1. Type of expository: thing expository (from the perspective of content, according to the object and purpose of explanation).
The general title of a descriptive article is the object of explanation;
Find concluding sentences at the beginning and end of the explanation.
Because the object of explanation is the thing or thing to be introduced in the article, usually a noun or noun phrase, we can start from two aspects: look at topic 2 and look at the first and last paragraphs. A description of things can only point out what is explained. The explanatory text points out the explanatory content and forms a phrase: Introduction (object plus content).
2. The language of expository writing: simple and vivid expository writing (language expression angle).
3, explanation method: generally answer three words, master several common explanation methods, will analyze the role in the text:
(1) For example, it truly illustrates the xx characteristics of things.
(2) Classification: the organization clearly states the xx characteristics of things. Explain the characteristics/reasons of things in different categories to make the explanation more organized. The content of the explanation should be clear and avoid overlapping.
(3) Enumeration of figures: specifically and accurately explain the xx characteristics of this thing. Make the explanation more convincing.
④ Comparison: xx characteristics (status, influence, etc. ) is highlighted.
⑤ Definition: To reveal the object/science in concise and scientific language, so as to reveal the characteristics/science of things more scientifically, essentially and generally.
6. Metaphor: Metaphor is a metaphor in rhetorical methods. Vividly explain the xx characteristics of this thing and enhance the interest of the article.
⑦. Drawing charts: Let readers see at a glance, and explain the xx characteristics of things very intuitively and vividly.
8. Interpretation: Explain the characteristics/reasons of things in detail to make the explanation easier to understand.
The difference between definition and interpretation is that definition requires completeness, while interpretation does not require completeness. Explain the characteristics/reasons of things in detail to make the explanation easier to understand. It can be reversed.
9. Imitation: A vivid description of the characteristics/facts of things, which makes the explanation more concrete and vivid.
Attending doctor. Citation: It can make the explanation more specific and substantial. Explain the characteristics of things by quoting, so as to enhance persuasiveness, such as quoting ancient poems, proverbs and proverbs. At the beginning of the article, the reference description also plays the role of drawing out the description object.
4. Description sequence: time sequence (program sequence), spatial order and logical sequence. You can be more specific when answering questions.
For example, spatial order (from top to bottom, from inside to outside, always to point, from outside to inside, from front to back, from left to right, from whole to part, and vice versa) and so on. ).
Logical order (first cause, then step by step, phenomenon to essence, cause to effect, effect to cause, main to secondary, simple to profound, individual to general, etc.). Common words indicating causality and logical order, such as "because, therefore", "first and second").
Time series is to explain the development and evolution of things, such as articles introducing working procedures.
Mastering the answer format: This paper uses the explanation order to make the explanation more organized and easy for readers to understand. (The first blank should be filled in with the specific order of description, and the second blank should be filled in with the specific name or description of the thing. If it is a rational exposition, but it cannot be accurately expressed, it can be expressed in vague language such as "rationality" and "science". )
5. Description object: refers to the main person or thing described in the article (generally there is no need to answer the characteristics of people or things).
6. Common forms of explanatory text structure are: "total score" type (or from total score to subtotal, or from small score to subtotal, or total score), parallel type, progressive type, etc. Analyze the structure of the article and master the central sentences and conjunctions, such as "first", "second", "also" and "besides"
7. Central sentence: the position where it appears at the beginning or end, sometimes in a sentence. Judgments are mostly sentences with strong generality. Narrative sentences, descriptive sentences, explanatory sentences and interrogative sentences are generally not suitable for central sentences.
The same is true of other stylistic articles.
④ Summarize the central sentence of the paragraph.
Countermeasures: (1) When thinking about this paragraph, we should not only pay attention to the main ones, but also pay attention to the secondary ones. (2) Words that closely express order, such as "first", "second" and "you", are summarized with reference to the sentence patterns of the central sentences in the upper and lower paragraphs.
8. Description language
What is the purpose of adding words by typing 1? Grasp the accuracy of the explanation and answer the questions.
Countermeasures: A: It accurately/vividly explains the characteristics/reasons of things "……".
Type 2. Can you use another word instead? And explain why.
Countermeasure: A: (1) No.
