First, the embryonic stage of TV criticism
The late 1950s to the late 1970s was the embryonic period of China's TV criticism. 1 958 at 7 o'clock in the evening on May1Sunday, a picture named "Beijing TV Station" was displayed on the TV screen with the Central Broadcasting Building as the background. Xinhua News Agency sent a telegram: "Beijing TV Station, the first TV station in China, started its pilot broadcast on May 1." Tonight's programs include talks between advanced producers and directors of agricultural cooperatives, news documentary "Going to the Countryside", science and education film "TV", poetry reading and dancing. After the first broadcast of the program, there was no comment on the program, and everyone was immersed in the joy of successful broadcast. It was officially broadcast on September 2 of the same year, four times a week, each time lasting 2 to 3 hours. Every time the TV station insists on the pre-broadcast meeting and post-broadcast meeting, it analyzes and comments on the broadcast programs.
At that time, the CPC Central Committee put forward: "TV stations should shoulder the task of propagating politics, spreading knowledge and enriching people's cultural life according to their own characteristics. Reflect as much as possible the major events in the current political life of the country and the people, report the achievements of socialism, publicize scientific and technological knowledge, introduce various excellent dramas and art films, and prepare a certain number of programs for children. " This was the working policy of the TV station at that time, and it was also the guiding ideology for evaluating TV programs. One year after the broadcast, the editorial board of China Central Broadcasting Bureau discussed the work of Beijing TV Station, and held that "in the past year, the TV station has explored some TV publicity experiences, but the programs are not rich and colorful, the content is monotonous, the work of director, acting, photography, broadcasting and decoration is rough, and the ideological level and artistic level are low, and mistakes are often made". (2)1961August 3, and then Beijing TV broadcasted "Laughing Party", which was all crosstalk. After the broadcast, more than 100 letters were received. I evaluated the program and expressed my support, hoping to do it again in the future. 1962 65438+1On October 20th, the second laughter party was held, which was also welcomed by the audience. 1962 On the eve of the National Day, the third "Laughing Party" was held, which caused some controversy. The party changed the practice of the previous National Day party, focusing on performances and reducing rap. After the broadcast of this program, a signed "an audience who expressed anger at your program" wrote: "Most of the programs in" the legendary swordsman "on the eve of National Day are common and unpretentious in small gatherings held by organizations and groups for many years. They have no choice but to make a fool of themselves in front of their friends in order to gain an understanding smile. Unexpectedly, on the eve of National Day, foreign guests attending the celebration were like a cloud. This is purely a cheap means to please ordinary citizens. " This letter reflects some viewers' rather serious views on TV programs. During this period, letters from viewers became the most intuitive form of TV criticism.
At this time, some articles with the nature of studying and discussing TV programs were published in periodicals, which made the budding TV criticism have an impact on a wider scope. From 1955 to 1964, * * published a total of 85 issues and published 1456 business articles and related materials, including 26 1 TV. For example, football and football match live broadcast ④ Several ways and means in TV broadcast propaganda ⑤ Selection and characterization of characters in TV reports ⑤ Outlet of TV economic news ⑤ What should I do if TV news can't show the past? ",8" Can a TV series adopt a symbolic background ",9" Television broadcast of poetry recitation ",10" Views after TV programs ",10 and so on.
There are also some famous cultural figures who participated in the TV criticism at this time. 1959, the TV series "New Generation" reflecting the youth's participation in the construction of the top ten buildings in the capital, such as the Great Hall of the People, was broadcast when the project was completed. Tian Han, a famous playwright, wrote in People's Daily that "TV plays are light cavalry on the literary front". During this period, a group of broadcasters such as Pei, Xu and Li Zixian wrote a lot of comments on the TV practice at that time. It can be said that they are the founders of China TV criticism.
Generally speaking, TV criticism in its infancy is not mature, which is due to many reasons. First, the influence of television is too small. Not many people can really watch TV, and the social influence is not great, so it has not attracted the attention of theoretical critics. Secondly, TV has not formed its own independent artistic characteristics, so it can't learn from literary criticism. Third, there are no typical programs on TV. None of the works shocked people, reached a higher aesthetic level and aroused strong social repercussions, so there were no more typical objects in the theoretical circle in this period. In addition, the "Cultural Revolution" broke out in 1966, and the TV station stopped broadcasting for a time. After the rebroadcast, the whole station served the "Cultural Revolution", and the TV criticism work was almost interrupted.
