This group marriage system ensures the cohesion of the original group. However, natural selection began to play a role: people gradually realized the harm of promiscuity to the quality of future generations, so they began to ban sexual relations between different generations. This provision is unlikely to play a fundamental role soon. In fact, promiscuity is still hidden or open, and it took a long time to be eradicated. Compared with sexual intercourse between different generations, it is more difficult to prohibit sexual intercourse between maternal brothers and sisters because they are similar in age. But it is forbidden after all. These two reforms in the history of human marriage forms first occurred in different regions, and were gradually implemented in their respective surrounding groups through the comparison of different situations under the old and new forms. Reform is tantamount to denying marriage within the group, and the only choice is marriage outside the group. Because the kinship within the group is not very clear, the marriage of young men and women is still a group, that is, a specific group of sisters and a group of brothers in another group form a "partnership marriage." After "group marriage", brothers and sisters are no longer brothers and sisters, but "punaluan family family". The marriage of punaluan family family became a system, which marked the transformation from primitive group to clan.
Clan commune can be divided into two periods: matriarchal clan and paternal clan. The matriarchal clan evolved directly from the primitive group. Its main characteristics are as follows: 1. The lineage is based on the maternal line; Second, the means of production are public within the clan, and members of the clan work together and share the raw products. Only a small part, such as personal ornaments and weapons, is private, but it must be kept within the clan; Third, all members elect chiefs, who have no special power and only rely on moral fashion and exemplary role in production to influence and educate clan members; Fourth, the basic organizational system of matriarchal clan society includes clans, tribes (and tribal alliances in some areas), and there are some phratries between clans, and there are matriarchal families under clans (this is the early stage of the new clan), and phratries and tribes are developed from two basic clans; Tribal Council is composed of chiefs of various clans, who discuss all affairs and have certain decision-making power; There is also a people's congress attended by all members, and everyone can express their opinions. The resolution of all members of the clan can remove the chieftain, but the tribal Council can also keep the chieftain in violation of the clan resolution; Military leaders only command troops in wartime and have no privileges at ordinary times. The Chief Sergeant is made up of all fallen adult men voluntarily. 5. Clans, phratries and tribes all have their own totems; Six, the clan has its own religious activities. It can be seen that the whole clan system is based on low productivity, poor wealth and people's marriage form is still in an unstable stage.
As early as the beginning of the "group marriage" system, the form of husband and wife has appeared, that is, the woman has one husband among a group of husbands and the man has one wife among a group of wives. With the emergence and development of agriculture, settled life has gradually made human living conditions civilized and stable. Women have promoted the development of "group marriage" or "husband and wife system" to the direction of pairing marriage. The improvement of civilization makes women feel ashamed of "group marriage", while men's desire for sex is difficult to be satisfied. Paired marriage is the man's wife-seeking marriage, and the man's life expectancy is gradually extended. At this time, the father-son relationship has been confirmed, but because of the extremely unstable marriage in pairs, the father-son relationship is not the closest.
The development from pairing marriage to monogamous family is the inevitable result of the development of productive forces. By the same token, if the productive forces are extremely backward, even if there is a pairing marriage in history, men and women will remain firmly in their respective clans because of the strong cohesion of the clans. And mothers don't strictly distinguish between their own children and other people's children. But the development of productive forces is certain. Within the clan, most of the mother's inheritance is left to her children, and a small part is given to her close relatives-the mother's selfishness towards her children has been strong at least since the implementation of class marriage (prohibiting sexual relations between different generations). With the increase of clan marriage, couple marriage and wealth, it gradually strengthened. Moreover, clan land has been divided into public and private in the middle and late period of pairing marriage, and the corresponding labor materials are likely to be divided accordingly. In this way, the adult males in the clan are in an awkward position. The fruits of their labor are not given to their wives and children, but shared by brothers and sisters who are more distant from their wives and children. They are strongly dissatisfied with this distribution method and demand the establishment of monogamous families in order to leave their property to their children.
two
As a stable production unit, the combination of husband and wife can be realized in two ways: first, the man permanently lives in the woman's home; Second, the woman marries the man's house. But in agriculture and commodity exchange activities, men dominate. A woman's marriage becomes inevitable. Marriage marks a fundamental change in women's status-they begin to be ruled by men. For a period of time after marriage, women will still live in their parents' homes, which is the product of monogamy's compromise on primitive tradition, that is, the married woman will go to her husband's house to be a guest. The length of this period is gradually decreasing. This apparent "going to see her husband's family" is essentially different from the husband's going to see her husband's family during the marriage period: at this time, the woman belongs to her husband's family, and her parents' home is no longer her home. She is only staying at someone else's house temporarily, and will eventually return to her husband's house.