(2) the meaning or content of the original word.
(3) The meaning or content of the changed words.
(4) What changes have taken place in the meaning after the change, which is not in line with reality.
Type 3. Can restrictive words be deleted?
Countermeasure: A: (1) statement (delete or not delete).
(2) qualitative. Such as: "comparison", "almost" and "equivalent"; Estimate the number of tables such as "about", "possible" and "about".
(3) If it is deleted, what will the original meaning become? It is unrealistic and too absolute.
(4) The word XX embodies the accuracy, thoroughness and scientificity of language.
Type 4, find a word from the article that can reflect the "accurate" characteristics of explanatory language and experience it.
Type 5: reference-what do these conditions, this phenomenon and the same truth refer to in the text?
Countermeasures: generally refers to the sentence before pronouns, find the nearest sentence. Sometimes it should be noted that it may not be the whole sentence, but a part.
9. Common test sites: 1. Understanding of the object and characteristics of interpretation.
2. Identify and understand the interpretation method.
3. Analysis and understanding of the order of interpretation.
4. Analysis of paragraph structure characteristics.
5. Summarize the meaning of the text, levels and paragraphs.
6. Comment on the meanings of keywords and key sentences and their expressive functions.
7. Explain the experience of language accuracy.
Second, argumentative reading and answering skills
1. Argument (what to prove) Argument should be a complete expression of the author's point of view and a complete, concise and clear sentence in form. Judging from the full text, it will be able to control the full text. The form of expression is often a judgment sentence expressing affirmation or negation, and it is a clear statement sentence.
A. grasp the argument of the article. Only one central argument (commander-in-chief's sub-argument) (1) is clear: there can be n sub-arguments (to supplement and prove the central argument).
⑵ Method ① Find from the location: such as title, beginning, middle and end. 2 analyze the arguments of the article. (It can be used to test whether the expected argument is appropriate) ③ Abstract method (only argument is divided, regardless of the central argument)
B. analyze how the argument is put forward: ① summarize the argument after putting facts and reasoning; ② Cut to the chase and put forward the central argument; (3) Propose topics according to the phenomena existing in life, and summarize the central arguments through analysis and discussion; (4) Narrating the author's experience and summarizing the central argument; ⑤ The author puts forward questions from the story, then gradually analyzes and infers, and finally draws a conclusion and puts forward the central argument.
2. Argument (with what proof) (1) Argument type: (1) Fact argument (summarize after giving examples, and strictly summarize arguments); (2) argument (quote famous words to analyze).
(2) The arguments should be true, reliable and typical (subject matter, country, ancient and modern, etc.). ). (3) Sequential arrangement (reference argument); (4) judging whether the argument can prove the argument; 5] Supplementary arguments (proof arguments).
3, argument (how to prove)
(1) demonstration method (must be four words) (1) illustration (example method) narrative of factual arguments (2) reasoning (introduction method and reasoning method) demonstration of rational arguments.
(3) Comparative argument (itself can also be example argument and reason argument) (4) Metaphor argument Metaphor is a metaphor in expository writing and a metaphor in prose.
⑵ Analysis and demonstration process: ① How the demonstration was put forward; (2) How the argument is proved (which truths and facts are used, and whether there are positive and negative analysis and reasoning); (3) Contact the structure of the full text, whether there is an abstract.
(3) Integrity of argument (A: Make the argument more comprehensive and complete, and avoid misunderstanding)
(4) The function of analysis and argumentation: to prove the argument in this paragraph.
4. The structure of argumentative essay ① General form: ① Introduction (asking questions)-② Theory (analyzing problems)-③ Conclusion (solving problems).
⑵ Type: ① Parallel type ② Total score formula ③ Total score formula ④ Total score formula ⑤ Progressive type.
5. The language of argumentative essay (1) is rigorous (using decorative and restrictive language); (2) Vividness (idioms, the use of various rhetorical devices);
(3) Word order (from the perspective of caring for life logic and context); (4) Sentence order (the use of related words, pay special attention to the progressive relationship).
6, refute the reading of the paper
(1) What is the wrong viewpoint that the author wants to refute? (2) How does the author refute and apply those reasons and arguments; (3) From this, what is the correct view established by the author?
