren because of his "master's call". At this time, "crying" became the introduction. When Lin Daiyu heard that Jia Zheng was calling, she couldn't help worrying. In the evening, she went to Yee Hong Court alone, but was shut out by the maids and began to "sob" again. This cry was cool, and she made up her mind to ignore Jia Baoyu. The next day, the sisters in the Grand View Garden gathered together to worship the flower god, while Lin Daiyu avoided the excitement and buried flowers and recited poems behind the hillside alone, so there was the immortal poem "Flower Bury". On the way to find Sister Lin, Jia Baoyu heard "sobbing, cursing and crying very sadly". At the same time, I have a deep understanding of "no sad music for me, flowers fall and people die". After a while, Jia Baoyu also cried. When Lin Daiyu met Jia Baoyu, she turned and left, followed by Jia Baoyu's "Why not have today?" This series of stories did not leave "crying", the plot developed in crying, and the story fluctuated in tears.

Fifth: Understand with your heart and release your feelings with tears.

Tears are a complex "symbol", sometimes light and sometimes heavy, sometimes tasteless and sometimes strong; It contains both joy and sadness, it has both parting and gathering; It can be turned into a lyric poem or an impassioned battle. Lin Daiyu's tears in A Dream of Red Mansions are sublimated into "signs" to explain her feelings in Cao Xueqin's works-"tears farewell" is her father's reluctance to family; "Eyes swollen like peaches, tears streaming down her face" is pity for the beloved; Thinking of Baochai, "I shed tears unconsciously again" is a feeling of friendship. All this comes from Lin Daiyu's inner understanding. In her own unique way, she shed the true feelings of the world held up by tears into the sky beyond hatred.