During the matriarchal clan commune, public ownership was based on underdeveloped productive forces and unclear human marriage relationship. Women are universally respected because they are the benchmark of bloodline, and they do a lot of work. There is no significant status difference between men and women. Patriarchal commune is only a combination of individual families, and male parents have absolute autocratic power. Women are obviously at a disadvantage. In the early days, women, especially elderly women, may have a higher status, but this is only partial and superficial. Because at this time, women are essentially tools bought by husbands mainly for carrying on the family line, satisfying sexual desire and doing auxiliary labor. They are subordinate to their husbands, and their work is mainly confined to housework and bound to small families. In this way, even if you are in the clan commune, you will only be the housekeeper of all men.
three
With the improvement of productivity, especially the emergence of iron smelting industry, the level of agricultural production has been greatly improved, individual families have gone private, and patriarchal commune has gradually collapsed. On the other hand, clan leaders used their power to occupy a large number of commune slaves, embezzled commune interests when exchanging goods with the outside world, and became rich aristocratic slave owners. Private owners are also divided into slave owners, civilians and slaves through survival competition. This kind of slave owners are mainly industrial and commercial slave owners, and their conflicts with aristocratic slave owners focus on the distribution of political rights. Civilians were gradually exploited by slave owners to extreme poverty; Slaves mainly came from prisoners of war and bankrupt civilians. They worked for slave owners in pastures or manors and handicraft workshops full of cruel laws. Slave owners (nobles, industry and commerce), civilians and slaves constitute the main body of class struggle in slave society.
With the development of productive forces, the links between different regions (different sizes) are frequent and close. With the migration of population and the prosperity of commerce, geopolitical society has the upper hand over blood society. The national superstructure emerged as the operator of public affairs and began to rule the geopolitical society, that is, the nation. Essentially, it is a tool of class rule, because the purpose of managing public affairs is precisely for the benefit of slave owners.
Collective labor of slaves is a kind of extensive economic activity, which relies on a lot of manpower, material resources and investment to obtain profits. The industrial merger of big slave owners made small farmers bankrupt, and the royal family intensified this trend; The slave owner's industry was "destroyed" by the constant resistance of slaves. The product market of slave collective cooperative labor is shrinking day by day, and slave labor has become the "burden" of slave owners. Except for a few slaves who served the royal family and slave owners' homes and pastures, most of the slaves became serfs (directly or indirectly) of emerging landlords transformed from slave owners.
Slave society is the most fully exposed private greedy nature after the disintegration of primitive society. Sudden opportunities, methods and hostility to foreign slaves made them cruel. Slave society itself is only a prelude to feudal society, which is the "normal" state of private ownership in the pre-capitalist era. Slave society is a special situation of feudal society, and it is the immature performance of the emerging slave owner class.
Feudal landlords were forced to make limited concessions to serfs, which was an advanced means of exploitation relative to the personal possession and free exploitation of slave owners. The fundamental reason for this change is economic factors and the resistance of the slave class. Compared with the latter, the former can create more material wealth and arouse the enthusiasm of workers.
four
From primitive society to slave society, from slave society to feudal society, from feudal society to capitalist society, every transition is the expansion of individual freedom, especially capitalism, which makes the division of labor develop to the peak. Division of labor has created individuals with different economic interests, and these isolated individuals have to form an illusory body-society because of the socialization of production. But they don't have the same interests. The same body is an external and imposed force. What they consider is impossible, not the gains and losses of others, but only self-realization-whether the needs are met. For the remaining isolated individuals, others are just needs-tools or commodities, and the social atmosphere is indifferent. Such a society has created a large number of little people who are addicted to love.
Slave owners and slaves, landlords and peasants (serfs), capitalists and workers are three-dimensional contradictions, which constitute the main body of class struggle in three social forms and dominate the road of social development. The three changes all serve private ownership, because private ownership has firmly become the most fundamental production relationship of the whole society, which has become a reality since the disintegration of matriarchal clan commune, and capitalism has exposed it.