7. Common test sites
(1) Argument test site for argumentative papers: First, distinguish between the issues discussed and the author's views on this issue (that is, distinguish between topics and arguments). Second, pay attention to the position of the argument in the text:
(1) At the beginning of the article, this is the so-called writing.
(2) At the end of the article, it is the so-called induction of the full text, pointing out the topic at the end of the article and revealing the writing method of the center. This kind of writing is often used to express the argument clearly. So, in short, therefore, in short, in the final analysis, and so on.
Third, distinguish between the central argument and the sub-argument: the sub-argument is generally located at the beginning of the paragraph or has iconic words: first, second, third, etc.
Fourth, we should pay attention to the expression form of the argument: sometimes the topic is the central argument. An argumentative essay has only one central argument.
Fifth, refute the inference point through arguments: arguments serve to prove arguments, and analyzing arguments can show what it proves, affirms and supports. This is an argument.
2. Argument test sites: Arguments are the basis of arguments, which are generally factual arguments and rational arguments. 1, use facts as arguments. Examples must be true and reliable, have typical significance, can reveal the essence of things, and have a certain logical connection with the argument. In argumentative writing, the narrative of cited examples should be concise and to the point, highlighting the parts directly related to the argument. When clarifying the argument, we should not only know where the factual argument is used in the text, but also summarize the factual argument. To summarize accurately, we must grasp the essential characteristics of the argument according to the argument and then express it in exact language. 2. The speech used as an argument should be authoritative. When quoting directly, the original text should be recorded, which can not be taken out of context after the fact test; You can't misinterpret your will when quoting indirectly.
(3) Structure and hierarchy of argumentative essays: The structures include parallel structure, contrast structure, hierarchy structure and total score structure.
The basic form of this test center: how does the author prove the argument?
The idea of answering the question is: in order to prove the point of …, the author first uses the argument of … and then analyzes the argument of …, thus proving the point of …. The key is to clarify the level of the proof process.
(4), demonstration method test center
Argumentation method refers to the process and method of proving arguments with arguments, which is the connection between arguments and the logical relationship between arguments. There are four requirements for the senior high school entrance examination:
1. Illustration: It is a way to prove an argument by citing conclusive, sufficient and representative examples. Because "facts speak louder than words", citing hard and typical facts to prove the argument can enhance the persuasiveness of the article.
2. Reasoning and argumentation: it is a method of citing authoritative remarks to prove arguments. Therefore, this method is used properly and has strong argumentation. To analyze the function of citation method, we must first find out whose speech is quoted and what to prove, and then grasp the special function of citation method-authority and power.
3. Metaphorical argument: it is a method to prove the argument through image metaphor. This method can explain the truth in simple terms and is easily accepted by people.
4. Comparative argument: This is a way to prove the argument by comparing the positive and negative facts and reasons. By analyzing and comparing the functions of argumentation methods, comparing the two aspects, the right and wrong are more clear, and the correct view is more acceptable to readers.
ü Thinking of answering questions: (1) Reasoning and argumentation to increase the authority of argumentation. (2) the factual argument, from which angle to prove the argument. (3) Metaphorical argument, or vivid image proof …, or simple explanation proof … (to be determined according to the relationship between ontology and vehicle). (4) Comparative argumentation, comparing the two aspects, making it more clear about right and wrong, and the correct view is more easily accepted by readers.
⑤. Linguistic features of argumentative writing: Analyze the linguistic features of argumentative writing: ①. Analyze the accuracy and rigor of its words from a logical point of view; ② Analyze the generality and conciseness of his narrative from the angle of reasoning; (3) Analyze the bright, vivid and emotional colors of his words from the perspective of rhetoric. Let's explain it from different angles:
A, accurate language: ① accurate use of concepts; (2) Modifiers such as attributive and adverbial are appropriate.
B, language rigor: rigorous judgment and reasoning, meticulous language expression and strong logic.
C, the language is characterized by clear expression, no ambiguity, clear attitude, clear love and hate, proper use of rhetorical methods and special sentence patterns to enhance the vividness and persuasiveness of the language.
