Studying in America: How to avoid being accused of plagiarism.

This is the VOA Special English Education Report.

Plagiarism refers to the act of taking others' words or ideas as your own. This offense may be like a sentence copied from a book. Or it may be the whole paper copied or purchased from others.

Intellectual dishonesty is nothing new. The only difference now is that the Internet makes it much easier to steal other people's works. However, the technology that makes it easy for people to find the information they want to plagiarize also makes it easier to identify plagiarism.

Teachers can use online services to compare papers with thousands of other papers to search for plagiarized works. The teacher will receive a report, the content of which is any paragraph similar enough to suspect plagiarism. These services are widely used. For example, Turnitin says that it is used in more than 100 countries, and more than130,000 papers are checked every day.

Professional writers who plagiarize may be taken to a civil court and ordered to pay damages. In school, the punishment for cheating may be failing papers or courses. Some schools will expel plagiarists for a semester; Others, a whole school year. Some degrees were even revoked after the school found that students plagiarized.

Cultural differences sometimes lead to accidental plagiarism.

At Indiana University in Bloomington, 60% of students use the office. ......

How to avoid plagiarism when composing music?

Is there any tool or method to detect whether a melody is written by someone else? To put it bluntly, how to make sure that your melody is original, instead of unconsciously taking it as your own melody just because you listen to a familiar song? The following is an answer from @. After paul mccartney finished writing yesterday, he felt so good that he was not sure that he had written it himself for several months. He played it for everyone and asked, "Hey, man, have you heard this song before?" . In fact, there is a serious method, and I often use it myself, and the effect is good, so I got a lot of works that sound a little strange-because I tried to distinguish it from most of the existing works. There are too many examples of similar or even identical melodies, which are caused by subjective wishes such as intentional plagiarism, poor imitation and intentional tribute, and there are also many objectively similar melodies. For example, as @ Dong Tong said in his comments, "There are seven notes altogether", so it is inevitable to bump shirts. But many times, when we find that two songs (or music) are similar in melody, we first feel interesting and fun, not swearing (unless it is plagiarism). Why? Be popular-because chord arrangement is one of the equally important factors in music, just like melody writing. The same melody, different chords (whether different series or different attributes, or colors) will have very different feelings. Therefore, to avoid "plagiarism" technically, the key point is to avoid the same melody and the same chord. Just do it. Well, what is the cover of this song and chord, where does my melody start, and what is the sound at the beginning ... so you can induce yourself to think about similar cases, and you may get clues, and then you can improve your work (in fact, changing lines and taking the wrong bus). The following is the answer from @ yolfil. Professional creators don't care about such things. I won't copy myself. That's not plagiarism, it's repetition. Just because most people only do one thing in their lives, they can do many things, such as Picasso, who is a real master. But Picasso criticized him for "repeating" himself and producing a bunch of "similar works". Ten cents a dozen. After Guo Da reminded me, I took out the answers in the comments and added them as follows: ps: Guo Da and Dong Tong thought I was off topic and didn't see the topic. But I know what you're talking about. You mean writing songs. Let me make an analogy. If you say McCartney, it's a big role, and you're full. He is a special case. For example, in Two and a Half Heroes, the role played by martin sheen is an "advertising soundtrack". Take him for example. It takes 30 articles a year to write an advertising soundtrack, and it takes 30 years at a time. This will become what I said above. Not at all. When I wrote the second series, I was worried that I would be found plagiarized. (Copy others and copy yourself) I have written for more than 20 years, and when I have written more than a dozen series, it has become like this, because sometimes you can't help it, not to mention that many times, even if you find it, others can't find it. There are too many outsiders involved in a choir like McCartney, from creation to production. To tell the truth, there will be a bunch of people reminding him. Mccartney, your four bars are too similar to Lennon's four bars. As for the parties themselves, it is only a false alarm at most. If you really become a professional, you can only care nothing. In short, novels, writers and poets are more prone to accidents, because there are fewer participants in their creative links. Many times, the editor didn't remind them that the party had "collided" with others, and he didn't even know it. But there are too many people involved in media works, whether songs or movies, they are huge commercial plates. In this process, no matter what the author does, people will remind him of the problems of "plagiarism" and "similarity" In the end, the author will concentrate on his own creation, with no care and consistency. Ps again. @ Chinese, Chinese, Chinese. Let me give you an example. There was once a Chinese song called "Stars Last Night" and a foreign song called "The Last Countdown", and their chords were exactly the same. When we engage in heavy metals, we often sing "Stars Last Night" accompanied by the "last countdown". Seriously looking for plagiarism, there are too many possibilities for accidental injury. If you think about it all day, you don't need to create at all.

