In recent years, the reform of China's pharmaceutical industry has intensified, drug circulation has been gradually liberalized, drugs have been classified and managed, and the drug circulation market has been opened to foreign investment. These reforms and changes have brought great impact to the pharmaceutical industry, and the pharmaceutical circulation pattern will also undergo great changes. However, due to the relatively backward reform of China's pharmaceutical circulation system, pharmaceutical chain operation is still dwarfed by other industries. Although the lag of medical reform makes the pharmaceutical chain operation form a relatively backward situation, it also brings great opportunities to the pharmaceutical chain operation.

As an advanced management mode, drug chain management is essentially different from the traditional integrated management mode of drug commercial purchase and sale: its purchase channels and sales functions are separated, especially the intensive distribution mode, which is an important means to generate scale benefits, reduce unit product costs and enhance enterprise competitiveness. This centralized distribution mode will completely break the four-level wholesale system of drugs under the original planned economy system in China. With the reform of China's medical and health system, the deepening of the reform of urban workers' medical insurance system, and the growing voice of separate accounting and management of medicines, the pharmaceutical retail industry has become a new investment hotspot and social hotspot.

Second, the current situation and existing problems of drug chain operation

From 1995 to now, China's pharmaceutical chain enterprises have rapidly developed from the initial few to more than 400, the number of stores has increased to nearly 7,800, and the scale of enterprises is also expanding. Undoubtedly, chain pharmacies, as a sharp weapon of China's entry into WTO, have become an inevitable choice for pharmaceutical circulation enterprises. According to the statistics of relevant experts, more than 70% pharmacies will be brought into the track of pharmaceutical chain enterprises in the next 2-3 years. At the same time, in the process of continuous adjustment, pharmaceutical chain will gradually develop into a specialized form of single or several types of pharmaceutical products operating various brands. However, despite the rapid development of drug chain operation in China in recent years, factors such as blind enclosure of chain, serious local protection and irregular internal management are increasingly becoming negative factors restricting the healthy development of drug chain operation. The main problems are summarized as follows:

1. Pay attention to the scale and form of chain, ignore internal and standardized chain, and ignore the infrastructure of chain operation.

This is the biggest hidden danger of drug chain operation. The high gross profit of 20% to 30% in pharmaceutical retail makes the pharmaceutical retail industry a strategic focus for the princes in the pharmaceutical industry. Many enterprises only care about scale and quantity, and the standardization of chain operation often only pays attention to the unity of external forms, while ignoring the construction of internal foundation. Many franchisees themselves often do not have the ability to attract franchisees, but instead take joining as the only means to expand their scale. At the same time, in order to strengthen their strength, franchisees often focus on pulling, lacking the review of various conditions of franchisees, which makes franchisees mixed. Some unqualified operators will damage the corporate image after joining, or even purchase goods from other channels at low prices, which will make the drug quality supervision out of control.

2. The division of property rights and affiliation and local protectionism restrict the cross-regional development of drug chain operation.

The multi-head management and interest division brought by the original administrative supervision and management system in China have led to the fragmentation of the drug circulation field and serious local protectionism, which has limited the formation of a unified market in the national drug circulation field and the expansion and development of the drug retail industry. Chain operation needs unified procurement, unified distribution and unified management across regions, which is inherently incompatible with administrative division management.

3. The internal management level of enterprises is backward, the scale benefit is not high, and the regional differences are obvious. The main means of competition is price war.

Due to historical reasons, the pharmaceutical retail industry has a weak foundation, scattered layout, no specialization, scale and intensive operation, and low entry threshold. After the drug ban was lifted, the competition of chain pharmacies mainly depended on price war. At the same time, enterprises only pay attention to the expansion of scale and the increase of quantity. Many chain stores have hung up the brand of headquarters, but their original single-store business model is rarely improved or even copied, which can not meet the unique requirements of chain stores in procurement, advertising, logistics, image design and the unity of internal scale. Moreover, the internal management division of labor is not clear and the coordination is unscientific, which leads to the increase of management costs and the inability to give play to the scale advantage and price advantage of chain operation.

At present, from the overall situation of pharmaceutical chain enterprises in China, the developed cities in the south are developing faster than those in the north, especially the chain pharmacies in Shenzhen, which are represented by Xiehe, Zhonglian and Neptune and have their own characteristics. In the north, there are some pharmacies headed by Tong Ren Tang Pharmacy, Golden Elephant Pharmacy and jervis Pharmacy, and the competition in the pharmaceutical retail industry is quite fierce.