D, the conciseness of language generalization is as follows: the facts in the argumentative paper are not detailed and general. The purpose of argumentative writing is to convince people by reasoning. It is not appropriate to describe it in detail. Otherwise, you will usurp the role of master. This point is reflected in general argumentative essays, so I won't give examples to illustrate it.
ü Answer ideas: What is the function of adding words? Thinking: (1) Determine and answer the (superficial) meaning of words in the context; (2) The expression center of words or the function of clarifying opinions (deep, metaphor or extension); This type of question mainly tests the accuracy, thoroughness and vividness of the language. Another example is whether the order of words can be reversed.
ü answer ideas: (1) explain the meaning of words; (2) Make clear the sequence of time or events between words and emphasize their sequence or hierarchical relationship.
6. The referent of pronouns in argumentative essays: This kind of examination questions is more common in reading of various styles. There are basically two situations: first, it needs to be summarized in context. The second is to find out what is quoted in the original text. In this case, the content of the reference generally appears before the pronoun, and can be used to replace the pronoun after being found. Read through the sentences and check whether the meaning of the sentences has changed.
⑦. Open and expand the test site.
This kind of question is generally to examine students' emotional experience or rational thinking after reading the article. When solving problems, we should combine the articles and give full play to the personal feelings gained in reading. Answer: It is equivalent to writing a small argumentative essay with arguments and arguments. Be sure to quote famous sayings or anecdotes from celebrities to prove your point of view or understanding.
8. Test sites for non-critical paper components in argumentative papers.
(4) Thinking of answering questions: The elements of critical essays in argumentative essays all serve the argument (different expressions have different functions, depending on the purpose of using critical essay elements).
Third, narrative reading answering skills
Senior high school entrance examination requirements
1 Grasp narrative elements, clues, order, person and details. 2. Make clear the idea, structure and level of the article.
Understand the theme and theme of the article, summarize the main content, and try to understand the meaning and function of keywords and sentences in a specific context.
5. Analyze the expression, technique and writing skills of the article. Experience and enlightenment in reading.
7 Personalize the content and learn to think and question.
learning target
Clarify the main points of narrative knowledge
Master narrative reading methods
Improve narrative reading ability
Narrative reading
Narrative is a style with narration and description as the main forms of expression and character narration and scenery as the main contents.
For the entrance examination center, when reading the general narrative of the writer's narrative, we can master the following points:
(A) the elements of narrative, order and clues to judge and sort out.
(2) Analysis and appreciation of key sentences and keywords in narrative.
(C) the division of narrative paragraphs and the grasp of ideological content
1. Six narrative elements: time, place, people, cause, process and result of events.
Namely: when? What position? Who is it? Why?
2. Clue types: object line, event line, character line, emotional line, time line, location line and information line.
Skills: Pay attention to the topic, words that appear many times in the text, and lyrical sentences.
3. Common narrative sequence: chronological narrative, flashback and interpolation.
4. Description method and its function: description of people and environment.
5. The expression of the article:
Narrative clues:
The narrative clue is a thread that runs through the whole paper, reflecting the internal connection between materials and connecting all materials into an organism. Therefore, the clue is the outline of the article. Grasping this outline, we can straighten out the content of the article, master the structure of the article and understand the central idea of the article. Clues are important, but not everything can be clues. Only those specific things that can reflect the internal relationship between various materials and the theme of the article can be used as clues throughout the whole article.
Clue types: object line, event line, character line, emotion line, time line, place line and knowledge line.
Clues are roughly divided into six categories:
1) takes the characteristics of specific things or things as clues. For example, "Praise of Poplar" takes the extraordinary poplar as a lyric clue throughout the whole text.
2) Take people or their characteristics as clues. For example, "Back" takes the back of my father as a clue.
3) Take the central event as a clue. For example, The Chameleon takes police officer Ralph's handling of dog bites as a clue to start the story.
4) Take thoughts and feelings as clues. For example, "Litchi Honey" takes the change of "my" feelings for bees as a clue to organize the material. I don't like it very much-I want to see it-I worship bees-I dream of becoming a little bee.
5) Take the passage of time or the transformation of space as a clue. For example, Mr. Fujino takes the passage of time and the change of place as the narrative clue to organize the material, and the experience and feelings in Tokyo-the communication with Mr. Fujino in Sendai-the memories of Mr. Fujino after parting.