Second, the initial stage of TV criticism
The late 1970s to the mid-1980s was the initial period of China's TV criticism. At the end of 1970s, China began to implement reform and opening up, and the TV industry developed rapidly. The content form, quantity and quality of TV programs have been greatly improved and developed. Rich TV practice provides a research object for TV criticism. China's TV criticism has begun to enter the primary stage, which is marked by the following aspects.
1. Publications and review articles have increased significantly.
Since 1978, research publications have gradually increased, including Journal of Beijing Broadcasting Institute and News Radio and Television Research. Radio and television front of the Ministry of Radio and Television; Television Arts Committee "Television Arts"; Tianjin Radio and Television Magazine; Zhejiang Volkswagen Satellite TV; Hubei TV Monthly; Beijing TV literature and art; Fujian Chinese and foreign TV stations and so on. By the end of 1984, there were 54 local radio and television research journals in China, and quite a few news journals also had TV columns. CCTV1984 began to plan the publication "TV Business Situation" in August. /kloc-0 was formally established in early 1985.
The appearance of these publications provides a publishing position for TV criticism and a carrier for the research results of TV theory. For example: "icing on the cake for Sino-Japanese friendship; 13) TV news documentary; 14) the credibility and authority of TV reports; 13) Visibility of TV news; 3) the sense of the scene of TV news; 13) popular TV reviews; 4) On the emotion in TV movie creation. (24) and so on, a number of TV criticism works with a certain theoretical level have come out one after another. These publications either study the basic theory of television, or discuss news, social education, literature and art, and service programs, indicating that people's rational thinking on television has entered a deep field, and TV criticism has begun to show rational light and shadow. For example, the broadcast of the first critical column "Observation and Thinking" founded by CCTV 1980 in July has attracted the attention of theoretical critics. The article Television as an Aesthetic Culture holds that "observation and thinking", "hot topics" and some TV dramas can attract people's attention as long as they grasp the sensitive topics of the interests of the masses. The success of these films is enough to explain how the laws of sociology dominate the demand for TV culture. Therefore, TV producers should consciously use this law and give full play to their social and political influence as a social aesthetic function. " ? (25) TV criticism in this period showed the rich practice of TV in China, and the number of research objects increased, which played a very important role in expanding the influence of TV on the audience, promoting the further development of TV culture, and even laying the basic theory of TV in China.
2. Carry out various seminar activities.
During this period, various domestic TV seminars have been fully launched. Television stations and television academic organizations at all levels, from central to local, actively organize various topics to carry out academic research activities. In particular, the 1 1 National Conference on Radio and Television held in 1983 systematically summarized the experience and lessons of radio and television work in the past 30 years, summarized the theory and tasks of radio and television, and put forward a series of principles, policies and objectives for 2000. The meeting proposed "taking news reform as a breakthrough to comprehensively promote the reform of radio and television publicity".
During this period, some influential TV seminars were held nationwide, such as:
1981February, the national experience exchange meeting on TV drama editing and directing was held in Beijing. This meeting discussed the creation of a number of excellent TV dramas, such as The Little Things of the Common People, and put forward the important significance of guiding the audience.
1981April, a national symposium on TV news was held in Qingdao, Shandong province, where news programs such as News Network were discussed.
198 1 in may, 2000, the national TV symposium on "cultural life" was held in Kunming, and the participants studied the theme scope and expression forms of cultural life programs.
1February, 982, a seminar on some special programs of national TV stations was held in Yangshuo, Guangxi. Participants discussed the significance of running political special programs and strengthening TV commentary.
1983 65438+ 10, the national seminar on the art theory of TV drama directors was held in Beijing, and the meeting proposed to strengthen the research and evaluation of TV dramas.
In August, 1983 national conference on TV publicity was held in Beijing. The meeting discussed how to improve the ideological and pertinence of TV publicity programs.
1984 in may, the national symposium on TV literature and art was held in Beijing, and the meeting discussed how to run TV literature and art programs well.
1984 12. The national symposium on radio and television news reform was held in Xi 'an, and the content of program reform was discussed.
1in March, 1985, the national conference on rural TV publicity was held in Beijing, mainly discussing how to do a good job in rural TV reporting.
1985 10, the national TV drama quality improvement seminar was held in Beijing. The meeting studied the basic laws and authenticity of TV news.
In addition, there are some influential regional TV seminars. These activities are aimed at discussing the problems reflected in TV programs. After each seminar, a number of theoretical and academic TV criticism articles will be published, which has played a very important role in promoting the development of TV criticism and the construction of TV theory.