How to avoid copying papers

The concept of plagiarism In order to avoid falling into the misunderstanding of plagiarism, we must first understand the concept of plagiarism. Plagiarism refers to taking others' ideas, processes, achievements or words (intentionally or unintentionally) as your own, without giving proper recognition to others' contributions.

Common plagiarism behaviors are:

(1) excerpted other people's works from his own works, but did not use the citation mark, and did not indicate the source of the content (possibly from books, papers, the Internet, other students' homework, teachers' comments or notes, data, experimental results or pictures, etc. );

(2) Summarized the work of others, but did not admit it;

(3) using other people's ideas or help, but not acknowledging the source (help can include providing data, assisting in analyzing data, cooperating with the outside world, etc.);

(4) Copying other students' works, regardless of whether the plagiarized person knows or agrees;

⑤ Copying relevant contents directly from electronic literature resources, without indicating the source link or author, or the copied words, charts or descriptions, is often accompanied by the problem of over-citation.

Misunderstanding of plagiarism (plagiarism)

The first misunderstanding is that plagiarism is only considered if you plagiarize other people's opinions (including experimental data and results), but plagiarism is not.

The second misunderstanding is that as long as you indicate the source of the document, you can directly copy other people's sentences. When introducing other people's achievements in the introduction or summary of a paper, you can't copy the expressions in other people's papers or summaries, but you must repeat them in your own language. If you copy someone else's statement, you must enclose the copied part in quotation marks to show that it is a direct quote. Otherwise, even if the source is indicated, it will be considered plagiarism.

Cause analysis and countermeasures of plagiarism

Authors should reflect the real research foundation, and clearly distinguish their own research from others' based on rigorous scientific research attitude and respect for previous research results. Indicate the cited materials and sources in your own academic papers and works, which is convenient for retrieval, ensures the reliability of academic works and papers, and also helps readers to further study.

(1) Provide support for important factual statements or assumptions in their own research;

(2) provide written proof for other people's works used in their own papers;

③ Provide supplementary reading materials and resources.

Forms and rules of reference

Note: When a book or a paper discusses a certain issue, it can be printed in the footer or listed at the end of the article by quoting other people's opinions, supporting and strengthening one's own argument, or further explaining or supplementing a certain issue.

Acknowledgement: It is an acknowledgement to those who have contributed to the book or theory but do not meet the standard of signature, and should be explained in an appropriate way in the article.

The following dishonest practices should be avoided when quoting notes:

(1) is not specified when it is quoted.

(2) Deliberate omission

In order to reduce the workload, I deliberately don't consult some documents, or only choose the research that is beneficial to my own research, or in order to highlight the significance of my research, I don't mention any existing research.

(3) Overquoting

In order to give people the impression that they have read a lot of literature and have a solid research foundation, they deliberately add a large number of documents that are not actually quoted or quoted, or documents that have nothing to do with the theme of this article for irrelevant reference and invalid reference. This is a deception to readers, but also gives honor to people who shouldn't, which leads to the wrong distribution of honor.

(4) inappropriate self-citation

When writing a paper, the author does not need to quote for the purpose of improving the citation rate or expanding the influence, but unnecessarily quotes himself too much. Excessive self-citation occurs not only in some authors, but also in some academic journals, such as mobilizing authors to quote more papers in this journal to improve the impact factors of journals. Citation should be entirely for academic purposes. However, in order to improve each other's citation rate, some authors take the form of small group fights to improve each other's citation rate.

How to avoid plagiarism

Try not to post it online.

How to avoid plagiarism?

There is no way to avoid it completely, only that it can't be copied. If it is reproduced, you have to bear legal responsibility, but it is impossible for others to sue him, so it is inevitable. Of course, if the platform is original, it is necessary to identify the original, which can play a certain role in avoiding plagiarism.

How to avoid plagiarism and how to reduce the repetition rate of papers

Different schools have different search systems. Many schools use HowNet to search, and the number of articles and books collected by different systems is also different. Actually, it's not that hard. Just repeat what others say in your own language. It is best to test it with Wanfang's paper. The content marked in red means that your paper has been completely copied. Then, straighten out the contents marked in red and express them in your own language.

How do start-ups prevent large companies from copying?