6) Take what I have seen and heard as a clue. For example, "Kong Yiji" takes what my little friend "I" saw and heard as a clue to shape the character Kong Yiji.
Skills: Pay attention to the topic, words that appear many times in the text, and lyrical sentences.
"How to find the cable:.
title of an essay
(2) Recurring words or things.
(3) Lyric sentences in the article.
④ The author's thoughts and feelings (changes)
⑤ The function of the clues you see, hear and feel: connect the contents of the article in an orderly way, show the characters' ideological character, and sort out the ins and outs of things.
Narrative order:
1. Time sequence: it is written in the order of occurrence, development and end (time sequence). Function: Make the article clear, with a beginning and an end, and give people a vivid impression.
2. Flashback: Write what happened later in front, and then describe it in order. Function: avoid straightforward narration, enhance the vividness and fascination of the article.
3. Interpolation: In the narrative process, due to the need of content, interrupt the narrative of the original plot, insert relevant plots or events, and then continue the original narrative. Function (such as recalling the past): supplement and set off the central content (people or events) of the article, enrich the plot and deepen the theme.
Ordinary narrative order
1. Narrative type:
Xu Shun: Write it in the order of occurrence, development and end. For example, One Side tells the story of the author's meeting with Lu Xun in chronological order, showing Lu Xun's thought of caring for working people and progressive youth, and highlighting the inspiration from One Side.
Flashback: Write what happened later in front, and then narrate it in sequence, that is, the narrative time is opposite to what actually happened. For example, "Back" "I haven't seen my father for more than two years, and the most unforgettable thing is his back." This is the first sentence of the article, which begins with a clear meaning and a topic, and reproduces the unforgettable past of the author two years ago in a retrospective way.
Interpolation: In the narrative process, due to the needs of the content, the narrative of the original plot is interrupted, the plots and events related to the content are inserted, and then the original narrative is continued. For example, Pear Blossom on the Post Road, based on what Lao Yu and I have seen and heard day and night, depicts a group of characters by setting suspense and clever insertion, and shows their beautiful hearts of helping others. Among them, the construction of huts by the People's Liberation Army and the care of huts by Hani girl Lihua belong to the narrative part.
Narrative sequence function:
Xu Shun: According to the development of time, it will be carried out in an orderly manner.
Flashback: 1, emphasize. 2, create suspense 3, the plot is rich in change, attracting readers.
Interpolation: 1, which supplements the content and enriches the plot. 2. manage the top, or pave the way for the bottom.
Expression:
1. Narration: The author gives necessary explanations and explanations to the events and environment of the characters.
2. Description refers to the author's detailed description and depiction of people, events and environment in vivid language.
3. Comment refers to the author's attitude and views on the characters and events in the work.
4. Lyricism means that the author expresses his thoughts and feelings in his works. Function highlights the personality characteristics of the characters, deepens the center of the article and enhances the appeal of the article.
5. Explain the characteristics and essence of things or things in vivid language.
Analyze the role of description, discussion and lyric in the text.
Description is one of the most common expressions in narrative. Using descriptive techniques, people, events and scenery can be vividly reproduced. Description mainly includes character description and scenery description.
Type of representation
Description angle
Environment describes social environment and natural environment.
Language, action, psychology, appearance and expression
Positive sense of detail (hearing, touch, smell ...)
Describe types and functions
1. Portrait (appearance) description [including expression description] (description of appearance, clothes, expression, posture, etc. ): explain the identity, status, situation, experience, psychological state and ideological character of the character. (function)
2. Language (dialogue) description
3. Action (action) description: The image vividly shows the xx psychology (emotion) of the character, and embodies the xx personality characteristics or xx spiritual quality of the character. Sometimes it also promotes the development of the plot. (function)
4. Psychological description: The image vividly reflects the xx thoughts of the characters and reveals the xx character or quality of the characters. (function)
Role description: description+object+characteristics (personality)
Description Type (Environment)
Environmental description: natural environment description and social environment description.
(1) The role of the natural environment (describing natural landscapes such as weather, seasons, mountains and rivers, lakes and seas).