Three, the development of drug chain management countermeasures analysis

1. The mode selection of chain operation should be appropriate.

At present, there are three popular chain management modes in the world: conventional chain, free chain and franchise chain. In view of the large number, small scale, fierce market competition and the impact of internationally renowned enterprises in China, drug circulation enterprises should adopt the combination of formal chain and franchise to obtain the pass to enter the market first, and then gradually explore their own business model through optimization and integration.

(1) Headquarter is an old and famous pharmaceutical circulation enterprise. Most of these enterprises are regional chain organizations. With the cancellation of regional restrictions, they gradually move towards nationalization, have rich management experience in drug chain operation and have brand effect in drug circulation. They should adopt franchise chain mode, and pay attention to the quality of franchise stores to prevent fake chain and irregular chain.

(2) The headquarters is the original pharmaceutical wholesale enterprise. The advantage of this kind of enterprises mainly lies in the smooth channels of entering and selling. Under the traditional system, a large number of sales terminals are controlled, and pharmaceutical wholesale enterprises can take the lead in engaging in free chain mode. Enterprises are relatively loosely linked, and the logistics distribution at headquarters is used to reduce costs.

2. Establishing information management system is an effective way for pharmaceutical chain enterprises to grow and develop.

Only by making full use of electronic computers for information management can we really improve management efficiency, reduce management costs and maximize the scale effect of expansion. Collect information through bar code and collection system, track drug sales trends, thus improving the efficiency of logistics distribution.

3. Integrate the existing pharmaceutical chain enterprises, improve their competitiveness, and make full preparations to meet the challenges of foreign investment.

The ultimate goal of chain operation is to realize economies of scale. Only by reaching a certain scale and a certain number of branches can we give full play to the logistics and distribution advantages of chain headquarters and minimize costs.

4. Realize the full combination of maintaining unity and effective incentives.

Maintaining the unity of storefront, advertising and logistics is an important embodiment of chain operation, and improving efficiency and reducing costs are the values of chain operation. Establishing an effective incentive mechanism between headquarters and branches can stimulate the enthusiasm of employees.

5. Reduce drug prices, realize small profits but quick turnover, and benefit consumers.

With the gradual liberalization of drug management in China, especially over-the-counter drugs (OTC), drug chain forms have reduced intermediate links, and at the same time, the massive inflow of capital has made the competition fierce, and drug price reduction has become an inevitable trend. Faced with this trend, drug chain enterprises should reduce drug prices as soon as possible to benefit consumers. Only an enterprise that regards the end customer as God is truly competitive.

6. The location of chain stores should be convenient.

Drugs are commodities closely related to people's lives, and their sales should also meet people's convenient and quick needs. Drug chain stores should be located in residential areas and commercial areas as far as possible to facilitate people's purchase.

7. Improve the medical knowledge level and professional ethics of medical sales personnel.

Traditionally, pharmacies are just places to sell medicines. However, with the popularity of over-the-counter drugs, people have regarded pharmacies as small hospitals and often ask some questions related to the efficacy of drugs. Therefore, pharmaceutical chain enterprises must attach importance to and improve the medical knowledge level and professional ethics of sales staff.

Fourth, the chain operation of Guo Da pharmacy in Beijing.

1. Company Profile

Beijing Guo Da Pharmacy Chain Co., Ltd. has a registered capital of 654.38 million yuan. There are more than 300 employees, and the company implements the manager responsibility system under the leadership of the board of directors. The company consists of business department, business development department, procurement and distribution department, quality management department, human resources department, manager's office, information department, finance department and other institutions. At present, the company has nearly 40 direct stores in Beijing. According to the company's development plan, there will be nearly 100 community health and love pharmacies in Beijing in 2007.

Beijing Guo Da Pharmacy Chain Co., Ltd. is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Sinopharm Group Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., a wholly-owned subsidiary of China Pharmaceutical Group Company. China Pharmaceutical Group Company was established on1October 26th, 1998, 165438. Is the largest pharmaceutical enterprise group in China, mainly engaged in pharmaceutical research, production and service trade, with ten wholly-owned or holding subsidiaries. In 2005, the sales revenue of drugs and medical devices was 25.7 billion yuan, and the import and export volume was 500 million US dollars.

Below Sinopharm Group Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., there is a wholly-owned subsidiary Sinopharm Logistics Co., Ltd., which is a third-party medical modern logistics center established by Sinopharm Group in 2002 in conjunction with well-known enterprises at home and abroad in Beijing Economic and Technological Development Zone with a registered capital of 60 million yuan.