Only by standing high can you see far. I think the key to deal with plagiarism in big companies is that you should stand higher than big companies and look far. If you only focus on collecting money downstream of big companies, you may find some in the short term, but the money will be taken away by big companies sooner or later. Don't blame them for plagiarism at this time. In fact, you are in their way. I once visited an entrepreneur in Silicon Valley. His company is still in its infancy, with only three people on the team. The entrepreneur told me that his project is being tried out in Philadelphia in the east. This aroused my great curiosity. Why should I try it in Philadelphia? Isn't it more convenient near Silicon Valley? His answer surprised me. He said it was to prevent others from copying. When there were only three people, I began to think about whether I had been copied. This practice inspired me a lot. He believes that the surrounding areas of Silicon Valley are particularly easy to find. What he is worried about is not the plagiarism of big companies, but the plagiarism of other startups. Or to some extent, he is not worried about plagiarism by big companies at all. Because big companies are not fast enough, small companies are more efficient and easier to copy. "How do startups deal with plagiarism from big companies" is actually a false proposition to some extent. The world itself is full of plagiarism. Jobs copied Xerox's graphical interface and was later copied by Bill Gates. But isn't this the openness of the Internet? If big companies don't copy you, can you guarantee that other startups don't copy you? The problem of "plagiarism" is like children fighting. If someone hits you, won't you fight back? I think in the final analysis, startups are not tall enough, their fists are not hard enough, and they don't know how to protect themselves. The choice of entrepreneurial direction is very important. For entrepreneurs, how to deal with the plagiarism of big companies should be thought out before deciding to start a business. Before deciding to start a business, experienced entrepreneurs will definitely do SWOT analysis (enterprise strategy analysis) and think about how to deal with the competition from potential competitors, including the competition from large companies. Usually, large companies have advantages in resources and brands, while startups have advantages in decision-making speed and efficient execution ability. If startups can give full play to their own advantages and make up for the disadvantages of resources and brands, then startups have a chance to beat big companies. This view is beautiful to say, but it is really difficult to do, because the absolute advantages of large companies in resources and brands make it difficult for startups to compete with them through their own advantages. At this time, it is very important to choose the direction of entrepreneurship, so that large companies are unwilling to copy, or the advantages of resources and brands are not well played. How can we make big companies unwilling to copy? It's simple. Choose a smaller target market, because the size of the target market determines how strong the competitors are. For the Internet industry, if your target users are hundreds of millions, even if big companies don't notice it at first, they will find out one day and become your competitors. On the contrary, if your target users are only a few million, the other party will often feel that the market is too small to invest. Many startups will choose to make gadgets to serve specific customers, and the profits are also very good. But these profitable companies are disdainful, so they don't want to get involved. Of course, most startups want to make products with a large number of target customers. At this time, it is necessary to choose products that are difficult for large companies to play their resource and brand advantages. Some mobile applications fall into this category. For most mobile applications, it only takes a team of 5-6 people to make an app. However, large companies cannot accelerate their development simply by increasing personnel input. Sometimes too many technicians are invested, but the cost of internal communication is too high, which leads to slow product development. In addition, some mobile applications spread through word of mouth, and may have accumulated millions of active users within a few weeks. And even if a big company has a lot of marketing expenses, it is "too powerful to make money." From this example, we can see that the advantages of large companies in resources and brands have different "lethality" for different products. Accumulating your own advantages is the key. 1. Accumulate advantages at the beginning of starting a business. Entrepreneurs should think and plan more when building products, and put all the resources that can be prepared and laid out in the early stage in place. For example, product production cycle, promotion plan, and multiple sets of countermeasures according to market reaction. Some products can also apply for patents and product copyrights as soon as possible. You can also do some in-depth demand research locally in advance to really understand what users need. Because the resources available to the company in the initial stage are not rich, it is more necessary to make full preparations to make the follow-up product development and promotion work less detours. ......

How to prevent others from copying?

Only mechanical imitation, not to the point of plagiarism.

This is a process, first of all, observing and imitating others, and then slowly examining and discovering yourself. Now you admit that plagiarism is your hobby and specialty, which is your self-reflection. Only by saying goodbye to plagiarism can we say goodbye to imitation and have something that really belongs to us.

How to prevent others from copying? You can't help it, just like you used to steal from others.

But plagiarism has no original value. Plagiarism is to admit that others are better than themselves.

I can't help it. If I catch one, I'll sue one.

