Changbai Mountain is the highest and largest mountain in northeast China. Songhua River, Tumen River and Yalu River all originate from Tianchi Lake in Changbai Mountain. This mountain is the source of the northeast river. Since ancient times, many ethnic groups in Northeast China have regarded Changbai Mountain as a "sacred mountain".
China's earliest record of Changbai Mountain was Shan Hai Jing, which wrote: "There are mountains in the wild, and the name is not salty, but in a cautious place". Not salty, which may mean white, is a description of the snow on the top of Changbai Mountain all year round. "The Biography of the Eastern Han Dynasty" records: "Xuandizhao moved to Gouli in five years, and he lived in the east of Daling (Changbai Mountain)." The word "Dan" here is similar to the word "Shan Yan" in Manchu, both of which mean white.
There is an ancient nation living in Changbai Mountain, that is, Sushen, the ancestor of Jurchen nationality. "Liao History" records "thirty straight women in Changbai Mountain." In the Book of Golden History, it is said that "Heishui lived in ancient Su Shen, with the mountain name" White Mountain "and covered with Changbai Mountain ..." Jiaqing rebuilt "Big Comrade" and interpreted Changbai Mountain as "the ancient name is not salty mountain".
Sushen nationality is probably a nation that surrendered to Shang dynasty in the early days. After the destruction of the Shang Dynasty in the Western Zhou Dynasty, the association between the Zhou Dynasty and paying tribute to the Western Zhou Dynasty resulted in the saying that "Yan, Bo, I am from the north". Since then, Su Shen's tribute "Xi Ya Bian Shi" has been regarded as an important symbol of the obedience of all ethnic groups in Northeast China.
Since then, their names have been recorded as Lou, Buji, Xiongnu and Jurchen. The History of the Three Kingdoms records: "Lou ... Su Shen was an ancient country." The biography of Sui Shu Dongyi records that "from the east of Fu Nie, the arrows are all stone arrowheads, that is, the ancient Su Shen family". The Book of Jin says that "Su Shen's family is a Lou, north of Buxian Mountain". The History of the Golden Century concludes: "Before gold, the surname Hong was born. Don't take chances. Don't be Jicoo. During the Yuan and Wei Dynasties, Buji had seven parts: Sui called cymbals; At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, there was black water and millet. " During the Tang Dynasty, Bohai Kingdom was established at the end of millet.
The word jurchen appeared in the Song Dynasty. People in Song Dynasty called them "Zhu Lizhen" and mistook them for "Jurchen". In order to avoid Liao Xingzong's legal taboo, Liao wrote Female Straight. Since then, the Yuan and Ming Dynasties have been called "Jurchen". In addition, the word "Tatar" originally refers to Nuzhen, which is synonymous with Tatar. Later, one of the cymbals moved to Mobei and became a Tatar. The tribe was strong in the Jin Dynasty, so it was later called "Tatar" by Mongolian ministries. There is also "tatar strait" in Outer Manchuria.
The term "Tunguska" is a general term for ethnic groups in northeast China (Tunguska in a narrow sense only refers to Ewenki). The so-called "Tunguska people" are people who raise pigs. The weather in Northeast China is very cold, and pork has a high fat content. Eating pork to keep out the cold is good. The story of the eastern Han dynasty mentioned that "Lou ... is good for raising tapirs, eating meat and peeling tapirs." In winter, I put a plaster on my body, which is a bit thick to keep out the cold. " In the Ming Dynasty, the Tatars translated that "the pig is Tang Wusi", that is, the Tatars called the pig "Tang Wusi" (Tunguska).
Historical Records Yin Benji records the myths and legends about the origin of ancestors in Shang Dynasty. "Is the daughter of Iraq, mother Zhu Di, for the second princess. Once a threesome took a bath, he saw a mysterious bird drop its egg. Judy took it and swallowed it because she was pregnant. "Coincidentally, Ai Xinjue Roche in the Qing Dynasty also had a similar legend, which was recorded in A Record of Emperor Tai's Emperor Wu.