Sinopharm Logistics is committed to providing third-party pharmaceutical logistics services for pharmaceutical manufacturers, pharmaceutical circulation enterprises, pharmaceutical retail enterprises and pharmaceutical related industries at home and abroad. The design distribution radius is within 500 kilometers of Beijing and its surrounding areas, and the storage and distribution scale can reach 20 billion yuan.

2. National chain pharmacy strategy

(1) Sinopharm Group Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. is an established state-owned pharmaceutical circulation enterprise, with a very mature and perfect sales channel and many exclusive distribution varieties. Then, Guo Da Pharmacy, as a subsidiary, can use these channels of the parent company to get exclusive varieties from the manufacturers, and with the help of the marketing of the manufacturers, it can minimize the cost and maximize the profit. At the same time, resident doctors are set up in pharmacies to provide consultation for customers who buy drugs.

(2) After decades of careful management, "Sinopharm" has become a brand, although it has a wide meaning and its business involves many fields. However, when people see this brand, they will unconsciously think of Chinese medicine enterprises that deal in drugs, and they will have more trust than those private pharmaceutical companies, and psychologically strive for some customers first. Because the decoration color of the whole storefront of Guo Da Pharmacy and the spiral sign above the gate are consistent with "Sinopharm", customers will naturally combine the two. At the same time, almost all the stores in Guo Da Pharmacy are located near the community, and more and more people will know the brand "Sinopharm".

(3) In self-owned chain stores, Guo Da pharmacies should adjust their business varieties according to different regions and different community types. For example, in Wangjing, Beijing, it is a residential area for some people with higher incomes. In terms of operating varieties, appropriately increase drugs with good curative effect and relatively high grade to meet the consumption needs of different income groups.

(4) There are more than 40 chain stores in Guo Da, and if funds permit, the scale should be continuously expanded in the future. A certain number of branches can give full play to the distribution advantages of Sinopharm Logistics, minimize costs and win customers at relatively low prices. Only in this way can we gain an advantage in the competition with other chain pharmacies.

(5) Strengthen the training of employees in the store. So that sales staff can master basic medical knowledge and provide initial help and advice to customers.

With the liberalization of foreign capital, the competition in the pharmaceutical chain operation market will become more and more fierce, and the advantages of the chain operation model with flat organizational structure, fast circulation speed and cost saving will become more and more obvious. Among many pharmaceutical chain enterprises that all adopt this model, only with their own advantages, that is, national pharmacies should focus on developing their own brand advantages and cost advantages, can they be invincible in the fierce market competition.

(References omitted)

(Author: China Renmin University Business School)

or

For a long time, people pay attention to relying on technology to ensure information security, from early encryption technology, data backup and anti-virus to firewall, intrusion detection and identity authentication in recent network environment. Manufacturers spare no effort in the research and development of safety technologies and products, and new technologies and products are constantly emerging; Consumers also believe in safety products and invest their only budget in the procurement of safety products. But in fact, the desire to ensure information security only by technology and products is often unsatisfactory, and many complex and changeable security threats and hidden dangers cannot be eliminated by products. "Three-point technology and seven-point management", which is a practical experience and principle summarized in other fields, is also applicable to the field of information security. According to the statistics of relevant departments, about 52% of all computer security incidents are caused by human factors, 25% by natural disasters such as fires and floods, 10% by technical errors, 10% by internal personnel of the organization, and only about 3% by external illegal personnel. Simple classification, management reasons account for more than 70%, and 95% of these security problems can be avoided through scientific information security management. Therefore, management has become an important foundation of information security.

First, the status quo of information security management in China

(1) The national information security organization guarantee system was initially established.

The State Council Press Office has set up a leading group for network and information security, which is composed of the Ministry of Information Industry, the Ministry of Public Security, the State Secrecy Bureau, the National Password Management Association, the Ministry of National Security and other powerful departments. In July 2003, the third meeting of the State Council Informatization Leading Group discussed and adopted the Opinions on Strengthening Information Security. In September of the same year, the General Office of the Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council forwarded the Opinions of the National Leading Group for Strengthening Information Security (document [27] in 2003). Document No.27 for the first time raised information security to the height of promoting economic development, maintaining social stability, safeguarding national security and strengthening spiritual civilization construction, and put forward the information security management policy of "active defense and comprehensive prevention".

