Three elements of argumentative writing: argument, argument and argumentation
Write an opinion according to the topic and then explain it. Persuasion is very important, and three elements are indispensable. Take a closer look at the following specific introduction, and you can try to write more in the future to make progress in your composition. In addition, names and celebrity examples should be registered in order to be better used in composition. Generally speaking, the argument of argumentative writing is to solve "what to prove" and the argument is to solve "use"
quarrel
Argument is a sentence that correctly and clearly expounds the author's point of view, and it is the soul and commander of an article. Any article has only one central argument, and usually there can be sub-arguments.
The argument should be correct, clear and general, and the complete judgment sentence should never be ambiguous.
(1) correctness: the persuasiveness of the argument is rooted in the correct reflection of objective things, which in turn depends on whether the author's position, viewpoint, attitude and method are correct. If the argument itself is incorrect or even absurd, then no matter how it is argued, it can't be convincing. Therefore, the correctness of the argument is the minimum requirement for argumentative writing.
Clarity: Be very clear about what you support and oppose, and never be ambiguous or ambiguous.
(3) Novelty: The argument should be as novel and profound as possible, and can surpass other people's views. It's not repeating other people's platitudes, nor is it irrelevant and general. It should be as unique and novel as possible.
An argument generally has four positions: the title, beginning, middle and end of the article. But it is often at the beginning of the article, and so is the argument of a paragraph. When similar statements appear at the beginning and end, the argument at the beginning and the argument at the end.
Some argumentative arguments are expressed in clear sentences in the article, and we just need to find them out; Others are not directly expressed in clear sentences and need to be refined and summarized by readers themselves. The summarized sentence should not contain rhetoric and other means.
Note: rhetorical questions and figurative sentences cannot be used as arguments, but must be declarative sentences.
quarrel
It is the material to support the argument and the reason and basis used by the author to prove the argument, which is divided into factual argument and theoretical argument.
1. factual argument: the role of facts in argumentative writing is very obvious. Analyze the facts, see the truth clearly, and check whether it is consistent with the logic of the article. Representative examples, conclusive data, reliable historical facts, etc. The factual arguments include examples and data.
2. Reasoning: The theory as an argument is always familiar to readers or generally recognized by the society, and it is the result of abstracting and summarizing a large number of facts. Theoretical arguments include famous sayings, proverbs and aphorisms and the author's reasoning analysis.
Requirements for using arguments: ① certainty. We must choose those hard and typical facts. When citing theoretical materials that have been tested by practice as arguments, we must pay attention to the exact meaning of the cited theory itself. ② Typical. The cited examples should be widely representative, representing the general characteristics and properties of such things. (3) the unity of argument and argument. Arguments are to prove arguments, so the relationship between them should be closely consistent.
set an example
Argumentation is the process of proving an argument with arguments. The purpose of argument is to reveal the internal logical relationship between arguments.
(1) Argumentative essays are generally divided into argumentation and refutation.
Argumentative writing is an argument method to explain the author's views and opinions from the front in view of an event or problem.
When expressing attitude, we should pay attention to the following three points:
1) These views and opinions must have been carefully thought out or practiced, and they are truly unique and correct, or ideas that can actually solve practical problems. Readers should feel innovative, increase their knowledge and improve their understanding of things.
2) It must be demonstrated around the issues discussed and the central argument. What kind of question is raised at the beginning, and the conclusion comes down to this question. In the process of argumentation, we can't deviate from Wan Li, we can't play it at will, and we can't change the topic at will. If there are several sub-arguments, each sub-argument should be related to and subordinate to the central argument. All arguments should revolve around the central argument. Only in this way can readers clearly understand the sub-argument and the central argument. Argumentative writing is very logical.
3) "Reason" is often based on "breaking". In the process of argumentation, we should mention some wrong views and opinions, deny and refute them, so as to enhance persuasiveness and prevent readers from misunderstanding their own views.
Refutation is a way of argument to refute others' wrong arguments with powerful arguments. There are three ways: refuting arguments, refuting arguments and refuting arguments. Because an argumentative essay consists of three parts: arguments, arguments and arguments, refuting arguments or arguments has the same effect as directly refuting arguments. A refutation can be combined with several refutation methods to strengthen the strength and persuasiveness of refutation.