Legend has it that there is probably a mountain peak on Changbai Mountain, named Bukuri Mountain, and there is Bulehuri Lake on the mountain. One day, three fairies, Ngulun, Zhengulun and Fogulun, took a bath in the lake, and the youngest one, Fogulun, got pregnant by mistake and never came back. After that, she gave birth to a son, named Bukuri, with the surname "Essien Choro".
It is no coincidence that the two stories are so similar. In Northeast China, people take birds as totems, and the ancestral myths of many ethnic groups are related to birds, and businessmen probably originated in Northeast China.
Aisingiorro means Jin surname, Ai Xin means Jin, and Jueluo means surname. The former Jurchen nationality once established the State of Jin, which was established by the Wanyan Department, not the later Jianzhou Jurchen Department. However, the two tribes are related by blood.
According to legend, there are 15 generations from Bukuri to Nurhachi, but according to the existing literature, it can only be pushed up for 7 generations from Nurhachi to Mongul (Nurhachi is the sixth grandson of Mongul, and is called Mong Timur). There are indications that Montamu was a figure in the late Yuan and early Ming Dynasties, and Bukuri should have lived in the Jin Dynasty. Therefore, Huang taiji said, "I was born and founded, which is equal to Daikin."
Aisingiorro belongs to the Woduoli Department of Jianzhou Jurchen. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the grandson of Yu, the cousin of the Jurchen leader of Jianzhou, said that "Daikin is my distant ancestor". Yao Ximeng in the Ming Dynasty said that the Jurchen in Jianzhou was "residual gold" in the book "The Official Award in Jianyi". The ancient Korean book records: "Wodori is also a descendant of Daikin." 16 16 years, Nurhachi designated the country as "Jin", which was also the inheritance of the State of Jin.
The surname of Wodolly, the Jurchen of Jianzhou, is the "Oracle bone" of the Jin Dynasty, and the Han surname was changed to Tong or Tong. In the Jin Dynasty, residents with these surnames lived in Huli Road, that is, from Heilongjiang to tatar strait, and ruled yilan county, Heilongjiang. Oracle bones and tortoise shells Chen Qing once held important positions such as Zuo Cheng and Ping Zhang's political affairs, and he was given the surname of Hong Yan. Later, Jia Gu became the surname of Jin after Wan Yan. In addition, other tribal surnames of Jianzhou Jurchen also come from the surname given by the State of Jin. Hall Abe (Huli Reform Department), whose original surname was Gulen (probably Guo Lun), is actually a branch of the Jin surname.
In the Jin Dynasty, a square character-Jurchen character was created by imitating Chinese characters. In the early Ming Dynasty, the leaders of Jianzhou Jurchen could still read Jurchen characters. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, many newspapers showed that Jurchen characters were used in all previous dynasties. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Governor Shanggu, the left-back of Jianzhou, went to Mingjing to enter the table with Jurchen documents. The telegram sent by Minister Wodolly to North Korea was also written in Jurchen, and Manchu was only created by 1632. There are more than twenty kinds of classics in Woduoli Department, which were obviously handed down from the Jin and Yuan Dynasties. In the Yuan Dynasty, there were other official positions such as Douman (ten thousand households), Meng 'an (thousand households), Tang Kuo (hundred households) and viceroy Huachi, which showed their high status. The names of these official positions are all inherited from the Jin Dynasty.
During the Yuan Dynasty, there were five tribes in Jianzhou Jurchen, so there were 50,000 households. By the end of the Yuan Dynasty, there were only three of the 50,000 households, namely, the Woduoli Department, the Household Reform Department and the Tuoba Department, and the 30,000 households were also called "moving orchids and spreading beans". "The three cities of Gandori, Hall and Tuowen, as the saying goes, are full of beans and still say 30,000 households". According to scholars' research, Woduoli is located in the west of Mudanjiang estuary, Huligai is located in yilan county, and Tuowen is located in Tangwang estuary.