(2) Social environment (describing social conditions or scenes of people's activities and the layout and furnishings around (indoors)):
The Role of Landscape Description in Narration
1, explain the elements (prompt time 2, render the atmosphere. 3. Set off the emotions of the characters. 4. Promote the development of the plot and predict the ending.
5, help to shape character.
Description angle:
A. Positive description: direct description of portraits, language, movements, manners, etc. Highlight the character characteristics and quality of the characters.
B. Profile of the characters: Set off some feelings and personality characteristics of the characters through the words and deeds of others.
Detail description is also an important way to describe people, describing details such as portraits, language, movements, psychology, environment and scenes.
Lyric classification in narrative: one is that the author directly expresses his thoughts and feelings about things, which is called direct lyric; One is to express emotions in the scenery, or to express emotions with a token, which is called indirect lyric.
Function: Express the author's thoughts and feelings.
Person and its function in narrative;
The first person makes people feel kind, natural and true. There is no distance from readers; It is convenient to depict characters and personality characteristics.
The second person said that it is closest to the reader, which is convenient for emotional communication and makes people feel particularly cordial, but it is not used much;
The third person is narrated by "He". The use of third-person narration can be free from the limitation of time and space, which is convenient for narration and discussion.
Narrative expression:
Rendering, contrast, suspense setting, foreshadowing, combination of dynamic and static, combination of point and surface, contrast, symbol, satire, lyricism by taking advantage of scenery, lyricism by holding objects, seeing the big from the small, restraining before promoting (if you want to promote first), and showing your ambition.
Writing skills are extremely useful.
(1) personification endows things with human character, thoughts, feelings and actions, personifies things, and thus achieves vivid images.
(2) Metaphors vividly and concisely describe things and explain the truth.
(3) Exaggeration highlights the characteristics of people or things, reveals the essence, and gives readers a distinct and strong impression.
(4) Symbolism gives specific meaning to the things described, expresses emotions ... and enhances the expressive power of the article.
(5) Contrastive techniques highlight the characteristics of things and better express the theme of the article.
(6) Setting off (side setting off) technique and positive description. Use secondary people or things to set off the main people or things, and highlight the characteristics, personality, thoughts and feelings of the main people or things.
(7) irony. Use metaphor, exaggeration and other means and methods to expose, criticize and laugh at people or things, strengthen profundity and criticism, and make the language spicy and humorous.
(8) want to promote first and then suppress. First belittle and then praise the described object, contrast the context and highlight the written object, which has unexpected touching effect.
(9) Before and after care (echo from beginning to end) makes the plot complete, the structure rigorous and the center prominent.
(10) Setting suspense can attract readers' attention and lead to the explanation of the article.
(1) Symbol: Lyrics are expressed by chanting things, and the author's feelings are often expressed tactfully with the help of certain characteristics of certain plants, animals and objects.
Function: Give the things described specific meanings, express emotions ..., and enhance the expressive force of the article.
(2) Personification endows things with human character, thoughts, feelings and actions, and makes things personalized, thus achieving vivid images.
(3) Contrast: Compare two opposite things or two opposite aspects of a thing.
Function: clearly highlight the xx characteristics of the main things or the main aspects of things.
(4) Lyricism through scenery: express the author's sincere thoughts and feelings by describing concrete and vivid natural scenery or life scenes.
Function: Blend the scenes to make the article poetic.
(5) irony. Use metaphor, exaggeration and other means and methods to expose, criticize and ridicule people or things, strengthen profundity and criticism, and make the language spicy and humorous.
6 Metaphorical techniques vividly and concisely describe things and explain the truth.
7 front and back care (echo from beginning to end) makes the plot complete, the structure rigorous and the center prominent.
(8) First suppress and then promote: first deny or belittle the image of things, then dig deep into the characteristics and inner meaning of things, and then affirm and praise things. Function: Highlight the characteristics of things (people).
(9) contrast (indirect description): the profile of the character contrasts the XX character, conduct and skills of the character, making the structure of the article more concentrated and compact, and the expression more concise.
The combination of direct description and indirect description can make the characteristics of the characters or scenery described more distinct and prominent.
(10) exaggeration highlights the characteristics of people or things, reveals the essence, and gives readers a distinct and strong impression.