In July, 2003, the National Computer Network Emergency Technical Handling Coordination Center (CNCERT/CC) was established, which is responsible for collecting, summarizing, verifying and publishing authoritative emergency handling information, providing emergency handling services for important national departments, coordinating CERT organizations nationwide to handle large-scale network security incidents, counting relevant data of computer emergency handling nationwide, proposing corresponding countermeasures according to the current situation, and communicating with CERT in other countries and regions. At present, China has established 3 1 sub-centers, 10 national public internet emergency response pilot units, 20 provincial public internet emergency response pilot units, and 10 domestic backbone internet operators have been authorized to set up their own emergency response centers (CERT). These 10 Internet operators, together with thousands of domestic ISPs, individual users and enterprise users, have become the main contact members of CNCERT/CC, thus forming a three-dimensional staggered emergency system and a top-down notification system for smooth information transmission.

In May, 20001,China Information Security Product Evaluation and Certification Center (CNITSEC) was established to manage and operate the national information security evaluation and certification system on behalf of the national information security evaluation and certification function institutions in accordance with national laws and regulations on product quality certification and information security management. Responsible for the evaluation and certification of information security products and information technology at home and abroad, the security evaluation and certification of domestic information systems and projects, the evaluation and certification of organizations and units in information security service, and the qualification evaluation and certification of information security professionals. At present, it has five authorized evaluation and certification centers in Shanghai, Northeast China, Southwest China, Central China and North China and two system security and evaluation technology laboratories.

(2) A number of important information security management standards have been formulated and promulgated.

In order to better promote the information security management in China, the Ministry of Public Security presided over the formulation of the national standard GB 17895- 1999 "Computer Information System Security Protection Classification Standard" issued by the State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision. It also introduces the internationally famous ISO 17799: 2000: Implementation Criteria for Information Security Management, BS 7799-2: 2002: Implementation Specification for Information Security Management System, ISO/IEC15408:1999 (GB/T65438+. The Information Security Standardization Committee has a 10 working group, in which the information security management working group is responsible for putting forward normative requirements and guidance on information security administration, technology and personnel management, including information security management guidelines, information security management implementation specifications, personnel training, education and employment requirements, information security socialized service management specifications, information security insurance business specification framework and security policy requirements and guidance.

(3) Formulated a series of necessary laws and regulations on information security management.

Since the early 1990s, in order to meet the needs of information security management, the state, relevant departments, industries and local governments have successively formulated Interim Provisions on the Administration of International Networking of Computer Information Networks in People's Republic of China (PRC), Provisions on the Administration of Commercial Passwords, Measures for the Administration of Internet Information Services, Measures for the Administration of Security Protection of International Networking of Computer Information Networks, Measures for the Administration of Computer Virus Prevention, Regulations for the Administration of Internet Bulletin Board Services and Regulations for the Administration of Internet Information Services.

(4) Information security risk assessment has been paid attention to and carried out.

Risk assessment is one of the core tasks of information security management. In July, 2003, the Information Security Risk Assessment Research Group of the National Information Office began to compile the relevant standards for information security risk assessment. As pioneers, China Railway System and Beijing Mobile Communication Company have completed the pilot work of information security risk assessment, and other key industries or systems in China (such as electric power, telecommunications, banking, etc.). ) will also carry out this work one after another.

Second, some problems existing in China's information security management

1. The current situation of information security management is still chaotic, lacking a national overall strategy. The actual management is insufficient, and the policy implementation and supervision are insufficient. Some regulations overemphasize the characteristics of the department itself, but neglect to reflect the characteristics of China in the international political and economic environment. Some regulations do not accurately distinguish the relationship between technology, management and legal system, and the practice of replacing law with management and using administrative management technology is still relatively common, resulting in poor operability of the system.

2. The information security management system with China characteristics has not been established, which is dynamic and covers organizations, documents, control measures, operation processes and procedures and related resources.

3. China's characteristic information security risk assessment standard system needs to be improved, it is difficult to determine the information security requirements, protection objects and boundaries, and it lacks a systematic and comprehensive information security risk assessment and evaluation system and a comprehensive and perfect information security guarantee system.

4. Lack of awareness of information security, and widespread thoughts of emphasizing products, neglecting services, emphasizing technology and neglecting management.

5. Insufficient investment in special funds, extreme shortage of management talents, weak basic theoretical research and key technologies, and heavy dependence on foreign countries. The imported information technology and equipment lack effective management and technical transformation necessary to ensure information security.

6. Technological innovation is not enough, and the level and quality of information security management products are not high, especially the research and development of security management platform products with centralized configuration, centralized management, status report and strategic interaction as the main tasks is still very backward.