The awards of TV programs are gradually developed.
198 1 year, national TV program awards. Children's programs were selected separately from 1992, named "Golden Boy Award", which was undertaken by China Television Arts Committee and CCTV. The TV series "Flying Award" started at 198 1, and the TV literature and art "Starlight Award" started at 1987, which was included in the category of government awards and sponsored by China Radio and Television Society and China Television Art Committee. As a national government award, the award for reporting TV programs to the outside world 1992 was jointly organized by the Foreign Affairs Office of the Central Committee and the former Ministry of Radio and Television.
Every TV award-winning activity is not only an evaluation of the program, but also a serious summary of experience and theoretical improvement. Awards itself is a process of judging, evaluating and choosing the cultural value of TV. After the award ceremony, there will be many TV program awards commentary articles.
In the process of awarding prizes, everyone analyzed and studied the ideological value and artistic value of the works from different angles, affirmed the achievements of the works and pointed out the problems existing in the works. The development of various TV program awards has promoted the development of various forms of TV criticism.
During this period, the number of TV publications in China increased, theoretical articles came out constantly, and various seminars and awards activities were also carried out one after another. It can be seen that the TV industry has begun to pay attention to the important role of TV theoretical research and TV criticism.
Third, the development stage of TV criticism
The mid-1980s to the early 1990s is the development period of TV criticism in China. With the rapid development of China's reform, opening up and economic construction, the entire TV industry has achieved fruitful development in depth and breadth. Television stations have been established at the provincial and prefecture (city) levels in China, and some counties (cities) have also established television stations. By 1986, CCTV had set up three TV programs, and the rich TV practice urgently needed the guidance of TV theory and criticism. The need of TV practice makes TV criticism develop well. Its logo is mainly:
1. The ranks of critics have expanded and academic exchange activities have been strengthened.
The establishment of TV research institutions has created good basic conditions for the development of TV criticism. In order to adapt to the development of TV industry, 1986 established the China Radio and Television Society, and the TV criticism was guaranteed by institutions and groups. The TV media and TV education departments at all levels have set up societies, which has led to the establishment of societies in all aspects of TV operation, and the national TV awards and academic seminars have entered a regular state. In addition to the specialized research institutions of TV station system, China Academy of Social Sciences, China Renmin University, Beijing Broadcasting Institute, Fudan University, Sichuan University and other scientific research institutions have also established corresponding TV research institutions. The establishment of various TV research institutions has United a large number of theoretical workers who are interested in TV criticism, and the team of TV criticism has expanded rapidly.
The TV review team includes not only researchers from scientific research departments and universities, but also experts and scholars from sociology, culturology, art, psychology, education, linguistics and literature. There are both managers of TV propaganda and practitioners of TV practice. According to statistics, during this period, there were nearly 100 full-time and part-time critics who often carried out TV criticism with newspapers as the carrier, and a large number of others analyzed and studied TV programs irregularly. They pay attention to, examine and understand TV from their own perspectives, and have made a number of gratifying achievements in TV criticism.
Television critics include not only professional critics, but also part-time critics; Not only the general audience, but also some special audiences-some party and state leaders, who care about the development of TV in China and attach importance to the important role of TV in China's socialist modernization. After watching the programs broadcast by CCTV 1992 Olympic Games, Li commented: "The broadcast was very successful and wonderful, and it was well done before and after. I learned a lot from TV broadcasts and got in touch with the front in time, such as reminding athletes who won gold medals to pay attention to their expressions when raising the national flag and playing the national anthem. " The Olympic Salon has changed some new faces, which is very good. I wasn't very skilled at first, but I was ok later. The good experience in Olympic reporting can be applied to other programs, such as literature, culture, sports and economic programs. (26) Guangming Daily also published Chen's comments on the TV series The Length of a Village, which said: "The length of a village left a deep impression on people from three aspects. 1. Dare to reflect reality, touch contradictions and solve them; 2. With sufficient facts, the vast majority of rural grassroots cadres are good; 3. The interest of art is closely combined with profound ideological content. I hope that TV stations will broadcast more good TV dramas like "The Length of a Village" to promote rural work. " (27) 1992 CCTV launched Economic Information Network, which Deng Xiaoping watched almost every day. He said: "Although the Economic Information Network is not long, only 30 minutes, each issue is rich in content, lively in rhythm and rich in information, which will play a positive role in China's economic development and the development of the socialist market economy." Deng Xiaoping also said: "The announcer's broadcast speed is too fast. Can you slow down properly to watch? " (28)