1403, Aha, the head of Huli Reform Department, surrendered to the Ming Dynasty, so the Ming Dynasty conferred the title of Wei and the title of Jianzhou was "Jianzhou Wei". Later, the Huli Reform Department and the Woduoli Department moved south and basically lived in the Tumen River area. 1406, in the Ming dynasty, Timur, the fierce brother in Woduoli, was appointed as the commander of Jianzhou Wei. 1408, more Nuzhen in Songhua River valley surrendered to the Ming Dynasty, and the Ming Dynasty put Jianzhou Wei in charge, thus expanding the power of Jianzhou Nuzhen. 14 12 years, the Ming Dynasty conferred Woduoli as left-back of Jianzhou. 1442, a chieftain battle broke out in Wodori, and two chieftains stood side by side. In the Ming Dynasty, the left-back in Jianzhou was divided into left-back and right-back, so the Jianzhou Sanwei was formally formed.
According to Korean historical records, there are 2,300 households in Jianzhou Sanwei, of which Jianzhou Sanwei (Huli Reform Department) is the largest. In fact, the three guards of Jianzhou Jurchen can't fully reflect the tribal situation of Jianzhou Jurchen. With the internal division and expansion of Jianzhou Jurchen, eight tribes appeared in Jianzhou Jurchen at the end of Ming Dynasty, namely Suksu River Protection Department, Chen Zhe Department, Wanyan Department, Hunhe Department, Dong 'e Department, Yalu River Department, Yinna Department and Zhusheli Department. Generally speaking, the first five are called Manchuria Five and the last three are called Changbai Mountain Three.
In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, Li Gu Naha and Dong Shan, the leaders of Jianzhou Sanwei, invaded Liaodong, so in 1467, the Ming Dynasty sent 50,000 troops to crusade against Jianzhou Nuzhen, and North Korea also sent troops to fish in troubled waters, which almost brought disaster to Jianzhou Department. Since then, the Hercynian Jurchen was strong, and the attention of the Ming Dynasty turned to dealing with the Hercynian Jurchen, and the Liaodong side wall was built.
In this case, the Jurchen of Jianzhou had to attach herself to the Ming Dynasty and actively carry out tribute trade with the Ming Dynasty, thus gradually restoring the economy of Jianzhou. During the Jiaqing period, Jianzhou Department recovered its vitality, and its leader Aric (Nurhachi's grandfather) launched an anti-Ming war, killing Heichun, the deputy general of the Ming Dynasty, and Pei Chengzu, a guerrilla. So the Ming Dynasty sent Li to crusade against Aric, and Aric was betrayed and captured by Nuzhen Hada in Haixi, and was finally killed. 1583, Li once again sent troops to crusade against statehood and attacked the city, killing more than 2,200 innocent people.
In this massacre, Juechang (Nurhachi's grandfather) and Taksi (Nurhachi's father) who had surrendered to the Ming Dynasty were killed by the Ming army. After this massacre, Jianzhou Jurchen and Ming Dynasty became feuds. At that time, in order to survive, Nurhachi endured humiliation and followed Li. Later, he looked for opportunities to get rid of Li's control and began his own revenge. Nurhachi unified the ministries of the country and established the post-Jin regime.
Later, Nurhachi defeated the Ming Dynasty in the Battle of Salsh and annexed the Nuzhen of Haixi. 1626, Huang taiji ascended the throne and continued to expand the post-Jin territory. 1635, Huang taiji basically unified the northeast, so he began a large-scale reform and prepared to claim the throne. In 1635, Huang taiji changed Nuzhen to "Manchuria", which is the source of Manchu. Huang taiji also established a royal family under the name of Aisingiorro. Further north, Ewenki and Oroqen are also branches of Jurchen.