7. Lack of authoritative, unified and specialized legislative management institutions to organize, plan, manage and implement coordination, resulting in some existing laws and regulations on information security management in China, such as low legal level, few real laws, many administrative regulations, unreasonable structure, compartmentalization and so on; The subject of law enforcement is not clear, multi-head management, multi-head policy, each with its own way, conflicting rules, lack of operability, difficult to implement, and difficult to follow the law; The quantity is not enough, the content is not perfect, the formulation cycle is too long, the time lags behind, and it is often impossible to follow; Poor supervision, failure to abide by the law and lax enforcement; Lack of special information security basic laws, such as information security law and e-commerce law; Lack of legislation in civil law, such as network privacy law, network reputation right and network copyright protection law; Citizens have poor legal awareness, weak law enforcement team and lack of talents.

8. There are too few information security management standards in China, and most of them follow international standards. In the process of implementing standards, there is a lack of necessary national supervision and management mechanism and legal guarantee, which makes some enterprises or users unable to implement standards, and the problems arising in the implementation process cannot be solved in time and properly.

Third, some countermeasures of information security management in China

(1) With regard to the leadership system, it is suggested that the National Information Security Committee be established as the main liaison and promoter of cooperation among state institutions, local governments and the private sector, responsible for the overall coordination of cross-departmental protection work, and establish a national information security guarantee system with information security protection capabilities, hidden danger detection capabilities, network emergency response capabilities and information countermeasures capabilities as soon as possible.

(2) Replace the past methods of blockade, isolation and passive defense with open, developed and active defense, pay close attention to user management, behavior management, content control, application management and storage management of the intranet, and adhere to the policy of "multi-layer protection and active protection". Strengthen the research, formulation and implementation of information security strategy. National information security authorities and standards committees should provide standard support for organizations to formulate information security strategies, ensure that organizations can formulate professional information security strategies at extremely low cost, and improve the overall information security management level in China.

(3) Further improve the construction of the national Internet emergency management system, realize unified national command and division of labor and cooperation, and comprehensively improve the planning level and processing capacity. While establishing a report system of classified information similar to that of SARS, an "information security force" similar to "1 10" and "19" should be established in the existing public security system to be responsible for information network security, security supervision, security emergency and security deterrence. Formulate emergency plans for key facilities or systems, and regularly update and test emergency plans for information security.

(4) To speed up the legislation and supervision of information security, it is suggested to establish a unified, authoritative and professional organization and management organization for information security legislation, comprehensively plan, design, supervise and coordinate the implementation of China's information legal system, speed up the construction of China's characteristic information security legal system, and repair the promulgated laws and regulations according to information security requirements. Formulate policies and regulations as soon as possible, such as the Basic Law on Information Security, the Youth Internet Protection Law, and the Government Information Disclosure Regulations. In particular, in order to cooperate with the implementation of the electronic signature law and implement the opinions of the General Office of the State Council on accelerating the development of e-commerce, we should pay close attention to the study of laws and regulations on electronic transactions, credit management, security certification, online payment, taxation, market access, privacy protection, information resource management, etc., and put forward to formulate relevant laws and regulations as soon as possible; Promote the construction of legal services and guarantee systems such as online arbitration and online notarization.

(5) Accelerate the formulation and implementation of information security standardization, formulate an information security management standard system based on ISO/IEC 17799 and suitable for China as soon as possible, especially establish and improve information security risk assessment standards and management mechanisms, and regularly implement some national key infrastructure and important information systems, such as economy, science and technology, statistics, banking, railways, civil aviation and customs, according to national standards.

(6) Adhere to the principle of "internal defense first, both internal and external defense", and increase information security popularization and law-abiding publicity through conferences, websites, radio and television, newspapers and other media. , so as to improve the information security awareness of the whole people, especially to strengthen the training and education of information security knowledge for personnel in organizations or enterprises, and improve the information security self-discipline level of employees. In key national departments, enterprises and institutions, the responsibilities of information security work are clearly defined, and it is suggested that the top leaders of the party and government should be the responsible persons of information security work in their own units, and the position of CSO (Chief Security Officer) should be added in qualified enterprises to form a vertical and horizontal leadership management system.

(7) It is suggested that the government formulate preferential policies, set up a special fund for information security management, encourage venture capital, and improve the independent research ability and product development level of key technologies such as information security integrated management platform, management tools, network forensics and accident recovery.

(8) Pay attention to and strengthen the protection of information security level, and implement compulsory certification for important information security products. Users in specific fields must explicitly purchase certified information security products.

(9) Strengthen the construction of information security management personnel and law enforcement team, especially increase the training of compound talents who know both technology and management.

(10) Strengthen international cooperation, especially international exchanges, cooperation and collaboration in standards, technology, evidence collection and emergency response. (The author is the head of the national information security-related project of the School of Information Engineering of Guizhou University.)