Constructivist psychology school was founded in the United States nearly 20 years after Tieqinna, the most loyal student in Feng Te, formed the content psychology school, which is the inheritance and further development of content psychology thought.
Structuralism is a generalization adopted by Teachenor in the functionalist debates in the United States and william james.
1884, James wrote an article for Mind magazine entitled "On Some Neglect in Introspective Psychology". In the notes of the article, the word "psychological structure" is mentioned. The original words are: "Pure red or yellow sensory elements and other psychological structural elements have no basis for existence, because they are not psychological facts." 1898 published the article "Basic Principles of Structural Psychology", expounded the basic positions and propositions of structural psychology, and formally put forward the term "structural psychology" as opposed to functional psychology.
Although Tieqiner's structural psychology and Feng Te's content psychology are basically similar in research objects, methods and problems, they are different in specific viewpoints. Feng Te talked about apperception, and thought that attention is a psychological process, which has the function of creative construction besides selectivity. Tieqinna doesn't talk about apperception, but uses attention instead of apperception, thinking that attention is a psychological state. Feng Te analyzed psychological phenomena into two elements: feeling and simple emotion, while Qin Tiena analyzed psychological phenomena into three elements: feeling, image and simple emotion. Feng Te thinks that every psychological element has two basic attributes, namely, nature and strength, while Tieqinna thinks that the basic attributes of psychological elements include persistence, clarity and extensibility besides nature and strength. Feng Te thinks that emotions include pleasure and unhappiness, excitement and calmness, tension and relaxation, that is, Feng Te's triple theory of emotions, while Tieqinna thinks that emotions are only "pleasure" and "unhappiness".
Structural psychology is the first schools of psychology who is independent from philosophy in the history of psychology, which provides some practical experimental data for emerging psychology. However, the main representatives of this school attribute all scientific research objects to experience and insist on the theory of mind-body parallelism. In essence, they don't admit that consciousness is the reflection of objective reality by the human brain.
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① Psychology should study people's direct experience, namely consciousness, and divide people's experience into three elements: feeling, image and passionate state; ② Feeling is the element of perception, image is the element of concept, and passion is the element of emotion. All complex psychological phenomena are composed of these elements. In terms of research methods, constructivism emphasizes introspection.
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Constructivism is the first school in the history of psychology to systematically study psychological problems by using experimental methods. Under their demonstration and advocacy, the experimental research of western psychology was rapidly spread and developed at that time.
The theoretical basis is pure empiricism.
Take psychology as a pure science, only study the content of psychology itself, study its actual existence, and don't discuss its significance and function. So it's extremely narrow.
Structural psychology is the first schools of psychology in Europe and America after psychology became an independent experimental science at the end of 19. It is the antithesis of functional psychology.
The reasons for the decline of this section of collapse editing
Tichner followed Ebbinghaus's idea that research psychology can imitate morphology, physiology and genetics, and advocated that experimental psychology should take the analysis of psychological structure as its main purpose. He thinks that although functional psychology is useful, it must be based on structural psychology, just as physiology of biological science should be based on morphology. He tried to explain the whole person's psychology from the structure of conscious experience; He only asked what elements the conscious experience consisted of, but did not ask the source, significance and function of the conscious content. In his laboratory, he only allows subjects to report their direct internal experience, and is not allowed to involve the meaning and function of external things. Otherwise, it is regarded as a so-called "stimulus mistake", that is, the objective existence is wrongly regarded as the content of consciousness.
Many psychologists in Europe and America oppose structuralist psychology because its research object is too narrow and divorced from real life, and at the same time, it takes introspection as the main method of psychology. In the last few years of Tiechener's life, structural psychology gradually weakened and finally tended to collapse. But it also promoted the rise and development of other schools of psychology from the opposite side.