1) refutes an argument, that is, directly refutes the one-sided, false or fallacy of the other party's argument itself, which is the most commonly used method in refutation.
2) refute the argument, that is, reveal the mistakes of the other party's argument, in order to achieve the purpose of knocking down the other party's argument; Because the wrong argument will inevitably lead to the wrong argument.
3) Refuting the argument, that is, exposing the logical errors of the other party in the process of argument, such as the contradiction between major premise, minor premise and conclusion, the contradiction between the other party's arguments, the contradiction between arguments and so on.
Common argumentation structures: A, general branch structure B, comparative structure C, progressive structure D, and parallel structure.
The demonstration method is as follows:
1) demonstration by example (example method): give conclusive, sufficient and representative examples to prove the argument; (Function: Demonstrate the viewpoint (main argument or sub-argument) concretely and forcefully, and enhance the persuasiveness of the article)
2) Reasoning: use the incisive opinions in classic works, famous sayings and aphorisms of famous people at home and abroad, and recognized theorem formulas to prove the argument; (Function: effectively demonstrate the viewpoint (main argument or sub-argument) and enhance the authority and persuasiveness of the article)
3) Comparative argument: compare the positive and negative arguments or arguments, and prove the arguments in comparison; (Function: Highlight and comprehensively demonstrate opinions (main arguments or sub-arguments), which is impressive)
4) Metaphorical argument: use familiar things as metaphors to prove the argument. (Function: Vividly demonstrate the viewpoint (main argument or sub-argument) to make the article easy to understand, easy to understand and accept. In addition, in refutation, the refutation methods of "spear belt, shield belt attack" and "reduction to absurdity" are often used comprehensively in most argumentative papers.
5) Citation argument (citation method): Citation argument is complicated and related to the specific cited materials, including quotes, aphorisms, authoritative data, anecdotes of celebrities, jokes and so on. (Function: quoting famous sayings, epigrams, authoritative data and other specific analysis can enhance the persuasiveness and authority of the argument; Citing anecdotes and anecdotes of celebrities can enhance the interest of the argument and attract readers to read. )
6) inductive argument: also called "factual argument". It is a method to demonstrate the general conclusion by enumerating concrete examples.
7) Deductive argument: Also known as "theoretical argument", it is a method to demonstrate individual cases according to general principles or conclusions, that is, to prove special arguments with general arguments.
8) Analogical demonstration: it is a method to deduce examples of similar things from known things, that is, from special to special demonstration methods.
9) Causal argument: Prove the argument by analyzing the facts and revealing the causal relationship between the argument and the argument. Causality argument can be proved by causality, or by causality, or by causality.
Common test sites
1. Argument test site of argumentative essay: First of all, distinguish between the problem discussed and the author's views on this issue (that is, distinguish between topics and arguments). Second, pay attention to the position of the argument in the text:
(1) At the beginning of the article, this is the so-called "get down to business".
(2) At the end of the article, the so-called summary of the full text points out the theme at the end of the article and reveals the central method. This kind of writing is often used to express the argument clearly. So, in a word, in a word, in the final analysis, such a conclusion.
Third, distinguish between the central argument and the sub-argument: the sub-argument is generally located at the beginning of the paragraph or has iconic words: first, second, third, etc.
Fourth, pay attention to the form of the argument: sometimes the topic is the central argument. An argumentative essay has only one central argument.
Fifth, refute the inference point through arguments: arguments serve to prove arguments, and analyzing arguments can show what it proves, affirms and supports. This is an argument.
(2) Arguments for argumentative essays: Arguments are the basis of arguments, which are generally factual arguments and rational arguments. 1. Use facts as arguments. Examples must be true and reliable, have typical significance, can reveal the essence of things, and have certain logical connection with arguments. In argumentative writing, the narrative of cited examples should be concise and to the point, highlighting the parts directly related to the argument. When clarifying the argument, we should not only know where the factual argument is used in the text, but also summarize the factual argument. To be accurate, we must grasp the essential characteristics of the argument according to the argument and then express it in exact language. 2. The statements used as arguments should have certain authority. When quoting directly, you should record it from the original text and check it with the facts. You can't take it out of context. You can't misinterpret the original meaning when quoting indirectly.
③ Structure and hierarchy of argumentative essays: The structures include parallel structure, contrast structure, hierarchy structure and total score structure.