How to prevent plagiarism in papers

When undergraduates are asked to write a thesis, it seems that they are faced with three choices: 1, copying one from the World Wide Web, or borrowing one from materials saved by friends or classmates. 2. Go to the library to find a book involving the required materials, copy it down, modify the wording to varying degrees, and hand it in. 3, access to relevant information, analysis and synthesis, write a paper showing understanding and original thinking. Most teachers want their students to choose the third method. However, few teachers have the ability to put an end to the first two practices. Let me assume that most students don't want to copy. Once they copy, it's because they really have no choice. In this case, it is almost impossible for students to write papers that can achieve satisfactory results. The reason for this idea may be that you think you are incompetent or have no background. However, in more cases, this is due to the lack of planning, and students are often not prepared before the deadline for submitting papers. At this point, it seems that the only way is to find a ready-made paper. I try to break down the writing process of the term paper into a series of simple steps, such as: 1, and determine the theme. 3. Write an outline (I will give students handouts to explain the main parts that the outline should include). 4. Write the first picture. 5. Modify the final version. In addition to asking for a general outline, I will also give my students advice on how to conceive a paper. For example, I will ask students to choose a question that is being discussed by the media at present and discuss it from a psychological point of view. At this time, I will say: to write a paper, we must first explain what the problem is and explain the importance of the problem. Then suppose you are the plaintiff's lawyer, and you are stating your opinions and evidence to choose the side of this issue; Suppose you are the defendant's lawyer and are defending the other party; Finally, imagine that you are a judge and announce the verdict and its basis. I set a deadline for submitting the progress report of each of the above steps. As long as I have time, I will discuss his paper with the students. In this process, I not only provide guidance for students, but also encourage and motivate them to write good papers (sometimes I can find and get rid of signs of plagiarism). Other methods I have used to stop plagiarism are: 1. Set some questions in the exam and ask each student to use the knowledge gained in the process of preparing the term paper to solve them. 2. Ask the students to report the progress of the paper orally and answer the questions raised by the students. I suggest talking to the students. You can talk to the students about his thesis, or ask the contents of his thesis indirectly to estimate the students' knowledge level; Or just tell him your doubts. At this time, most students will admit plagiarism, but sometimes they will meet angry students. In any case, you must make a decision in the following aspects: (1) refer this matter to the school for handling according to regulations; (2) Allow students to write another paper; Give this paper a failing grade. I often tell students that I will consult the dean or respected colleagues before making a final decision. Failing to copy papers is probably the most common practice of teachers, but it is also the most problematic one. Therefore, it is easy for teachers to be questioned whether it is legal not to grade according to the school's regulations on behavior punishment. In a word, prevention is better than punishment.

How to prevent and avoid code plagiarism

1. Finish the work, input/typeset, design the cover, and make the manuscript neat, clear and final (PIA is your first point).

2. Submit directly to the editorial department of the publishing house or find an agent to publish your work;

3, by the publishing house or agent preliminary selected topics, manuscripts, signed a publishing contract or agency contract;

4. Pay related expenses: publishing management fee (ISBN fee) and editing fee (some publishers don't charge or include it in the management fee).

5. Enter the publishing process (if the agency publishing is generally about one month or less);

6. After the manuscript review is completed, the publishing society will issue the book number, CIP, and order form. (Some of them have power of attorney);

7. Printing-distribution.

In addition, you need to prepare the following materials before the book is published:

1. Title (tentative), content introduction, author and introduction, catalogue and sample chapter;

2. Manuscript: it is required to be neat, clear and finalized, that is, the whole draft/final version of the collated version;

3. Power of attorney of the works of the publishing house (power of attorney of the original author or publishing house is also required).

The title, introduction and author of the above items must be available, otherwise the topic cannot be submitted.

In addition, it is difficult for ordinary authors to contact the publishing house directly. They don't pay much attention to us, or they will "treat us badly". Let us wait for a few months.

In this regard, you can find an agent or a familiar editor to explain your topics and ideas and your book market potential.

Ask a few more questions, if not, you can publish at your own expense, and the cheapest one in China may be around 3000.

So ... . I know. . . I didn't hit you. . .

I'm also a student ~ but I still choose online text. After all, there are many excellent online articles now, and the way out for online articles is wider than publishing. . For example, are you going to buy the same novel for 30 yuan or read it online for 5 yuan? After all, in this fast food era, the selectivity of online texts is much greater. . .

By the way, if you sign up for a good website, you can see how your article responds. If no one reads it for free online, you will know that publishing is even more impossible. If the response is good, the website will recommend the article to the publishing house, which is definitely better than finding someone by yourself. Besides. . Even if it is not published, there is money online. .

The above is to avoid others copying you.

It is normal to have the same or similar ideas. The landlord had better read relevant articles before publishing, try to be personalized and write his own style. Even if the frame and background are roughly the same, it should not be classified as plagiarism.